廢水再利用為日益增長的淡水資源需求提供了一種有前景的解決方案，通過逆滲透再生市政污水可用於多種用途，緩解水資源匱乏問題。本研究設置一個試驗廠，用以量測以纖維過濾與超濾程序對公共污水二級處理廠放流水進行預處理，並評估使用兩級/兩階逆滲透系統去除放流水中硼的效率和成本。
採用雙膜工藝再生市政污水，本研究結果符合工業再利用的水質標準和水量需求。預處理產生的給水淤泥密度指數 (SDI15) 低於4.1，超濾程序平均濁度去除率為 99.2 %，後續經逆滲透產出之再生水導電度 (EC) 去除率為97.9 %。薄膜的結垢 (積垢) 通過反洗、化學增強清洗和在原架構清洗達到有效控制。同時測試了估計硼的替代方法並驗證部份分流（SPSP）系統。結果表明，本研究提出的迴歸方程式適用於特定濃度範圍使用導電度測量值作為預估硼濃度的替代，建議的迴歸方程式代表了污水處理操作維護的經驗法則。提議的 SPSP 系統通過操作條件進行了處理程序優化，具有成本效益和靈活的方式實現了64 % 的總水回收率及最大的硼去除率（超過85 %）。
本研究顯示，所提出的雙膜系統提高污水再生工藝優化效能，並作為安全水回用三級處理的可行性、可靠性和經濟性，確認薄膜處理程序技術成熟，可全面實施永續的水回用。具體來說，兩級/兩階部份分流逆滲透處理結合高pH值，對去除硼提供了具成本效益的永續供水。通過“適合用途”處理回收的廢水為半導體行業製程用水的應用提供了機會。在假定淡水資源不變前提下，水資源回收設施放流水再利用潛力變得越來越具有競爭力。

Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing need for the sustainable use of available water resources. The reclamation of municipal sewage through reverse osmosis can be applied for diverse uses to alleviate chronic water scarcity. This study constructed a pilot plant to measure the efficiency and costs associated with pretreatment by fiber filtration and ultrafiltration of secondary effluent and evaluated the efficiency of boron removal from effluent at a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) using a two-stage/two-pass RO membrane system.
The results of this dual-membrane process meet the quantity and quality standards for industrial reuse. Pretreatment produced feed water with Silt Density Index (SDI15) lower than 4.1 and average turbidity removal rates of 42.7 % (fiber filtration) and 99.2 % (ultrafiltration). Following reverse osmosis, 97.9 % rejection of electrical conductivity (EC) was achieved in the reclaimed water. Fouling of the membranes was controlled through the application of intensive backwash, chemically enhanced backflushing, and cleaning in place. Simultaneously, we tested our approach to boron estimation and the proposed split partial second pass (SPSP) system. Results showed at a specific area, the proposed regression equation enables to use measurements of EC as a proxy for boron concentration. The proposed regression equation represents a rule of thumb for wastewater plant operators. The proposed SPSP system was optimized through manipulation of operating conditions, achieving a promising total water recovery of 64 % at maximum boron rejection (over 85 % removal) in a manner that was both cost-effective and flexible.
This study demonstrates that the proposed system improves the feasibility, reliability, and economy of the dual-membrane process as a tertiary treatment for safe water reuse, thereby demonstrating that this technology has reached maturity for the full-scale implementation of sustainable water reuse. Specifically, we demonstrate that two-stage/ two-pass split-partial permeate treatment combined with a high pH for boron removal offers a cost-effective sustainable water supply. Wastewater reclaimed through ‘fit-for-purpose’ treatment offers opportunities for application in the semiconductor industry. Since freshwater resources are assumed to be invariant, the reuse potential of WRRF effluents is likely to become increasingly competitive.

Abdel-Fatah, M. A. (2018). Nanofiltration systems and applications in wastewater treatment. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), 3077-3092.
Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. (2013). Overview on water reuse in Egypt: present and future. J. Sustainable Sanitation Practice, 14, 17-25.
Abu‐Sharar, T., Hussein, I., & Al‐Jayyousi, O. (2003). The use of treated sewage for irrigation in Jordan: opportunities and constraints. Water and Environment Journal, 17(4), 232-238.
Acero, J. L., Benitez, F. J., Teva, F., & Leal, A. I. (2010). Retention of emerging micropollutants from UP water and a municipal secondary effluent by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. Chemical Engineering Journal, 163(3), 264-272.
Agency, U. E. P. (2012). 2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse, EPA/600/R-12/618. In: US environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Management, Office ….
Aiello, R., Cirelli, G. L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., & Toscano, A. (2013). Risk assessment of treated municipal wastewater reuse in Sicily. Water Science and Technology, 67(1), 89-98.
Ait-Mouheb, N., Bahri, A., Thayer, B. B., Benyahia, B., Bourrié, G., Cherki, B., Condom, N., Declercq, R., Gunes, A., & Héran, M. (2018). The reuse of reclaimed water for irrigation around the Mediterranean Rim: a step towards a more virtuous cycle? Regional Environmental Change, 18(3), 693-705.
Ajayi, O., Ohijeagbon, O., Nwadialo, C., & Olasope, O. (2014). New model to estimate daily global solar radiation over Nigeria. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 5, 28-36.
Al-Juboori, R. A., & Yusaf, T. (2012). Biofouling in RO system: Mechanisms, monitoring and controlling. Desalination, 302, 1-23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.06.016
Al-Obaidi, M. A., Alsarayreh, A. A., Al-Hroub, A. M., Alsadaie, S., & Mujtaba, I. M. (2018). Performance analysis of a medium-sized industrial reverse osmosis brackish water desalination plant. Desalination, 443, 272-284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.06.010
Aleisa, E. (2019). Analysis on reclamation and reuse of wastewater in Kuwait. Journal of Engineering Research, 7(1).
Aleisa, E., & Al-Zubari, W. (2017). Wastewater reuse in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): The lost opportunity. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(11), 1-15.
Alkhudhiri, A., Bin Darwish, N., Hakami, M. W., Abdullah, A., Alsadun, A., & Abu Homod, H. (2020). Boron Removal by Membrane Distillation: A Comparison Study. Membranes, 10(10), 263. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/10/10/263
Alsarayreh, A. A., Al-Obaidi, M. A., Farag, S. K., Patel, R., & Mujtaba, I. M. (2021). Performance evaluation of a medium-scale industrial reverse osmosis brackish water desalination plant with different brands of membranes. A simulation study. Desalination, 503, 114927. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114927
Alwi, S. W., Manan, Z. A., Samingin, M., & Misran, N. (2008). A holistic framework for design of cost-effective minimum water utilization network. Journal of environmental Management, 88(2), 219-252.
American Public Health Association. (1998). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20 ed.). American Water Works Association & Water Pollution Control Federation.
American Public Health Association. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23 ed.). American Water Works Association & Water Environment Federation,.
Anderson, J., Adin, A., Crook, J., Davis, C., Hultquist, R., Jimenez-Cisneros, B., Kennedy, W., Sheikh, B., & van der Merwe, B. (2001). Climbing the ladder: a step by step approach to international guidelines for water recycling. Water Science and Technology, 43(10), 1-8.
