適應性交通號誌控制系統在過去數十年被視為是改善都市交通壅塞重要方法。過去適應性號誌控制相關研究多以「車」為基礎進行控制，但是，在車基礎下無法區分出公車或小客車，致使號誌無法提供公車優先通行服務。近年來有研究提出「人」基礎的號誌控制系統，其將車基礎轉換為人基礎，如此可使適應性號誌兼顧公車優先通行的需求。然而，至目前為止人流基礎適應性號控的研究皆採週期性最佳化時制，對即時車流變化難以快速反應。因此，本研究提出一套基於人流基礎，整合車路協同的適應性號誌控制系統PACT（Person-based Adaptive traffic signal control logic with Cooperative Transit signal priority）。
PACT每秒執行號誌時制最佳化，可即時反應車流變化。隨車路聯網技術興起，除號誌基於車輛移動提出最佳化時制，車輛亦配合號誌計算最佳行駛速度，達成車路協同控制。PACT設計駕駛速度建議系統，駕駛建議根據號誌倒數秒數資訊計算最佳行駛速度建議給予駕駛。在車路協同下，可使路口控制更有效率。
PACT系統在車流模擬軟體SUMO（Simulation of urban mobility）中進行績效評估。與最佳化定時制比較，公車乘客每人平均減少24% 到70%的延滯，小客車乘客每人平均減少1% 到29%的延滯；若提供公車駕駛速度建議，公車乘客每人平均可再減少9%到20%的延滯。當權重參數alpha之數值非常大時，PACT可減少至少80%、至多98%的延滯。當公車乘客超過20人時，公車乘客每人平均可減少65% 延滯。

In the past decades, real-time traffic signal control has long been a critical way to improve traffic congestion. Most of previous studies develop signal control systems on vehicle-basis, which fail to efficiently give preferential treatment on transit vehicles. Several studies have proposed person-based signal control systems to improve the problem; however, all of them optimize signal plan cycle-by-cycle, which are unable to rapidly response to traffic variations. This study proposes a Person-based Adaptive traffic signal control logic with Cooperative Transit signal priority called PACT.
First, PACT optimizes signal settings per second, which has strong ability to respond to real-time traffic variations. In Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) paradigm, not only traffic signals perform signal optimization, but transit vehicles adjust speed to reduce unnecessary delays. An optimal speed guidance module is designed to generate optimal driving speed guidance based on Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) information every second. The signal-vehicle cooperative strategy can enhance intersection control efficiency.
The evaluation of PACT was conducted under a simulation platform. Compared to pre-optimized signal plan, the results show that each passenger on transit vehicles experiences 24% to 70% decrease in delays. Auto passengers also have 1% to 29% decrease in delays. With speed guidance, each bus passenger can get 9% to 20% additional reduction in delays. Furthermore, PACT can reduce 80% to 98% in delays if the weight factor of the vehicle is extreme high. The system has about 65% delay reduction when occupancy is above 20 passenger per vehicle, which shows the robustness of PACT.

Bretherton, D., Bowen, G., & Wood, K. (2002). Effective urban traffic management and control-SCOOT VERSION 4.4. Publication of: Association for European Transport.
Chaudhary, N. A., & Chu, C.-L. (2003). New PASSER program for timing signalized arterials: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University System.
Cheng, Y., Yang, X., & Chang, G.-L. (2015). A bus-based progression system for arterials with heavy transit flows. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting, Washington DC, United States.
Christofa, E., Ampountolas, K., & Skabardonis, A. (2016). Arterial traffic signal optimization: A person-based approach. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 66, 27-47.
Christofa, E., & Skabardonis, A. (2011). Traffic signal optimization with application of transit signal priority to an isolated intersection. Transportation Research Record, 2259(1), 192-201.
Conrad, M., Dion, F., & Yagar, S. (1998). Real-time traffic signal optimization with transit priority: Recent advances in the signal priority procedure for optimization in real-time model. Transportation Research Record, 1634(1), 100-109.
Gartner, N. H. (1983). OPAC: A demand-responsive strategy for traffic signal control.
Guo, Q., Li, L., & Ban, X. (2019). Urban traffic signal control with connected and automated vehicles: A survey. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2019.01.026
Head, L., Gettman, D., & Wei, Z. (2006). Decision model for priority control of traffic signals. Transportation Research Record, 1978(1), 169-177.
Henry, J., & Farges, J. (1994). Pt priority and prodyn. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1st World Congress on Application of Transport Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems.
Henry, J. J., Farges, J. L., & Tuffal, J. (1984). The PRODYN real time traffic algorithm. In Control in Transportation Systems (pp. 305-310): Elsevier.
