| 研究生: |
許有文 Sheu, Yu-Wen |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
無壓力釜預浸布/纖維複合疊層製程參數對於孔隙影響及改善研究 The Effect of Out of Autoclave Process Parameters on Improvement of Porosity of Prepreg/Fiber Layup Composite |
| 指導教授: |
楊文彬
Young, Wen-Bin |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
工學院 - 航空太空工程學系 Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics |
| 論文出版年: | 2023 |
| 畢業學年度: | 111 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 94 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 無壓力釜製程 、真空袋成型法 、碳纖維預浸布/乾布 、複合材料孔隙改善 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | out-of-autoclave process, vacuum bag only, carbon fiber/prepreg, composite porosity reduction |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:29 下載:0 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究使用真空袋成型法搭配完全浸潤式預浸布與纖維乾布交互堆疊的混合疊層製作15×15 cm²單向碳纖維平板,並使用微影檢測法、厚度量測與疊層重量測量判斷疊層品質。本研究分三階段進行。第一階段探討改變製程參數,即加熱曲線、樹脂飽和度與真空脫氣方式對疊層品質影響。根據研究結果,相比於標準製程參數1.83%孔隙率,較高的一階加熱溫度可使孔隙率降低0.4%;提高樹脂飽和度至1.57以上可減少0.88%孔隙率;加熱真空脫氣無法減少具良好層間通氣疊層的孔隙率,甚至使薄板疊層(1.31mm & 1.62mm)孔隙率增加;此外增加疊層厚度也被發現與孔隙率相關。第二階段應用前一階段所取得最佳參數製作疊層,其孔隙率僅0.54%,並用於討論多階段加熱對疊層品質影響,三階段加溫曲線相較之下孔隙率為0.45%,四階段加溫曲線孔隙率則顯著降低至0.23%,證實以多階段加溫曲線搭配製程參數改善下,預浸布/纖維乾布混合疊層可製造出孔隙率極低的疊層平版。第三階段討論改變纖維排列方式對於疊層品質的影響,製作預浸布以0°排列、纖維乾布以90°交叉排列的疊層,與預浸布/纖維乾布同向(0°)疊層比較。結果顯示,在交叉排列使預浸布纖維與纖維乾布緯紗同向時,預浸布纖維服貼於緯紗從而避免緯紗兩側出現大型孔隙。此結果證實將預浸布與纖維乾布以不同向排列製造零件的可行性。
This study employed a 'hybrid' laminate layup, which combined fully impregnated prepreg and dry fiber fabric) to manufacture 15×15 cm² unidirectional carbon fiber panels using Vaccum Bag Only (VBO) process, an Out of Autoclave process. The quality assessment included microscopy with image processing using ImageJ, as well as measurements of panel thickness and weight before and after the curing process. The research consisted of three phases. Phase one examined various VBO process parameters, including debulk method, two-stage cure cycle design, laminate saturation index, and thickness, to understand their impact on laminate quality. Results showed that increasing dwelling temperature during the cure cycle, using a saturation index above 1.57, and thicker laminates reduced laminate voids. The heated debulk method was ineffective when sufficient air evacuation was achieved and even increased porosity in thin plates (1.31 mm and 1.62 mm). Phase two studied the effects of multi-stage curing process using the optimized process parameters, which resulted from phase one. The two-stage cure cycle was modified to a multi-stage cure cycle, confirming that more dwell stages reduced porosity. Phase three investigated the influence of fiber orientations between prepreg and dry fiber fabrics on laminate quality. A comparison was made between a laminate with prepreg fibers at 0° and dry fibers at 90°, and a laminate with only 0° layup using both prepreg and dry fibers. Results indicated that due to alignment between prepreg fibers and the polymer weft on the dry fiber fabric, prepreg fibers conformed effectively to eliminate weft-induced voids.
[1] A. McIlhagger, E. Archer, and R. McIlhagger, "Manufacturing processes for composite materials and components for aerospace applications," in Polymer composites in the aerospace industry: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 59-81.
[2] D. K. Rajak, D. D. Pagar, P. L. Menezes, and E. Linul, "Fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Manufacturing, properties, and applications," Polymers, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1667, 2019.
[3] F. Shaik, M. Ramakrishna, and P. D. Varma, "A review on fabrication of thermoset prepreg composites using out-of-autoclave technology," INCAS Bulletin, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 133-149, 2021.
[4] V. Karbhari, "Fabrication, quality and service-life issues for composites in civil engineering," in Durability of composites for civil structural applications: Elsevier, 2007, pp. 13-30.
[5] G. Eckold, Design and manufacture of composite structures. Woodhead publishing, 1994.