Anis, S. F., Hashaikeh, R., & Hilal, N. (2019). Reverse osmosis pretreatment technologies and future trends: A comprehensive review. Desalination, 452, 159-195.
Asahi Kasei Corporation. (2021). Products. Retrieved May 8 from https://www.asahi-kasei.com/services_products/search/
Asano, T., & Levine, A. D. (1996). Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse: past, present, and future. Water Science and Technology, 33(10-11), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00401-5
Asano, T., Maeda, M., & Takaki, M. (1996). Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Japan: overview and implementation examples. Water Science and Technology, 34(11), 219-226.
Aziz, M., & Kasongo, G. (2021). The removal of selected inorganics from municipal membrane bioreactor wastewater using UF/NF/RO membranes for water reuse application: A pilot-scale study. Membranes, 11(2), 117.
Bahri, A., & Brissaud, F. (1996). Wastewater reuse in Tunisia: assessing a national policy. Water Science and Technology, 33(10-11), 87-94.
Bailey, J. R., Ahmad, S., & Batista, J. R. (2020). The Impact of Advanced Treatment Technologies on the Energy Use in Satellite Water Reuse Plants. Water, 12(2), 366. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/2/366
Baker, J. S., & Dudley, L. Y. (1998). Biofouling in membrane systems — A review. Desalination, 118(1), 81-89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00091-5
Balfaqih, H., Al-Nory, M. T., Nopiah, Z. M., & Saibani, N. (2017). Environmental and economic performance assessment of desalination supply chain. Desalination, 406, 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.08.004
Barbagallo, S., Cirelli, G. L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., Marzo, A., & Toscano, A. (2012). Analysis of treated wastewater reuse potential for irrigation in Sicily. Water Science and Technology, 65(11), 2024-2033. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.102
Bartels, C., Franks, R., & Andes, K. (2010). Operational performance and optimization of RO wastewater treatment plants. Singapore International Water Week, Singapore.
Bick, A., & Oron, G. (2005). Post-treatment design of seawater reverse osmosis plants: boron removal technology selection for potable water production and environmental control. Desalination, 178(1), 233-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.01.001
Bixio, D., Thoeye, C., De Koning, J., Joksimovic, D., Savic, D., Wintgens, T., & Melin, T. (2006). Wastewater reuse in Europe. Desalination, 187(1-3), 89-101.
Bixio, D., Thoeye, C., Wintgens, T., Ravazzini, A., Miska, V., Muston, M., Chikurel, H., Aharoni, A., Joksimovic, D., & Melin, T. (2008). Water reclamation and reuse: implementation and management issues. Desalination, 218(1-3), 13-23.
Bouguerra, W., Mnif, A., Hamrouni, B., & Dhahbi, M. (2008). Boron removal by adsorption onto activated alumina and by reverse osmosis. Desalination, 223(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.193
Braga, J., & Varesche, M. (2014). Commercial laundry water characterisation. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2014.
Brende, B. (2019). The global risks report 2019. World Economic Forum. http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2019. pdf,
Brover, S., Lester, Y., Brenner, A., & Sahar-Hadar, E. (2022). Optimization of ultrafiltration as pre-treatment for seawater RO desalination. Desalination, 524, 115478.
Bunani, S., Yörükoğlu, E., Yüksel, Ü., Kabay, N., Yüksel, M., & Sert, G. (2015). Application of reverse osmosis for reuse of secondary treated urban wastewater in agricultural irrigation. Desalination, 364, 68-74.
Busch, M., & Mickols, W. E. (2004). Reducing energy consumption in seawater desalination. Desalination, 165, 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.035
Căilean, D., Barjoveanu, G., Teodosiu, C., Pintilie, L., Dăscălescu, I. G., & Păduraru, C. (2015). Technical performances of ultrafiltration applied to municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. Desalination and Water Treatment, 56(6), 1476-1488. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.951693
Calder, I. (2012). Blue revolution: Integrated land and water resources management. Routledge.
Cengeloglu, Y., Arslan, G., Tor, A., Kocak, I., & Dursun, N. (2008). Removal of boron from water by using reverse osmosis. Separation and Purification Technology, 64(2), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.09.006
Chan, H. (2012). High performance achieved by microbes to separate laundry effluents resulting in producing high water quality in a compact area. Separation and Purification Technology, 90, 101-108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.02.021
Chan, S.-S., & Wu, J.-H. (2022a). Improving the Performance of the Reverse Osmosis Process with Fiber Filter and Ultrafiltration: Promoting Municipal Sewage Reclamation and Reuse for Industrial Processes. Sustainability, 14(9), 5443.
Chan, S.-S., & Wu, J.-H. (2022b). Municipal-to-Industrial Water Reuse via Multi-Stage and Multi-Pass Reverse Osmosis Systems: A Step from Water Scarcity towards Sustainable Development. Water, 14(3), 362.
Chang, D., & Ma, Z. (2012). Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Beijing: Influence factors and policy implications. Desalination, 297, 72-78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.04.019
Cheng, H., Hu, Y., & Zhao, J. (2009). Meeting China’s water shortage crisis: current practices and challenges. In: ACS Publications.
Chillón Arias, M. F., Valero i Bru, L., Prats Rico, D., & Varó Galvañ, P. (2011). Approximate cost of the elimination of boron in desalinated water by reverse osmosis and ion exchange resins. Desalination, 273(2), 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.072
Cho, B.-Y., Kim, H.-W., & Shin, Y.-S. (2015). A Study on boron removal for seawater desalination using the combination process of mineral cluster and RO membrane system. Environmental Engineering Research, 20(3), 285-289. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2014.0083
Collivignarelli, M. C., Abbà, A., Benigna, I., Sorlini, S., & Torretta, V. (2018). Overview of the Main Disinfection Processes for Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Plants. Sustainability, 10(1), 86. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/1/86
Corbatón-Báguena, M.-J., Álvarez-Blanco, S., & Vincent-Vela, M.-C. (2018). Evaluation of fouling resistances during the ultrafiltration of whey model solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 358-367.
Council, N. R. (2012). Water reuse: potential for expanding the nation's water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater. National Academies Press.
Cui, B., & Liang, S. (2019). Monitoring Opportunistic Pathogens in Domestic Wastewater from a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor to Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation. Water, 11(6), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061283
Cui, Y., Liu, X.-Y., & Chung, T.-S. (2017). Ultrathin polyamide membranes fabricated from free-standing interfacial polymerization: Synthesis, modifications, and post-treatment. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56(2), 513-523.
Dach, H. (2008). Comparaison des opérations de nanofiltration et d'osmose inverse pour le dessalement sélectif des eaux saumatres: de l'échelle du laboratoire au pilote industriel Angers].
de Souza, D. I., Giacobbo, A., da Silva Fernandes, E., Rodrigues, M. A. S., de Pinho, M. N., & Bernardes, A. M. (2020). Experimental design as a tool for optimizing and predicting the nanofiltration performance by treating antibiotic-containing wastewater. Membranes, 10(7), 156.