Hu, J., Park, B. B., & Lee, Y.-J. (2015). Coordinated transit signal priority supporting transit progression under Connected Vehicle Technology. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 55, 393-408. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2014.12.005
Hunt, P. B., Roberson, D. I., Bretherton, R. D., & Winton, R. I. (1981). SCOOT - a traffic responsive method of coordinating signals. Retrieved from
Katsaros, K., Kernchen, R., Dianati, M., & Rieck, D. (2011). Performance study of a Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) application using an integrated cooperative ITS simulation platform. Paper presented at the 2011 7th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference.
Kim, H., Cheng, Y., & Chang, G. (2019). Variable Signal Progression Bands for Transit Vehicles Under Dwell Time Uncertainty and Traffic Queues. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 20(1), 109-122. doi:10.1109/TITS.2018.2801567
Lee, J., Shalaby, A., Greenough, J., Bowie, M., & Hung, S. (2005). Advanced transit signal priority control with online microsimulation-based transit prediction model. Transportation Research Record, 1925(1), 185-194.
Lee, L.-C., Ho, C.-H., & Ting, K.-L. (1992). THE SIMULATION OF ADAPTIVE SIGNAL CONTROLS ON URBAN ARTERIAL STREETS. Paper presented at the Managing Traffic and Transportation Conference (1992: Amsterdam Netherlands). Proceedings.
Lee, W.-H., Lai, Y.-C., & Chen, P.-Y. (2015). A Study on Energy Saving and CO2 Emission Reduction on Signal Countdown Extension by Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 64(3), 890-900. doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2305761
Lee, W.-H., & Li, J.-Y. (2018). An Eco-Driving Advisory System for Continuous Signalized Intersections by Vehicular Ad Hoc Network. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018.
Liu, G., & Qiu, T. Z. (2016). Trade-Offs Between Bus and Private Vehicle Delays at Signalized Intersections: Case Study of a Multiobjective Model. Transportation Research Record, 2539(1), 72-83.
Lopez, P. A., Behrisch, M., Bieker-Walz, L., Erdmann, J., Flötteröd, Y.-P., Hilbrich, R., . . . WieBner, E. (2018). Microscopic traffic simulation using sumo. Paper presented at the 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC).
Ma, W., & Yang, X. (2007, 30 Sept.-3 Oct. 2007). A Passive Transit Signal Priority Approach for Bus Rapid Transit System. Paper presented at the 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference.
Mirchandani, P., & Head, L. (2001). A real-time traffic signal control system: architecture, algorithms, and analysis. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 9(6), 415-432.
Peterson, A., Bergh, T., & Steen, K. (1986). LHOVRA, a new traffic signal control strategy for isolated junctions. Paper presented at the International Conference on Road Traffic Control.
Seredynski, M., Laskaris, G., & Viti, F. (2019). Analysis of Cooperative Bus Priority at Traffic Signals. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Sims, A. G., & Dobinson, K. W. (1980). The Sydney coordinated adaptive traffic (SCAT) system philosophy and benefits. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 29(2), 130-137.
Sims, A. G., & Dobinson, K. W. (1980). The Sydney coordinated adaptive traffic (SCAT) system philosophy and benefits. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 29(2), 130-137.
Skabardonis, A. (1998). Control Strategies For Transit Priority. 1727. doi:10.3141/1727-03
Smith, H. R., Hemily, B., & Ivanovic, M. (2005). Transit signal priority (TSP): A planning and implementation handbook.
Tiaprasert, K., Zhang, Y., Wang, X. B., & Zeng, X. (2015). Queue length estimation using connected vehicle technology for adaptive signal control. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 16(4), 2129-2140.
Truong, L. T., Currie, G., Wallace, M., Gruyter, C. D., & An, K. (2019). Coordinated Transit Signal Priority Model Considering Stochastic Bus Arrival Time. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 20(4), 1269-1277. doi:10.1109/TITS.2018.2844199
Wu, W., Ma, W., Long, K., & Wang, Y. (2016). Integrated optimization of bus priority operations in connected vehicle environment. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 50(8), 1853-1869.
Yu, Z., Gayah, V. V., & Christofa, E. (2017). Person-based optimization of signal timing: Accounting for flexible cycle lengths and uncertain transit vehicle arrival times. Transportation Research Record, 2620(1), 31-42.
Zeng, X., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., & Quadrifoglio, L. (2015). Person-based adaptive priority signal control with connected-vehicle information. Transportation Research Record, 2487(1), 78-87.