[6] L. Grunenfelder, A. Dills, T. Centea, and S. Nutt, "Effect of prepreg format on defect control in out-of-autoclave processing," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 93, pp. 88-99, 2017.
[7] T. Centea, L. K. Grunenfelder, and S. R. Nutt, "A review of out-of-autoclave prepregs–Material properties, process phenomena, and manufacturing considerations," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 70, pp. 132-154, 2015.
[8] S. M. Hughes and P. Hubert, "Out-of-autoclave prepreg processing: effect of integrated geometric features on part quality," SAMPE Tech, 2013.
[9] W. Hu, T. Centea, and S. Nutt, "Effects of material and process parameters on void evolution in unidirectional prepreg during vacuum bag-only cure," Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 633-645, 2020.
[10] Y. Mujahid, N. Sallih, M. Z. Abdullah, and M. Mustapha, "Effects of processing parameters for vacuum‐bag‐only method on void content and mechanical properties of laminated composites," Polymer Composites, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 567-582, 2021.
[11] O. A. Ekuase, N. Anjum, V. O. Eze, and O. I. Okoli, "A Review on the Out-of-Autoclave Process for Composite Manufacturing," Journal of Composites Science, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 172, 2022.
[12] S. Y. Park, C. H. Choi, W. J. Choi, and S. S. Hwang, "A comparison of the properties of carbon fiber epoxy composites produced by non-autoclave with vacuum bag only prepreg and autoclave process," Applied Composite Materials, vol. 26, pp. 187-204, 2019.
[13] B. Thorfinnson and T. Biermann, "Production of void free composite parts without debulking," in 31st International SAMPE symposium, 1986, pp. 480-490.
[14] B. Thorfinnson and T. Biermann, "Degree of Impregnation of Prepregs--Effects on Porosity," Advanced Materials Technology'87, pp. 1500-1509, 1987.
[15] L. Repecka and J. Boyd, "Vacuum-bag-only-curable prepregs that produce void-free parts," in 47 th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition 2002, 2002, pp. 1862-1874.
[16] T. Centea and P. Hubert, "Measuring the impregnation of an out-of-autoclave prepreg by micro-CT," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 593-599, 2011.
[17] C. Ridgard, "Out of autoclave composite technology for aerospace, defense and space structures," Proc SAMPE, 2009.
[18] S. S. Tavares, V. Michaud, and J.-A. Månson, "Assessment of semi-impregnated fabrics in honeycomb sandwich structures," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 8-15, 2010.
[19] 楊宇輝, "無壓力釜預浸布/纖維複合疊層複材製程研究," 國立成功大學航空太空工程學系碩士論文, 2019.
[20] 張育堯, "無壓力釜預浸布/纖維複合疊層複材之特性研究," 國立成功大學航空太空工程學系碩士論文, 2021.
[21] K.-J. Wu and W.-B. Young, "Internal characteristics analysis of woven/unidirectional composite angle part by VBO process," Composites Communications, vol. 33, p. 101215, 2022.
[22] T. Centea and P. Hubert, "Modelling the effect of material properties and process parameters on tow impregnation in out-of-autoclave prepregs," Composites Part A: applied science and manufacturing, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1505-1513, 2012.
[23] J. Kay and G. Fernlund, "Processing conditions and voids in out of autoclave prepregs," in Proceedings of the SAMPE 2012 conference of the society for the advancement of materials and process engineering, 2012: SAMPE, pp. 1-12.
[24] L. Grunenfelder and S. Nutt, "Void formation in composite prepregs–Effect of dissolved moisture," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 70, no. 16, pp. 2304-2309, 2010.
[25] W. Hu and S. Nutt, "Effects of debulk temperature on air evacuation during vacuum bag-only prepreg processing," Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 38-47, 2020.
[26] C. Ridgard, "Process selection and optimization for out-of-autoclave prepreg structures," SAMPE JOURNAL, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 7-15, 2016.
[27] C. Garschke, C. Weimer, P. Parlevliet, and B. Fox, "Out-of-autoclave cure cycle study of a resin film infusion process using in situ process monitoring," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 935-944, 2012.
[28] D.-K. Hyun, D. Kim, J. Hwan Shin, B.-E. Lee, D.-H. Shin, and J. Hoon Kim, "Cure cycle modification for efficient vacuum bag only prepreg process," Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 1039-1051, 2021.
[29] P. Olivier, J. Cottu, and B. Ferret, "Effects of cure cycle pressure and voids on some mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy laminates," Composites, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 509-515, 1995.
[30] H. Huang and R. Talreja, "Effects of void geometry on elastic properties of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 65, no. 13, pp. 1964-1981, 2005.