Ding, G. K. C. (2017). Wastewater treatment and reuse-The future source of water supply. Encyclopedia of Sustainable technologies.
Dingemans, M. M. L., Smeets, P. W. M. H., Medema, G., Frijns, J., Raat, K. J., van Wezel, A. P., & Bartholomeus, R. P. (2020). Responsible Water Reuse Needs an Interdisciplinary Approach to Balance Risks and Benefits. Water, 12(5), 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051264
Directive, E. (1991). Council Directive of 21. May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment (91/271/EEC). J. Eur. Commun, 34, 40.
Doederer, K., Farré, M. J., Pidou, M., Weinberg, H. S., & Gernjak, W. (2014). Rejection of disinfection by-products by RO and NF membranes: Influence of solute properties and operational parameters. Journal of Membrane Science, 467, 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.029
Dolar, D., Gros, M., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Moreno, J., Comas, J., Rodriguez-Roda, I., & Barceló, D. (2012). Removal of emerging contaminants from municipal wastewater with an integrated membrane system, MBR–RO. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 239-240, 64-69. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.029
Du, Y., Xie, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., & Xu, Y. (2015). Optimization of reverse osmosis networks with split partial second pass design. Desalination, 365, 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.03.019
Environmental Protection Administration. (2020). Environmental Analysis Laboratory. Retrieved October 5 from https://www.epa.gov.tw/niea/A048BA729D1F7D58
Escarabajal-Henarejos, D., Parras-Burgos, D., Ávila-Dávila, L., Cánovas-Rodríguez, F. J., & Molina-Martínez, J. M. (2021). Study of the Influence of Temperature on Boron Concentration Estimation in Desalinated Seawater for Agricultural Irrigation. Water, 13(3), 322.
Eslamian, S. (2016). Urban water reuse handbook. CRC Press.
Farhat, A., Ahmad, F., Hilal, N., & Arafat, H. (2013). Boron removal in new generation reverse osmosis (RO) membranes using two-pass RO without pH adjustment. Desalination, 310, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.003
Fighir, D., Teodosiu, C., & Fiore, S. (2019). Environmental and Energy Assessment of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy and Romania: A Comparative Study. Water, 11(8), 1611. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/8/1611
Francy, D. S., Stelzer, E. A., Bushon, R. N., Brady, A. M., Williston, A. G., Riddell, K. R., Borchardt, M. A., Spencer, S. K., & Gellner, T. M. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters. Water Res, 46(13), 4164-4178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044
Freger, V., Shemer, H., Sagiv, A., & Semiat, R. (2015). Chapter 8 - Boron Removal Using Membranes. In N. Kabay, M. Bryjak, & N. Hilal (Eds.), Boron Separation Processes (pp. 199-217). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63454-2.00008-3
Fried, J., & Lemmer, H. (2003). On the dynamics and function of ciliates in sequencing batch biofilm reactors. Water Science and Technology, 47(5), 189-196. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0316
Güler, E., Kaya, C., Kabay, N., & Arda, M. (2015). Boron removal from seawater: State-of-the-art review. Desalination, 356, 85-93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.009
Güler, E., Kabay, N., Yüksel, M., Yavuz, E., & Yüksel, Ü. (2011). A comparative study for boron removal from seawater by two types of polyamide thin film composite SWRO membranes. Desalination, 273(1), 81-84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.10.045
Gómez-Coma, L., Ortiz-Martínez, V. M., Fallanza, M., Ortiz, A., Ibañez, R., & Ortiz, I. (2020). Blue energy for sustainable water reclamation in WWTPs. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 33, 101020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101020
Gallego-Molina, A., Mendoza-Roca, J. A., Aguado, D., & Galiana-Aleixandre, M. V. (2013). Reducing pollution from the deliming–bating operation in a tannery. Wastewater reuse by microfiltration membranes. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 91(2), 369-376.
Garcia-Cuerva, L., Berglund, E. Z., & Binder, A. R. (2016). Public perceptions of water shortages, conservation behaviors, and support for water reuse in the U.S. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 113, 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.006
Giannoccaro, G., Arborea, S., de Gennaro, B. C., Iacobellis, V., & Piccinni, A. F. (2019). Assessing Reclaimed Urban Wastewater for Reuse in Agriculture: Technical and Economic Concerns for Mediterranean Regions. Water, 11(7), 1511. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/7/1511
Gohari, A., Eslamian, S., Mirchi, A., Abedi-Koupaei, J., Bavani, A. M., & Madani, K. (2013). Water transfer as a solution to water shortage: a fix that can backfire. Journal of Hydrology, 491, 23-39.
Goncharuk, V. V., Babak, Y. V., Mel’nik, L. A., & Trachevskii, V. V. (2011). Removal of boron compounds in the course of pressure-driven demineralization. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 33(5), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X11050067
Guler, E., Ozakdag, D., Arda, M., Yuksel, M., & Kabay, N. (2010). Effect of temperature on seawater desalination-water quality analyses for desalinated seawater for its use as drinking and irrigation water. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32(4), 335-339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9294-x
Guo, W., Vigneswaran, S., Ngo, H., & Chapman, H. (2004). Experimental investigation of adsorption–flocculation–microfiltration hybrid system in wastewater reuse. Journal of Membrane Science, 242(1-2), 27-35.
Hagmeyer, G., & Gimbel, R. (1999). Modelling the rejection of nanofiltration membranes using zeta potential measurements. Separation and Purification Technology, 15(1), 19-30.
Hatt, J., Germain, E., & Judd, S. (2011). Precoagulation-microfiltration for wastewater reuse. Water Research, 45(19), 6471-6478.
He, R., Yu, T., Du, J., & Qu, C. (2019). Study on the Existence Form and Removal of Boron Acid. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,
Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and Interpretation the Chemical of Natural of Characteristics Natural Water (3 ed.). USGS.
Henan Dingxinda Import & Export Co.Ltd. (2022). Product Selection Tools. Retrieved April 8 from https://www.dxdcarbon.com/
Herath, G., Yamamoto, K., & Urase, T. (2000). The effect of suction velocity on concentration polarization in microfiltration membranes under turbulent flow conditions. Journal of Membrane Science, 169(2), 175-183.
Hernandez, M., Melian-Martel, N., Ruiz-Garcia, A., & Del Rio-Gamero, B. (2020). Fouling characterization during initial stage of cross-flow ultrafiltration. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 38, 101611.
Hibbs, M. R., McGrath, L. K., Kang, S., Adout, A., Altman, S. J., Elimelech, M., & Cornelius, C. J. (2016). Designing a biocidal reverse osmosis membrane coating: Synthesis and biofouling properties. Desalination, 380, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.11.017
Hilal, N., Kim, G. J., & Somerfield, C. (2011). Boron removal from saline water: A comprehensive review. Desalination, 273(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.012
Hill, M. (2003). Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering. Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed.,, New York (USA).
Hochstrat, R., Wintgens, T., Melin, T., & Jeffrey, P. (2005). Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Europe: a model-based potential estimation. Water science and technology: water supply, 5(1), 67-75.
