簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 許智程
Hsu, Chih-Cheng
論文名稱: 在隨意型感測器網路下對移動物體搜尋最近鄰居之研究
Nearest Neighbor Search for Moving Objects in Ad-hoc Sensor Networks
指導教授: 陳朝鈞
Chen, Chao-Chun
李強
Lee, Chiang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電機資訊學院 - 資訊工程學系
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
論文出版年: 2006
畢業學年度: 94
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 83
中文關鍵詞: 移動物體演算法查詢處理最近鄰居搜尋無線感測器網路
外文關鍵詞: query processing, NN search query, ireless sensor network, moving object, algorithm
相關次數: 點閱:122下載:1
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  •   近來在無線通訊與電子技術的進展下,使得無線感測器 (wireless sensor node) 這種低成本,低耗電的多功能偵測儀器逐漸的普及開來。藉由一大群的無線感測器部署在環境周遭形成無線感測器網路 (wireless sensor network) 來收集環境資料,透過彼此的互相溝通傳輸可以把資料傳回特定的位置以供使用者查詢感興趣的資訊。因此無線感測器網路常被應用在 Location Based Service (LBS) 上面,使用者可以在任何時間以及地點,透過無線感測器網路來查詢感興趣移動物體 (moving object) 的位置。所以本論文主要是在無線感測器網路上解決 LBS 中一個極為重要的問題類型,稱之為 nearset nieghbor search query。因為無線感測器有限的電力來源,使得有效率的能源管理成為在處理 NN search query 極為重要的考量; 而且移動物體的位置會隨著時間而變動,所以必須在能源節省的前提下持續地維持所儲存物體位置資訊的正確性。本論文提出了一個在移動物體位置變動率很高的情況下,有效率處理 NN search query 的演算法,以及分散式的 moving object 位置資訊儲存機制。最後我們也以實驗結果證明我們所提出的方法在多數的情況下對於能源節省都有很好的表現。

      With the rapid development of wireless communications and electronics technologies, wireless sensor nodes have emerged as a promising solution for a wide range of various applications. A wireless sensor network is constructed of a large number of tiny sensor nodes scattered in an area of monitoring, and we can forward queries to find the features of interest. Wireless sensor networks have been widely used for Location Based Service (LBS). Users can query the locations of moving objects through wireless sensor network at anytime and anywhere. In this paper, we address one of the most important classes of LBS, called nearset nieghbor search query, for moving objects in wireless sensor networks. Due to the limited power supply for sensor nodes, energy efficiency is a critical consideration in the design of NN search algorithm. Because the locations of moving objects change over time, we must maintain the accuracy of stored location information. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient NN search algorithm and a distributed object location storage for moving objects in wireless sensor networks. Experimental results show that our algorithms can save significiant energy under various conditions.

    Abstract .......................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................ iii Table of Contents .............................................. iv Table of Figures .............................................. vii Table of Tables ................................................ ix 1 Introduction ................................................... 1 2 Related Work .................................................. 7  2.1 NN Search Algorithm in centralized system ............. 7  2.2 NN Search Algorithm in WSN ............................. 9   2.2.1 KPT .................................................... 9   2.2.2 DNN ................................................... 10 3 Problem Formulation .......................................... 12  3.1 Object Tracking Sensor Network Environment ............ 12  3.2 Application Requirements and Metrics ................... 14  3.3 Basic Ideas Behind Proposed Algorithm ................. 15  3.4 CanonicalMethods .......................................... 16 4 A Framework for NN Search Query .......................... 20  4.1 SystemOverview ............................................ 20  4.2 Cell Partition ........................................... 22 5 In-network Cost-bound NN Search(ICNNS) ..................... 26  5.1 Pruning Approach ......................................... 27   5.1.1 Prediction-based NN Candidate Selecting Technic ... 27   5.1.2 Gathering Technic .................................... 30  5.2 Cost-bound Searching Approach ........................... 35   5.2.1 Inner-outter Determining Technic .................... 35   5.2.2 Ring-based Routing Technic .......................... 38  5.3 RecoveryMechanism ......................................... 42 6 Two-level Distributed Location Storage (TDLS) ............. 43  6.1 StorageMechanism .......................................... 43  6.2 V-cell Hand Off ......................................... 46 7 Query Optimization ........................................... 48  7.1 QuadrangleGatheringOptimization ........................... 48   7.1.1 Quadrangle Gathering Optimization Algorithm ........ 48   7.1.2 Analysis .............................................. 49  7.2 HypothesisGatheringOptimization ........................... 54 8 Performance Evaluation ....................................... 57  8.1 Metrics and Settings .................................... 57   8.1.1 Wireless Sensor Network Setup ...................... 57   8.1.2 ObjectMovingModel ..................................... 58   8.1.3 ComparedApproaches .................................... 59  8.2 Impact of Query Optimization ........................... 59  8.3 Impact of β ............................................. 60  8.4 Impact of Number of V-cells ........................... 62  8.5 Impact of Query Rate ................................... 64  8.6 Impact of Number of Objects ........................... 68  8.7 Impact ofMaximumSpeed of Objects ....................... 72  8.8 Workload for Sensor Nodes .............................. 74 9 Conclusions ................................................... 76 Bibliography ..................................................... 77 Biography ........................................................ 82

    [1] C. Buragohain, D. Agrawal, S. Suri, “Power aware routing for sensor databases,”In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom’05 , March 2005.
