隨著全球水資源的匱乏，海水脫鹽的發展已成為日趨重要的議題。電容去離子(capacitive deionization, CDI)有低耗能及低操作成本等優點，被視為極具潛力的技術。近年來，離子交換膜(ion exchange membrane, IEM)也被應用在CDI中提升電吸附的效率。然而，為增加商業化應用，需克服幾項問題，例如: 商業IEM的高價位及IEM所造成的介面電阻。另一方面，如何有效回收CDI電吸附過程所儲存的能量，並提升整體的能源利用率也引起許多關注。因此，本篇研究的兩大研究目的: (Ⅰ) 以多功能石墨烯研製低成本高效率的離子選擇層並應用於CDI電極及(II) 藉由升降電壓轉換器發展CDI能源回收裝置。
製備sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO)及PDDA-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PrGO)，並以FTIR、XRD、Raman及XPS進行材料特性分析。將具有特殊官能基的SGO及PrGO與聚乙烯醇混合並塗佈在CDI活性碳電極上，以接觸角、界達電位及電化學儀器分析電極特性。實驗結果顯示，塗佈SGO(8.4 mg/g)及PrGO(7 mg/g)的碳電極具高比吸附量及穩定性，充電效率也分別提升至89%及67%。塗佈在碳電極上的離子選擇層具有篩選特定離子，並具加速傳輸的能力，有效降低同離子效應(co-ion effect)的發生，可能是效率提升的主要原因。
利用類似超級電容的優點，CDI電吸附過程所消耗的能量可以藉由升降電壓(buck-boost converter)部分的回收再利用。升降電壓轉換器主要由金屬氧化物半導體場效電晶體及電感所組成，以同步整流式控制，將回收的能量暫時儲存於電感再轉移到下一組裝置。設定0.6安培為電感上限值，其能源回收率可以高達57.4%。另外，能源回收率也會隨著輸出端電容及電感值的下降而有所提升。
本研究發展簡單且高效能的多功能石墨烯離子選擇層，塗佈在碳電極可有效提升CDI效率。有鑑於永續經營的概念，CDI的能源回收裝置也被認為在未來會受到更多的關注並具有很大的應用潛力。

The development of desalination process has been considered increasing importance because of the increasing water shortage. Capacitive deionization (CDI) has been regarded as a promising method with a relatively low energy consumption and operation cost. Recently, ion exchange membrane (IEM) has been extensively used in CDI, referred to as membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), to improve the electrosorption performance. Nevertheless, some challenges remain to be overcome in practical applications, for example, the high cost and interfacial resistance. On the other hand, in a view of the energy efficiency for CDI, to reuse the stored energy during electrosorption has been emphasized as well. Thus, two major objectives of this study were: (1) to prepare high -efficiency and cost-effective graphene-based ion-selective layers for CDI electrodes and (2) to develop a CDI energy recovery device by a buck-boost converter.
Sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) and PDDA-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PrGO) were prepared and characterized by FTIR, XRD, Raman, and XPS spectroscopies to study the chemical structure and functional groups. The functional graphene (SGO and PrGO) were blended with poly(vinyl alcohol) and coated on the activated carbon (AC) electrodes. The electrode property was determined by contact angle, zeta potential, and electrochemical analysis. Experimentally, the electrode pairs have a high electrosorption capacity with desired stability (8.4 and 7 mg/g for AC/SGO-AC and AC-PrGO/AC, respectively). In addition, the charge efficiency for AC/SGO-AC and AC-PrGO/AC has been enhanced as high as 89 and 67%, respectively. The improved performance may be mainly due to the existence the of ion-selective layers. The strong selectivity for the SGO and PrGO toward specific ions can greatly reduce the co-ion effect and accelerate the ion transport rate.
Taking the similar advantage to the supercapacitor, the consumed energy of CDI is partially recovered by a buck-boost converter. The device mainly consists of MOSFETs and inductor. With the synchronous rectifier control system, the energy is temporarily stored in the inductor and passes to next cell. An efficiency as high as 57.4% is achieved with relatively low inductor current limit (0.6 A) due to the reduction in the conduction loss. Furthermore, a better performance of the device is achieved with a low capacitance (output) and inductance.
The observations of this study provide a simple but effective method to enhance the CDI efficiency with functional graphene as ion-selective layers coated on the AC electrode. Given that the sustainable development, the CDI energy recovery device is like to attract more attention and have many promising applications in the near future.

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