Huang, H., Liu, J., Zhang, P., Zhang, D., & Gao, F. (2017). Investigation on the simultaneous removal of fluoride, ammonia nitrogen and phosphate from semiconductor wastewater using chemical precipitation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 307, 696-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.134
Huang, H., Young, T. A., Schwab, K. J., & Jacangelo, J. G. (2012). Mechanisms of virus removal from secondary wastewater effluent by low pressure membrane filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 409, 1-8.
Hydranautics-A Nitto Group Company. (2020). Product Selection Tools. Retrieved April 8 from https://membranes.com/product-selection-tools/
Hyung, H., & Kim, J.-H. (2006). A mechanistic study on boron rejection by sea water reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 286(1), 269-278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.09.043
Jacob, M. (2012). Progress against the national target of 30% of Australia’s wastewater being recycled by 2015. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, 1-79.
Jafarinejad, S. (2017). Cost estimation and economical evaluation of three configurations of activated sludge process for a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using simulation. Applied Water Science, 7(5), 2513-2521.
Jafarinejad, S. (2019). Simulation for the performance and economic evaluation of conventional activated sludge process replacing by sequencing batch reactor technology in a petroleum refinery wastewater treatment plant. ChemEngineering, 3(2), 45.
Jamaly, S., Darwish, N., Ahmed, I., & Hasan, S. (2014). A short review on reverse osmosis pretreatment technologies. Desalination, 354, 30-38.
Jamshidi, S., Ardestani, M., & Niksokhan, M. H. (2014). Upgrading wastewater treatment plants based on reuse demand, technical and environmental policies (a case study). Environmental Energy and Economics International Research, 1(2), 101-110.
Jamshidi, S., & Niksokhan, M. (2013). A novel management approach in design and operation of wastewater treatment plants emphasizing on reuse. Proceeding of the 3rd international conference on environmental planning and management, Tehran, Iran,
Jeanmaire, J.-P., Suty, H., Marteil, P., Breant, P., & Pedenaud, P. (2007). Application of the flexible fiber filter module (3FM) filter to sea water filtration. Water Science and Technology, 56(10), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.773
Jiang, B., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., & Li, F. (2018). Removal of high level boron in aqueous solutions using continuous electrodeionization (CEDI). Separation and Purification Technology, 192, 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.012
Jiang, S., Li, Y., & Ladewig, B. P. (2017). A review of reverse osmosis membrane fouling and control strategies. Science of the total Environment, 595, 567-583.
Jiménez-Cisneros, B. (2012). The planned and unplanned reuse of Mexico City’s wastewater. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Mexico City, Mexico, 3.
Jin, T., Cai, S., Jiang, D., & Liu, J. (2019). A data-driven model for real-time water quality prediction and early warning by an integration method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(29), 30374-30385.
Joarder, M., Raihan, F., Alam, J., & Hasanuzzaman, S. (2008). Regression analysis of ground water quality data of Sunamganj District, Bangladesh.
Kabay, N., Bryjak, M., Schlosser, S., Kitis, M., Avlonitis, S., Matejka, Z., Al-Mutaz, I., & Yuksel, M. (2008). Adsorption-membrane filtration (AMF) hybrid process for boron removal from seawater: an overview. Desalination, 223(1-3), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.196
Kabay, N., Güler, E., & Bryjak, M. (2010). Boron in seawater and methods for its separation—a review. Desalination, 261(3), 212-217.
Kalbande, K., & Dhote, J. (2019). Review of Wastewater Treatment and its Reuse.
Kalkan, Ç., Yapsakli, K., Mertoglu, B., Tufan, D., & Saatci, A. (2011). Evaluation of biological activated carbon (BAC) process in wastewater treatment secondary effluent for reclamation purposes. Desalination, 265(1-3), 266-273.
Kang, G.-d., & Cao, Y.-m. (2012). Development of antifouling reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment: A review. Water Research, 46(3), 584-600.
Keerio, H. A., & Bae, W. (2020). Experimental Investigation of Substrate Shock and Environmental Ammonium Concentration on the Stability of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB). Water, 12(1), 223. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/1/223
Keremane, G. B., & McKay, J. (2007). Successful wastewater reuse scheme and sustainable development: a case study in Adelaide. Water and Environment Journal, 21(2), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00062.x
Khlaif, O. A., Abdulrazzaq, K. a., & Mohammed, A. H. (2021). Electrical Conductivity as a General Predictor of Multiple Parameters in Tigris RiverBased on Statistical Regression Model. Journal of Engineering, 27(2), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.02.06
Khorasanizadeh, H., & Mohammadi, K. (2013). Prediction of daily global solar radiation by day of the year in four cities located in the sunny regions of Iran. Energy conversion and management, 76, 385-392.
Kim, J. J., Yoon, H., Hong, J., Lee, T., & Wilf, M. (2013). Evaluation of new compact pretreatment system for high turbidity seawater: Fiber filter and ultrafiltration. Desalination, 313, 28-35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.11.031
Kim, S., & Kim, H. (2016). A new metric of absolute percentage error for intermittent demand forecasts. International Journal of Forecasting, 32(3), 669-679.
King, A. J., Tonkin, Z., & Lieshcke, J. (2012). Short-term effects of a prolonged blackwater event on aquatic fauna in the Murray River, Australia: considerations for future events. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63(7), 576-586.
Kishino, H., Ishida, H., Iwabu, H., & Nakano, I. (1996). Domestic wastewater reuse using a submerged membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 106(1-3), 115-119.
Kivaisi, A. K. (2001). The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in developing countries: a review. Ecological engineering, 16(4), 545-560.
Klay, S., Charef, A., Ayed, L., Houman, B., & Rezgui, F. (2010). Effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on geochemical properties (saltiness, C, N and heavy metals) of isohumic soils (Zaouit Sousse perimeter, Oriental Tunisia). Desalination, 253(1-3), 180-187.
Koseoglu, H., Kabay, N., Yüksel, M., Sarp, S., Arar, Ö., & Kitis, M. (2008). Boron removal from seawater using high rejection SWRO membranes — impact of pH, feed concentration, pressure, and cross-flow velocity. Desalination, 227(1-3), 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.029
Košutić, K., & Kunst, B. (2002). Removal of organics from aqueous solutions by commercial RO and NF membranes of characterized porosities. Desalination, 142(1), 47-56.
Kumar, S., & Baskaran, R. (2020). INTEGRATED MEMBRANE OPERATIONS FOR PROVIDING CLEAN WATER FOR HUMAN NEEDS AND SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, XII(III), 5411.
Lalia, B. S., Kochkodan, V., Hashaikeh, R., & Hilal, N. (2013). A review on membrane fabrication: Structure, properties and performance relationship. Desalination, 326, 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.016
Lam, K., & Zhu, T. (2009). Environmental Impact Assessment in China. Research Center for Strategic Environmental Assemet: Hong Kong, China.
Laura, A. S., & Bernd, G. (2014). Water Reuse in Europe-Relevant guidelines, needs for and barriers to innovation.
Lautze, J., Stander, E., Drechsel, P., da Silva, A., & Keraita, B. (2014). Global experiences in water reuse. International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).[Google Scholar].