    [2] Samuel Madden, Michael J. Franklin, Joseph M. Hellerstein, Wei Hong, “The Design of an Acquisitional Query Processor for Sensor Networks,”In Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD’03), June 2003, pp. 491-502.
    [3] James Newsome, Dawn Song, “GEM: Graph EMbedding for Routing and DataCentric Storage in Sensor NetworksWithout Geographic Information, ”In Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’03), November 2003, pp. 76-88.
    [4] Xin Li, Young Jin Kim, Ramesh Govindan, Wei Hong, “Multidimensional Range Queries in Sensor Networks, ”In Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’03), November 2003, pp. 63-75.
    [5] Aram Galstyan, Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Kristina Lerman, Sundeep Pattem, “Distributed Online Localization in Sensor Networks Using a Moving Target,” In Proceedings of the third international symposium 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 on Information processing in sensor networks(IPSN’04), April 2004, pp. 61-70.
    [6] N. Bulusu, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, “GPS-Less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices,” In IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, Special Issue on Smart Spaces and Environments, October 2000.
    [7] L. Girod, D. Estrin, “Robust Range Estimation using Acoustic and Multimodal Sensing,” In Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, October 2001.
    [8] N. Priyantha, A. Chakraborty, H. Balakrishnan, “The Cricket Location Support System,” In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom 2000), August 2000.
    [9] N. Priyantha, A. Liu, H. Balakrishnan, S. Teller, “The Cricket Compass for Context-Aware Mobile Applications,” In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom 2001), July 2001.
    [10] A. Savvides, C.-C. Han, M. B. Srivastava, “Dynamic Fine-Grain Localization in Ad Hoc Networks of Sensors,” In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom 2001), July 2001.
    [11] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, “A survey on sensor networks,” In IEEE Communication Magazine, 40(8), August 2002, pp. 102-114. BIBLIOGRAPHY 79
    [12] L. Clare, G. Pottie, J. Agre, “Self-organizing distributed sensor networks,” In The International Society for Optical Engineering, Orlando, FL, April 1999, pp. 229-237.
    [13] G. Pei, C. Chien, “Low power TDMA in large wireless sensor networks,” In Military Communications Conference, 2001.
    [14] K. Sohrabi, G. J. Pottie, “Performance of a novel selforganization protocol for wireless ad-hoc sensor networks,” In IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, volume 2 , 1999, pp. 1222-1226.
    [15] Dragos Niculescu, Badri Nath, “Ad Hoc Positioning System (APS) Using AOA,” GLOBECOM 2001 - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, No. 1, NOV 2001, pp. 2926-2931.
    [16] N. Malhotra, M. Krasniewski, C. Yang, S.Bagchi, W. Chappell, “Location Estimation in Ad-Hoc Networks with Directional Antennas,” Proceeding of the 2005IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS’05), June 2005, pp. 633-642.
    [17] Sylvia Ratnasamy, Brad Karp, Scott Shenker, Deborah Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, Li Yin, Fang Yu, “Data-Centric Storage in Sensornets with GHT, A Geographic Hash Table,” Proc. Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), the Journal of SPECIAL ISSUES on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing, August 2003, pp. 427-442.