[31] M. L. Costa, S. f. M. De Almeida, and M. C. Rezende, "The influence of porosity on the interlaminar shear strength of carbon/epoxy and carbon/bismaleimide fabric laminates," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 61, no. 14, pp. 2101-2108, 2001.
[32] M. Mehdikhani, L. Gorbatikh, I. Verpoest, and S. V. Lomov, "Voids in fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review on their formation, characteristics, and effects on mechanical performance," Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 1579-1669, 2019.
[33] L. Grunenfelder, T. Centea, P. Hubert, and S. Nutt, "Effect of room-temperature out-time on tow impregnation in an out-of-autoclave prepreg," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 45, pp. 119-126, 2013.
[34] T. Centea and P. Hubert, "Out-of-autoclave prepreg consolidation under deficient pressure conditions," Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 48, no. 16, pp. 2033-2045, 2014.
[35] D. K. Hsu and K. M. Uhl, "A morphological study of porosity defects in graphite-epoxy composites," in Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation, 1987: Springer, pp. 1175-1184.
[36] A. Rubin and K. Jerina, "The effect of porosity on elastic-constants of representative aircraft laminates," Journal of Advanced Materials, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 21-30, 1994.
[37] Z. Gurdal, A. P. Tomasino, and S. Biggers, "Effects of processing induced defects on laminate response-Interlaminar tensile strength," Sampe Journal, vol. 27, 1991.
[38] A. Stamopoulos, K. Tserpes, P. Prucha, and D. Vavrik, "Evaluation of porosity effects on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic unidirectional laminates by X-ray computed tomography and mechanical testing," Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 50, no. 15, pp. 2087-2098, 2016.
[39] A. Madra, N. El Hajj, and M. Benzeggagh, "X-ray microtomography applications for quantitative and qualitative analysis of porosity in woven glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic," Composites Science and technology, vol. 95, pp. 50-58, 2014.
[40] J. Thomason, "The interface region in glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites: 1. Sample preparation, void content and interfacial strength," Composites, vol. 7, no. 26, pp. 467-475, 1995.
[41] D. Purslow, "On the optical assessment of the void content in composite materials," Composites, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 207-210, 1984.
[42] J. E. Little, X. Yuan, and M. I. Jones, "Characterisation of voids in fibre reinforced composite materials," Ndt & E International, vol. 46, pp. 122-127, 2012.
[43] Y. K. Hamidi, L. Aktas, and M. C. Altan, "Three-dimensional features of void morphology in resin transfer molded composites," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 65, no. 7-8, pp. 1306-1320, 2005.
[44] E. A. Birt and R. A. Smith, "A review of NDE methods for porosity measurement in fibre-reinforced polymer composites," Insight-Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 681-686, 2004.
[45] D. Stone and B. Clarke, "Ultrasonic attenuation as a measure of void content in carbon-fibre reinforced plastics," Non-destructive testing, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 137-145, 1975.
[46] Y. Yu, J. Ye, Y. Wang, B. Zhang, and G. Qi, "A mesoscale ultrasonic attenuation finite element model of composites with random-distributed voids," Composites science and technology, vol. 89, pp. 44-51, 2013.
[47] T. B. Hudson, T.-H. Hou, B. W. Grimsley, and F.-G. Yuan, "Imaging of local porosity/voids using a fully non-contact air-coupled transducer and laser Doppler vibrometer system," Structural Health Monitoring, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 164-173, 2017.
[48] I. Pelivanov and M. O’Donnell, "Imaging of porosity in fiber-reinforced composites with a fiber-optic pump–probe laser-ultrasound system," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 79, pp. 43-51, 2015.
[49] P. Hermanek and S. Carmignato, "Porosity measurements by X-ray computed tomography: Accuracy evaluation using a calibrated object," Precision Engineering, vol. 49, pp. 377-387, 2017.
[50] J. Kastner, B. Plank, D. Salaberger, and J. Sekelja, "Defect and porosity determination of fibre reinforced polymers by X-ray computed tomography," in 2nd International Symposium on NDT in Aerospace, 2010: NDT Hamburg, Germany, pp. 1-12.
[51] P. Yang and R. Elhajjar, "Porosity content evaluation in carbon-fiber/epoxy composites using X-ray computed tomography," Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 217-222, 2014.
[52] G. Marsh, "Prepregs—raw material for high-performance composites," Reinforced plastics, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 24-28, 2002.
[53] L. Hamill, T. Centea, and S. Nutt, "Surface porosity during vacuum bag-only prepreg processing: Causes and mitigation strategies," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 75, pp. 1-10, 2015