Lee, H., Jin, Y., & Hong, S. (2016). Recent transitions in ultrapure water (UPW) technology: Rising role of reverse osmosis (RO). Desalination, 399, 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.09.003
Lee, J. J., Cha, J. H., Ben Aim, R., Han, K. B., & Kim, C. W. (2008). Fiber filter as an alternative to the process of flocculation–sedimentation for water treatment. Desalination, 231(1), 323-331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.051
Lee, J. J., Johir, M. A. H., Chinu, K. H., Shon, H. K., Vigneswaran, S., Kandasamy, J., Kim, C. W., & Shaw, K. (2009). Hybrid filtration method for pre-treatment of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO). Desalination, 247(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.008
Lee, K., & Jepson, W. (2020). Drivers and barriers to urban water reuse: A systematic review. Water Security, 11, 100073. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100073
Lee, K. P., Arnot, T. C., & Mattia, D. (2011). A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to date and future potential. Journal of Membrane Science, 370(1-2), 1-22.
Lefebvre, O. (2018). Beyond NEWater: An insight into Singapore's water reuse prospects. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 26-31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.12.001
Lesjean, B., & Leiknes, T. O. (2009). Salient outcomes of the European R&D projects on MBR technology, In: Final MBR-Network Workshop. Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH.
Levine, A., & Asano, T. (2004). "Recovering sustainable water from wastewater". Environ. Sci. Technol, 38, 201A-208A.
Li, F., Wichmann, K., & Otterpohl, R. (2009). Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. Science of the total Environment, 407(11), 3439-3449.
Li, H., Ma, W., Lian, Y., & Wang, X. (2010). Estimating daily global solar radiation by day of year in China. Applied Energy, 87(10), 3011-3017.
Li, H. Y., Osman, H., Kang, C. W., & Ba, T. (2017). Numerical and experimental investigation of UV disinfection for water treatment. Applied Thermal Engineering, 111, 280-291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.106
Li, Y., Wang, S., Song, X., Zhou, Y., Shen, H., Cao, X., Zhang, P., & Gao, C. (2020). High boron removal polyamide reverse osmosis membranes by swelling induced embedding of a sulfonyl molecular plug. Journal of Membrane Science, 597, 117716.
Liberman, B., & Liberman, I. (2006). Method of boron removal in presence of magnesium ions. In: Google Patents.
Licciardello, F., Milani, M., Consoli, S., Pappalardo, N., Barbagallo, S., & Cirelli, G. (2018). Wastewater tertiary treatment options to match reuse standards in agriculture. Agricultural Water Management, 210, 232-242.
Macedonio, F., & Drioli, E. (2008). Pressure-driven membrane operations and membrane distillation technology integration for water purification. Desalination, 223(1-3), 396-409.
Madaeni, S., & Koocheki, S. (2010). Influence of di-hydrogen phosphate ion on performance of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane for nitrate and nitrite removal. Journal of Porous Materials, 17(2), 163-168.
Malaeb, L., & Ayoub, G. M. (2011). Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: State of the art review. Desalination, 267(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.09.001
Malamis, S., Katsou, E., Takopoulos, K., Demetriou, P., & Loizidou, M. (2012). Assessment of metal removal, biomass activity and RO concentrate treatment in an MBR–RO system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 209, 1-8.
MAM, J., & JB, A. (2008). Regression analysis of ground water quality data of Sunamganj district, Bangladesh.
Mancosu, N., Snyder, R. L., Kyriakakis, G., & Spano, D. (2015). Water Scarcity and Future Challenges for Food Production. Water, 7, 975-992. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7030975
Mane, P. P., Park, P.-K., Hyung, H., Brown, J. C., & Kim, J.-H. (2009). Modeling boron rejection in pilot-and full-scale reverse osmosis desalination processes. Journal of Membrane Science, 338(1-2), 119-127.
Mariñas, B. J. (1991). Reverse osmosis technology for wastewater reuse. Water Science and Technology, 24(9), 215-227.
Marras, T., Petroselli, A., Vessella, F., Damiani, G., & Schirone, B. (2014). Noble biomass: restore, recycle, profit using cork oak (Quercus suber L.). Applied Mathematical Sciences, 8(130), 6495-6513.
Maryam, B., & Büyükgüngör, H. (2019). Wastewater reclamation and reuse trends in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 30, 100501. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.10.001
Matilainen, A., Vepsäläinen, M., & Sillanpää, M. (2010). Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review. Advances in colloid and interface science, 159(2), 189-197.
Mehta Komal, P., & Patel, A. (2013). Reuse of domestic waste water for industrial purpose. J. Environ. Res. Develop, 7(3), 1174-1182.
Melnyk, L., Goncharuk, V., Butnyk, I., & Tsapiuk, E. (2005). Boron removal from natural and wastewaters using combined sorption/membrane process. Desalination, 185(1-3), 147-157.
Mendoza-Grimón, V., Fernández-Vera, J. R., Hernández-Moreno, J. M., & Palacios-Díaz, M. d. P. (2019). Sustainable Irrigation Using Non-Conventional Resources: What has Happened after 30 Years Regarding Boron Phytotoxicity? Water, 11(9), 1952. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/9/1952
Michetti, M., Raggi, M., Guerra, E., & Viaggi, D. (2019). Interpreting Farmers’ Perceptions of Risks and Benefits Concerning Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation: A Case Study in Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Water 11(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010108
Miller, G. W. (2006). Integrated concepts in water reuse: managing global water needs. Desalination, 187(1-3), 65-75.
Misdan, N., Lau, W., & Ismail, A. (2012). Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) desalination by thin-film composite membrane—Current development, challenges and future prospects. Desalination, 287, 228-237.
Mizuki, F., Mikawa, K., & Kurisu, H. (2012). Intelligent water system for smart cities. Hitachi Review, 61(3), 147.
Mohammadi, H., Gholami, M., & Rahimi, M. (2009). Application and optimization in chromium-contaminated wastewater treatment of the reverse osmosis technology. Desalination and Water Treatment, 9(1-3), 229-233.
Monnot, M., Nguyen, B., Zaviska, F., Lesage, G., & Héran, M. (2017). Performance of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis after membrane bioreactor for urban source-separated urine treatment and water reuse. Desalination and Water Treatment, 95, 18-33.
Mudgal, S., Van Long, L., Saïdi, N., Haines, R., McNeil, D., Jeffrey, P., Smith, H., & Knox, J. European Commission, Directorate-General for the Environment, BIO by Deloitte, ICF International, Cranfield University, Optimising water reuse in the EU: final report, Publications Office, Luxembourg, 2015. In.
Mutamim, N. S. A., Noor, Z. Z., Hassan, M. A. A., & Olsson, G. (2012). Application of membrane bioreactor technology in treating high strength industrial wastewater: a performance review. Desalination, 305, 1-11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.033
Nadav, N. (1999). Boron removal from seawater reverse osmosis permeate utilizing selective ion exchange resin. Desalination, 124(1), 131-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00097-1
Najid, N., Kouzbour, S., Ruiz-García, A., Fellaou, S., Gourich, B., & Stiriba, Y. (2021). Comparison analysis of different technologies for the removal of boron from seawater: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(2), 105133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105133
Nasr, M. S., Moustafa, M. A., Seif, H. A., & El Kobrosy, G. (2011). Modelling and simulation of German BIOGEST/EL-AGAMY wastewater treatment plants–Egypt using GPS-X simulator. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 50(4), 351-357.