    [18] Yingqi Xu, Julian Winter, Wang-Chien Lee, “Prediction-based Strategies for Energy Saving in Object Tracking Sensor Networks,” Proceeding of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management, January 2004, pp. 346-357. BIBLIOGRAPHY 80
    [19] Wei-Peng Chen, Jennifer C. Hou, Lui Sha, “Dynamic Clustering for Acoustic Target Tracking inWireless Sensor Networks,” Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on Volume:03, Issue:3 , July 2004, pp. 258-271.
    [20] Julian Winter, Wang-Chien Lee, “KPT: a dynamic KNN query processing algorithm for location-aware sensor networks,” Proceeedings of the 1st international workshop on Data management for sensor networks, 2004, pp. 119-124.
    [21] M. Demirbas, “Peer-to-peer spatial queries in sensor networks,” Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, Linkoping, Sweden, September 2003.
    [22] Julian Winter, Yingqi Xu, Wang-Chien Lee, “Energy Efficient Processing of K Nearest Neighbor Queries in Location-aware Sensor Networks,” Proceeedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems (MobiQuitous 2005), 17-21 July 2005, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 281-292.
    [23] Samuel Madden, Michael J. Franklin, Wei Hong, Joseph M. Hellerstein, “TAG: a Tiny AGgregation Service for Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operation Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI’02), December 2002, pp. 131-146.
    [24] Yuxia Yao, Xueyan Tang, Ee-Peng Lim ,“In-Network Processing of Nearest Neighbor Queries for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications (DASFAA’06), April 2006. BIBLIOGRAPHY 81
    [25] Adam Smith, Hari Balakrishnan, Michel Goraczko, Nissanka Priyantha, “Tracking moving devices with the cricket location system,” Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (MobiSys’04), June 6-9 2004, pp. 190-202.
    [26] Jianliang Xu, Xueyan Tang, Wang-Chien Lee, “EASE: An Energy- Efficient In-Network Storage Scheme for Object Tracking in Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of the Second Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON’05), September 26-29 2005.
    [27] Jason Hill, “System Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks,” PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Spring 2003.
    [28] Markde Berg, Otfried Schwarzkopf, Marcvan Kreveld, Mark Overmars, “Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications, chapter 7,” Springer-Verlag, 2000.
    [29] Glenn Iwerks, Hanan Samet, and Ken Smith, “Continuous K-Nearest Neighbor Queries for Continuously Moving Points with Updates,” in International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Berlin, Germany, September 9-12 2003.
    [30] Yufei Tao, Dimitris Papadias, and Qiongmao Shen, “Continuous Nearest Neighbor Search,” in International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Hong Kong, China, August 20-23 2002, pp 279-290.
    [31] Nick Roussopoulos, Stephen Kelley, and Fr’ed’eric Vincent, “Nearest neighbor queries,” in Proceedings of ACM Sigmod, 1995, pp 71-79. BIBLIOGRAPHY 82
    [32] Simonas Saltenis, Christian S. Jensen, Scott T. Leutenegger, and Mario A. Lopez, “Indexing the Positions of Continuously Moving Objects,” in SIGMOD Conference, 2000, pp 331-342.
    [33] A. Guttman, “R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching,” in ACM SIGMOD Conf, 1984, pp 47-57.
    [34] Zhexuan Song and Nick Roussopoulos, “K-Nearest Neighbor Search for Moving Query Point,” in Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Advances in Spatial and Temporal Databases, LNCS2121, Redondo Beach, CA, USA, July 12-15 2001, pp 79-96.
    [35] P. Bonnet, J. Gehrke, and P. Seshadri, “Towards sensor database systems,” in In Proceedings of MDM, Hong Kong, China, January 2001, pp 3-14.
    [36] R. Govindan, J. Hellerstein, W.Hong, S. Madden, M. Franklin, and S. Shenker, “The sensor network as a database,” in Technical Report 02-771, Computer Science Department, University of Southern California, September 2002.
    [37] Hanan Samet, “The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures,” Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-50255-0, 1990.
    [38] Hanan Samet, “Application of Spatial Data Structure,” Addison- Wesley, ISBN 0-201-50300-X, 1990.

    下載圖示 校內:2008-08-02公開
    校外:2008-08-02公開
    QR CODE