In this study, studies of process development were conducted for producing two renewable fuels, renewable aviation fuel and green diesel. Palm oil was chosen as the main feedstock due to its availability in Taiwan. Three experiments were conducted for the targets: Hydro-deoxygenation of crude palm oil into long-chain alkanes; hydro-cracking/isomerization of produced alkanes into jet fuel range products; hydro-treating of crude palm oil into green diesel fuel. Hydro-deoxygenation (HDO) of crude palm oil was investigated over two catalysts: NiMo/γ-Al2O3 and Pd/C, through various conditions such as temperature, pressure, WHSV (weight space hourly velocity) and H2/oil ratio. The results show that the maximum concentrations of long chain alkane are 281.76 mg/L and 227.26 mg/L, respectively, for the NiMo/γ-Al2O3 and Pd/C catalysts. The long chain alkanes were hydro-cracked/isomerized over Pt/SAPO-11 and NiAg/SAPO-11 catalysts through various conditions, such as temperature, pressure, WHSV and H2/oil ratio. In addition, the production of Green Diesel through catalytic hydro-processing over NiMo/γ-Al2O3 was also studied. The highest yield was found at the temperature of 425 °C, pressure of 600 psi, H2-to-oil ratio of 750 and WHSV of 2. Additionally, the pilot study of renewable jet fuel production was carried out through hydrocracking/hydro-isomerizing of HDO alkanes into jet fuel range products over NiAg(25%)/ SAPO -11 catalyst, which the maximum concentration was obtained as 121.06 mg/L.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Chèze, P. Gastineau, and J. Chevallier, Forecasting world and regional aviation jet fuel demands to the mid-term (2025). Energy Policy, 2011. 39(9): p. 5147-5158.
[2] http://www.uop.com/processing-solutions/renewables/green-jet-fuel/.
[3] B. Kamm, P.R. Gruber, and M. Kamm, Biorefineries – Industrial Processes and Products, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 2000, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
[4] i. A. D.-. Standard specification for aviation turbine fuels.
[5] G. a. R. A. v. S. Centi, Catalysis for renewables: from feedstock to energy production. 2008: John Wiley & Sons.
[6] W.-C. Wang, "Techno-economic analysis of a bio-refinery process for producing Hydro-processed Renewable Jet fuel from Jatropha," Renewable Energy, vol. 95, pp. 63-73, 9// 2016.
[7] J. Wildschut, Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading to Transportation Fuels by Catalytic Hydrotreatment. 1981.
[8] A. M. Mastral, et al., Coal Hydroprocessing with tires and tire components. Energy and Fuels, 1996(10): p. 941-947.
[9] L. L. Anderson, et al., Hydroprocessing of scrap automotive tires and coal. Eng. Chem. Res., 1997.
[10] D. C. Elliott, Historical Developments in Hydroprocessing Bio-oils. Energy & fuels, 2007. 21(3): p. 1792-1815.
[11] A. Guzman, et al., Hydroprocessing of crude palm oil at pilot plant scale. Catalysis Today, 2010. 156(1-2): p. 38-43.
[12] R. Kumar, et al., Hydroprocessing of jatropha oil and its mixtures with gas oil. Green Chemistry, 2010. 12(12): p. 2232.
[13] S. Gong, et al., Hydrotreating of Jatropha Oil over Alumina Based Catalysts. Energy & Fuels, 2012. 26(4): p. 2394-2399.
[14] Z. Su-Ping, Study of Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Oil from the Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass. Energy Sources, 2003. 25(1): p. 57-65.
[15] S. Gong, A. Shinozaki, M. Shi, and E. W. Qian, "Hydrotreating of Jatropha Oil over Alumina Based Catalysts," Energy & Fuels, vol. 26, pp. 2394-2399, 2012.
[16] D. Mohan, C.U.P. Jr., and P.H. Steele, Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-Oil : a critical review. 2006.
[17] X. Dai, et al., Pyrolysis of waste tires in a circulating fluidized-bed reactor. Energy, 2001.
[18] C. a. J. U. Roy, Pyrolysis and gassification. . London: Elsevier Applied Science. , 1989.
[19] P. T. Williams, S. Besler, and D.T. Taylor, The Pyrolysis of scrap automotive tyres. Fuel and Energy, 1990.
[20] J. E. Gillen, in Proceedings Eighth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference. 1991: The University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Center for Energy Research. p. 859.
[21] L. Zhou and A. Lawal, "Evaluation of Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 for Hydrodeoxygenation of Microalgae Oil To Produce Green Diesel," Energy & Fuels, vol. 29, pp. 262-272, 2015/01/15 2015.
[22] K.-C. Park and S.-K. Ihm, "Comparison of Pt/zeolite catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroisomerization," Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 203, pp. 201-209, 10/16/ 2000.
[23] J. Weitkamp, The Influence of Chain Length in Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization of <italic>n</italic>-Alkanes, in Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating. 1975, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. p. 1-27.
[24] J. Kang, et al., Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization of n-Hexadecane, n-Octacosane and Fischer–Tropsch Wax Over a Pt/SiO2–Al2O3 Catalyst. Catalysis Letters, 2012. 142(11): p. 1295-1305.
[25] I. Rossetti, C. Gambaro, and V. Calemma, Hydrocracking of long chain linear paraffins. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009. 154(1): p. 295-301.
[26] G. W. Huber, P. O’Connor, and A. Corma, Processing biomass in conventional oil refineries: Production of high quality diesel by hydrotreating vegetable oils in heavy vacuum oil mixtures. .
[27] I. Rossetti, C. Gambaro, and V. Calemma, "Hydrocracking of long chain linear paraffins," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 154, pp. 295-301, 11/15/ 2009.
[28] D. Verma, R. Kumar, B. S. Rana, and A. K. Sinha, "Aviation fuel production from lipids by a single-step route using hierarchical mesoporous zeolites," Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 4, pp. 1667-1671, 2011.
[29] S. Liu, Q. Zhu, Q. Guan, L. He, and W. Li, "Bio-aviation fuel production from hydroprocessing castor oil promoted by the nickel-based bifunctional catalysts," Bioresource Technology, vol. 183, pp. 93-100, 5// 2015.