Nath, K. (2017). Membrane separation processes, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi, India.
Neger, M. K. (2002). Literature review on the survival of fecal Coliform in fresh and saline waters, and sediments. Lummi Indian Business Council, Funded By: Environment Protection Agency (Agreement No. GA-97020501-0).
Nejati, S., Mirbagheri, S. A., Warsinger, D. M., & Fazeli, M. (2019). Biofouling in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO): Impact of module geometry and mitigation with ultrafiltration. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 29, 100782.
Ng, L. Y., Mohammad, A. W., Leo, C. P., & Hilal, N. (2013). Polymeric membranes incorporated with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review. Desalination, 308, 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.033
Nolde, E. (2000). Greywater reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings–over ten years experience in Berlin. Urban water, 1(4), 275-284.
Obotey Ezugbe, E., & Rathilal, S. (2020). Membrane technologies in wastewater treatment: a review. Membranes, 10(5), 89.
Odjadjare, E. E., & Okoh, A. I. (2010). Physicochemical quality of an urban municipal wastewater effluent and its impact on the receiving environment. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 170(1), 383-394.
Oertlé, E., Hugi, C., Wintgens, T., & Karavitis, C. A. (2019). Poseidon—Decision Support Tool for Water Reuse. Water, 11(1), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010153
Ogoshi, M., Suzuki, Y., & Asano, T. (2001). Water reuse in Japan. Water Science and Technology, 43(10), 17-23.
Omole, D., Jim-George, T., & Akpan, V. (2019). Economic analysis of wastewater reuse in Covenant University. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,
Oo, M. H., & Song, L. (2009). Effect of pH and ionic strength on boron removal by RO membranes. Desalination, 246(1-3), 605-612.
Ostad-Ali-Askari, K., & Eslamian, S. (2021). Water reuse in industry: necessities and possibilities. Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci.
Pérez-Uz, B., Arregui, L., Calvo, P., Salvadó, H., Fernández, N., Rodríguez, E., Zornoza, A., & Serrano, S. (2010). Assessment of plausible bioindicators for plant performance in advanced wastewater treatment systems. Water Research, 44(17), 5059-5069. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.024
Padaki, M., Murali, R. S., Abdullah, M. S., Misdan, N., Moslehyani, A., Kassim, M., Hilal, N., & Ismail, A. (2015). Membrane technology enhancement in oil–water separation. A review. Desalination, 357, 197-207.
Panhwar, M. Y., Panhwar, S., Keerio, H. A., Khokhar, N. H., Shah, S. A., & Pathan, N. (2022). Water quality analysis of old and new Phuleli Canal for irrigation purpose in the vicinity of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Water Practice and Technology, 17(2), 529-536. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.006
Paranychianakis, N., Salgot, M., Snyder, S. A., & Angelakis, A. (2015). Water reuse in EU states: necessity for uniform criteria to mitigate human and environmental risks. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 45(13), 1409-1468.
Peeters, J., Vicevic, G., Koops, G., & Côté, P. (2016). The role of innovative technologies in achieving energy-neutral wastewater treatment. Water Practice and Technology, 11(4), 691-701.
PENTAIR. (2020). Product Selection Tools. Retrieved April 8 from https://xflow.pentair.com/en
Petroselli, A., Giannotti, M., Marras, T., & Allegrini, E. (2017). Integrated system of phytodepuration and water reclamation: A comparative evaluation of four municipal wastewater treatment plants. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(6), 563-571.
Pindyck, R. S., & Rubinfeld, D. L. (1997). Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts (4 ed.). Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
Pintilie, L., Torres, C. M., Teodosiu, C., & Castells, F. (2016). Urban wastewater reclamation for industrial reuse: An LCA case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 1-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.209
Ponce-Robles, L., Masdemont-Hernández, B., Munuera-Pérez, T., Pagán-Muñoz, A., Lara-Guillén, A. J., García-García, A. J., Pedrero-Salcedo, F., Nortes-Tortosa, P. A., & Alarcón-Cabañero, J. J. (2020). WWTP Effluent Quality Improvement for Agricultural Reuse Using an Autonomous Prototype. Water, 12(8), 2240. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/8/2240
Pourfakhar, H., & Janmohammadi, M. Wastewater reuse, the primary solution to sustainable development: A review on evaluating opportunities and challenges ahead.
Prats, D., Chillon-Arias, M., & Rodriguez-Pastor, M. (2000). Analysis of the influence of pH and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis. Desalination, 128(3), 269-273.
Purnell, S., Ebdon, J., Buck, A., Tupper, M., & Taylor, H. (2016). Removal of phages and viral pathogens in a full-scale MBR: Implications for wastewater reuse and potable water. Water Res, 100, 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.013
Qadir, M., Bahri, A., Sato, T., & Al-Karadsheh, E. (2010). Wastewater production, treatment, and irrigation in Middle East and North Africa. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1), 37-51.
Qin, J.-J., Kekre, K. A., Tao, G., Oo, M. H., Wai, M. N., Lee, T. C., Viswanath, B., & Seah, H. (2006). New option of MBR-RO process for production of NEWater from domestic sewage. Journal of Membrane Science, 272(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.023
Qin, J.-J., Wai, M. N., Oo, M. H., Kekre, K. A., & Seah, H. (2006). Feasibility study for reclamation of a secondary treated sewage effluent mainly from industrial sources using a dual membrane process. Separation and Purification Technology, 50(3), 380-387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.12.013
Radjenović, J., Petrović, M., Ventura, F., & Barceló, D. (2008). Rejection of pharmaceuticals in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane drinking water treatment. Water Research, 42(14), 3601-3610.
Rahmawati, K. (2011). Boron Removal in Seawater Reverse Osmosis System
Rajasulochana, P., & Preethy, V. (2016). Comparison on efficiency of various techniques in treatment of waste and sewage water–A comprehensive review. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2(4), 175-184.
Ranade, V. V., & Bhandari, V. M. (2014). Industrial wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Redondo, J., Busch, M., & De Witte, J.-P. (2003a). Boron removal from seawater using FILMTECTM high rejection SWRO membranes. Desalination, 156(1), 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00345-X
Redondo, J., Busch, M., & De Witte, J.-P. (2003b). Boron removal from seawater using FILMTECTM high rejection SWRO membranes. Desalination, 156(1-3), 229-238.
Ruiz-García, A., & de la Nuez-Pestana, I. (2018). A computational tool for designing BWRO systems with spiral wound modules. Desalination, 426, 69-77.
Ruiz-García, A., León, F. A., & Ramos-Martín, A. (2019). Different boron rejection behavior in two RO membranes installed in the same full-scale SWRO desalination plant. Desalination, 449, 131-138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.07.012
Ruiz-García, A., & Nuez, I. (2021). Performance evaluation and boron rejection in a SWRO system under variable operating conditions. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 153, 107441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107441
Ruiz-García, A., Nuez, I., Carrascosa-Chisvert, M. D., & Santana, J. J. (2020). Simulations of BWRO systems under different feedwater characteristics. Analysis of operation windows and optimal operating points. Desalination, 491, 114582. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114582
Rybar, S., Boda, R., & Bartels, C. (2010). Split partial second pass design for SWRO plants. Desalination and Water Treatment, 13(1-3), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.989
Sözen, A., & Arcaklioǧlu, E. (2005). Solar potential in Turkey. Applied Energy, 80(1), 35-45.
Sagiv, A., & Semiat, R. (2004). Analysis of parameters affecting boron permeation through reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 243(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.05.029
Saidan, M. N., Al-Addous, M., Al-Weshah, R. A., Obada, I., Alkasrawi, M., & Barbana, N. (2020). Wastewater Reclamation in Major Jordanian Industries: A Viable Component of a Circular Economy. Water, 12(5), 1276. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1276
Saif, Y., Almansoori, A., & Elkamel, A. (2014). Optimal design of split partial second pass reverse osmosis network for desalination applications. AIChE Journal, 60(2), 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.14271
Samudro, G., & Mangkoedihardjo, S. (2010). REVIEW ON BOD, COD AND BOD/COD RATIO: A TRIANGLE ZONE FOR TOXIC, BIODEGRADABLE AND STABLE LEVELS. International Journal of Academic Research, 2(4).
Sassi, K. M., & Mujtaba, I. M. (2012). Effective design of reverse osmosis based desalination process considering wide range of salinity and seawater temperature. Desalination, 306, 8-16.
Sauer, R., Gensbittel, D., Bartz, R., Rompf, F., Ziemer-Popp, C., Wilcox, D., & Malhotra, S. (2000). Boron removal experiences at AMD. Ultrapure Water, 17, 62-68.
Seo, G., Lee, T., Moon, B., & Lim, J. (2001). Ultrafiltration combined with ozone for domestic laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse. Water science and technology: water supply, 1(5-6), 387-392.
Sewage System Office Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior. (2022). Public Sewage Treatment Plant. Retrieved February 6 from https://www.cpami.gov.tw/home.html
Shang, R., van den Broek, W. B. P., Heijman, S. G. J., van Agtmaal, S., & Rietveld, L. C. (2011). Wastewater reuse through RO: a case study of four RO plants producing industrial water. Desalination and Water Treatment, 34(1-3), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2895
Shannon, M. A., Bohn, P. W., Elimelech, M., Georgiadis, J. G., Mariñas, B. J., & Mayes, A. M. (2008). Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature, 452, 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06599
Shi, M., Wang, Z., Zhao, S., Wang, J., Zhang, P., & Cao, X. (2018). A novel pathway for high performance RO membrane: preparing active layer with decreased thickness and enhanced compactness by incorporating tannic acid into the support. Journal of Membrane Science, 555, 157-168.
Shon, H., Phuntsho, S., Chaudhary, D., Vigneswaran, S., & Cho, J. (2013). Nanofiltration for water and wastewater treatment–a mini review. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 6(1), 47-53.
Shoushtarian, F., & Negahban-Azar, M. (2020). Worldwide Regulations and Guidelines for Agricultural Water Reuse: A Critical Review. Water 12(4), 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12040971
Sim, L. N., Chong, T. H., Taheri, A. H., Sim, S., Lai, L., Krantz, W. B., & Fane, A. G. (2018). A review of fouling indices and monitoring techniques for reverse osmosis. Desalination, 434, 169-188.
Singapore’s National Water Agency. (2021). NEWater Technology. Retrieved October 11 from https://www.pub.gov.sg/
Singh, R. (2009). Production of high-purity water by membrane processes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 3(1-3), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.443
Smith, K., Liu, S., Liu, Y., & Guo, S. (2018). Can China reduce energy for water? A review of energy for urban water supply and wastewater treatment and suggestions for change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 41-58.
Snyder, S. A., Adham, S., Redding, A. M., Cannon, F. S., DeCarolis, J., Oppenheimer, J., Wert, E. C., & Yoon, Y. (2007). Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals. Desalination, 202(1-3), 156-181.
Sonune, A., & Ghate, R. (2004). Developments in wastewater treatment methods. Desalination, 167, 55-63.
Standard, A. (2013). Standard Guide for Ultra Pure Water Used in the Electronics and Semiconductor Industries.
Stenstrom, M. K., & Song, S. S. (1991). Effects of oxygen transport limitation on nitrification in the activated sludge process. Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 208-219.
Stillwell, A. S., & Webber, M. E. (2016). Predicting the Specific Energy Consumption of Reverse Osmosis Desalination. Water, 8(12), 601. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/12/601
Su, J., Yang, Q., Teo, J. F., & Chung, T.-S. (2010). Cellulose acetate nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes for forward osmosis processes. Journal of Membrane Science, 355(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.03.003
Tal, A. (2016). Rethinking the sustainability of Israel's irrigation practices in the Drylands. Water Research, 90, 387-394.
Tang, F., Hu, H.-Y., Sun, L.-J., Sun, Y.-X., Shi, N., & Crittenden, J. C. (2016). Fouling characteristics of reverse osmosis membranes at different positions of a full-scale plant for municipal wastewater reclamation. Water Research, 90, 329-336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.028
Taniguchi, M., Fusaoka, Y., Nishikawa, T., & Kurihara, M. (2004). Boron removal in RO seawater desalination. Desalination, 167, 419-426.
Taniguchi, M., Kurihara, M., & Kimura, S. (2001). Boron reduction performance of reverse osmosis seawater desalination process. Journal of Membrane Science, 183(2), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00596-2
Tanyol, M., & Demir, V. (2016). Correlations between some operation parameters and efficiency evaluation of domestic wastewater treatment plant in Tunceli (Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(58), 28115-28121.
Tomić, A. Š., Antanasijević, D., Ristić, M., Perić-Grujić, A., & Pocajt, V. (2018). A linear and non-linear polynomial neural network modeling of dissolved oxygen content in surface water: Inter-and extrapolation performance with inputs' significance analysis. Science of the total Environment, 610, 1038-1046.
Tota-Maharaj, K., & Hills, C. D. (2020). Water reclamation from Brackish Water using Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane Technologies in Southeast England, United Kingdom. Institute of Water Journal, 2020(5), 38-48.
Touati, K., Gzara, L., Mahfoudhi, S., Bourezgui, S., Hafiane, A., & Elfil, H. (2018). Treatment of coastal well water using ultrafiltration-nanofiltration-reverse osmosis to produce isotonic solutions and drinking water: Fouling behavior and energy efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200, 1053-1064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.024
TSIA. (2021). Review and outlook of Taiwan's semiconductor industry in the first quarter of 2021. Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association Newsletter, 97, 32-33.
Tu, K. L., Nghiem, L. D., & Chivas, A. R. (2010). Boron removal by reverse osmosis membranes in seawater desalination applications. Separation and Purification Technology, 75(2), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.07.021
Tzanakakis, V., Angelakis, A., Paranychianakis, N., Dialynas, Y., & Tchobanoglous, G. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for sustainable management of water resources in the island of Crete, Greece. Water, 12(6), 1538.
Tzanakakis, V. A., Paranychianakis, N. V., & Angelakis, A. N. (2020). Water supply and water scarcity. In (Vol. 12, pp. 2347): Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme. (2017). 2017 UN World Water Development Report: Wastewater, the Untapped Resource. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,.
Urgun-Demirtas, M., Benda, P. L., Gillenwater, P. S., Negri, M. C., Xiong, H., & Snyder, S. W. (2012). Achieving very low mercury levels in refinery wastewater by membrane filtration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 215-216, 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.040
Van der Bruggen, B. (2010). The global water recycling situation. Sustainability Science and Engineering, 2, 41-62.
Van der Bruggen, B., Mänttäri, M., & Nyström, M. (2008). Drawbacks of applying nanofiltration and how to avoid them: a review. Separation and Purification Technology, 63(2), 251-263.
Vergine, P., Salerno, C., Libutti, A., Beneduce, L., Gatta, G., Berardi, G., & Pollice, A. (2017). Closing the water cycle in the agro-industrial sector by reusing treated wastewater for irrigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 587-596.
Viero, A. F., & Sant’Anna, G. L. (2008). Is hydraulic retention time an essential parameter for MBR performance? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150(1), 185-186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.090
Voulvoulis, N. (2018). Water reuse from a circular economy perspective and potential risks from an unregulated approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 32-45.
Voutchkov, N. (2010). Considerations for selection of seawater filtration pretreatment system. Desalination, 261(3), 354-364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.07.002
Walker, J. T., Phillips, D. V., Melin, J., & Spradlin, D. (1994). Effects of intermittent acidic irrigations on soybean yields and frogeye leaf spot. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 34(3), 311-318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(94)90052-3
Wang, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & Van der Bruggen, B. (2017). Nanoscale tailor-made membranes for precise and rapid molecular sieve separation. Nanoscale, 9(9), 2942-2957.
Wang, K. Y., Yang, Q., Chung, T.-S., & Rajagopalan, R. (2009). Enhanced forward osmosis from chemically modified polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes with a thin wall. Chemical Engineering Science, 64(7), 1577-1584. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2008.12.032
Wang, S., Zhou, Y., & Gao, C. (2018). Novel high boron removal polyamide reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 554, 244-252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.014
Wang, T., Liu, S., Qian, X., Shimizu, T., Dente, S. M., Hashimoto, S., & Nakajima, J. (2017). Assessment of the municipal water cycle in China. Science of the total Environment, 607, 761-770.
Wang, X., Yang, H., Li, Z., Yang, S., & Xie, Y. (2015). Pilot study for the treatment of sodium and fluoride-contaminated groundwater by using high-pressure membrane systems. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 9(1), 155-163.
Wang, Y., & Smith, R. (1995). Waste-water minimization with flow-rate constraints. Chemical engineering research & design, 73(8), 889-904.
Warsinger, D. M., Chakraborty, S., Tow, E. W., Plumlee, M. H., Bellona, C., Loutatidou, S., Karimi, L., Mikelonis, A. M., Achilli, A., & Ghassemi, A. (2018). A review of polymeric membranes and processes for potable water reuse. Progress in polymer science, 81, 209-237.
Wastewater, W. (2017). the Untapped Resource, The United Nations World Water Development Report. In: UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme: Paris, France.
Water Resources Agency, M. (2021). Laws. Taiwan,
Taiwan,. Retrieved October 11 from https://eng.wra.gov.tw/Default.aspx
Wei, C.-H., Laborie, S., Aim, R. B., & Amy, G. (2012). Full utilization of silt density index (SDI) measurements for seawater pre-treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 405, 212-218.
Werber, J. R., Osuji, C. O., & Elimelech, M. (2016). Materials for next-generation desalination and water purification membranes. Nature Reviews Materials, 1(5), 1-15.
Wijaya, I. M. W., & Soedjono, E. S. (2018). Domestic wastewater in Indonesia: challenge in the future related to nitrogen content. Geomate Journal, 15(47), 32-41.
Wilf, M., & Alt, S. (2000). Application of low fouling RO membrane elements for reclamation of municipal wastewater. Desalination, 132(1-3), 11-19.
Wintgens, T., Melin, T., Bixio, D., & Thoeye, C. (2006). INTEGRATED CONCEPTS FOR REUSE OF UPGRADED WASTEWATER–ROLE OF MEMBRANES IN WATER RECYCLING. In Integrated Urban Water Resources Management (pp. 263-267). Springer.
Wintgens, T., Melin, T., Schäfer, A., Khan, S., Muston, M., Bixio, D., & Thoeye, C. (2005). The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse. Desalination, 178(1-3), 1-11.
Woods, W. G. (1994). An introduction to boron: history, sources, uses, and chemistry. Environmental health perspectives, 102(suppl 7), 5-11.
Xing, C. H., Tardieu, E., Qian, Y., & Wen, X. H. (2000). Ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor for urban wastewater reclamation. Journal of Membrane Science, 177(1), 73-82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00452-X
Xu, J., Gao, X., Chen, G., Zou, L., & Gao, C. (2010). High performance boron removal from seawater by two-pass SWRO system with different membranes. Water Supply, 10(3), 327-336. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.397
Xu, J., Li, Y., Wang, H., Wu, J., Wang, X., & Li, F. (2017). Exploring the feasibility of energy self-sufficient wastewater treatment plants: a case study in eastern China. Energy Procedia, 142, 3055-3061.
Yang, J., Monnot, M., Ercolei, L., & Moulin, P. (2020). Membrane-based processes used in municipal wastewater treatment for water reuse: state-of-the-art and performance analysis. Membranes, 10(6), 131.
Yeom, C., Choi, J., Suh, D., & Lee, J. (2002). Analysis of the permeation and separation of electrolyte solutions through reverse osmosis charged membranes. Separation science and technology, 37(6), 1241-1255.
Yi, L., Jiao, W., Chen, X., & Chen, W. (2011). An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(10), 1585-1593.
Zhang, R., Liu, Y., He, M., Su, Y., Zhao, X., Elimelechc, M., & Jiang, Z. (2016). Antifouling membranes for sustainable water purification: strategies and mechanisms. Chemical Society Reviews, 45(21), 5888–5924. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00579E
Zhang, Y.-F., Fitch, P., & Thorburn, P. J. (2020). Predicting the trend of dissolved oxygen based on the kPCA-RNN model. Water, 12(2), 585.
Zhao, Y., Song, L., & Ong, S. L. (2010). Fouling behavior and foulant characteristics of reverse osmosis membranes for treated secondary effluent reclamation. Journal of Membrane Science, 349(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.023
Zurita, F., & White, J. R. (2014). Comparative study of three two-stage hybrid ecological wastewater treatment systems for producing high nutrient, reclaimed water for irrigation reuse in developing countries. Water, 6(2), 213-228.