近年來由於微混合器具有微尺度之混合特性，被廣泛使用在生醫檢測、藥物輸送、核酸之排列比對等應用上。流體於微尺度下的混合，須面對低雷諾數及高佩克萊特數所引申的問題，故在文獻中有各種主動式及被動式微混合器的探討，以解決此問題。本研究提出一種新式的曲面型主動式微混合器設計概念，以突破傳統主動式微混合器無法在相對高雷諾數下(Re >100)進行混合的問題，並發展一種能涵蓋低雷諾數(Re ~1)至高雷諾數(Re >100)皆具良好混合特性的設計。此微混合器進口為Y型結構，A與B兩種流體由Y型結構進入後，經過一個曲面型微流道，再進入一個曲面型微混合腔，流體在流道中之來回運動由入口處之激擾機構所控制，控制參數包括激擾頻率、雷諾數與微混合腔之串聯方式等。本研究所設計的曲面型微混合器的混合機制具有多項流體的交互作用，包含：(a) 流體在曲面流道中產生第三維方向的二次流運動，並在主動激擾下產生流體翻轉摺疊的混合效應，(b)流體在混合腔內產生大尺度渦流結構，並在主動激擾下，產生多層次的順向與逆向渦流結構，(c)流體由於混合腔出入口相對位置交錯，使得流體在往復運動過程中，產生不同路徑，進一步加強流體混沌混合效果。以上流體交互作用的結果，使得兩種流體在主動激擾下，形成流體多層化的混合機制，加上流體於混合腔內重複摺疊及拉伸的效果，進而形成一種混沌混合之現象。數值模擬結果顯示，曲面微混合器僅於順向結構上具有渦流產生器設計，因此，在往復運動的過程中能夠產生一強烈且存在時間長的順向渦流，有助於強化流體於渦流中的折疊拉伸現象；相較之下，由於曲面混合器於逆向結構上並無渦流產生器的設計，使得逆向渦流的強度較低且存在時間較短，因此，順向與逆向渦流間的拉伸現象並不明顯，流體於往復運動中將大部分的能量用於維持順向渦流，有助於混合效率的提升。實驗結果顯示，單級的曲面型主動式微混合器在Re=2，外部激擾頻率f=4Hz~80Hz條件下，其混合效率均在90%以上，其中在外部激擾頻率f=50Hz下，混合效率高達95.8±1.2%。當雷諾數增加至Re=20時，外部激擾頻率f=10Hz~60Hz，混合效率亦皆大於90%，乃至在外部激擾頻率f=50Hz下，混合效率高達96.1±1.1%。實驗結果亦顯示，將雷諾數提高至Re=200，由於外部擾動之振幅相對於主流強度降低，因此混合效率大幅下降，例如單級的曲面型主動式微混合器在Re=200時，於外部激擾下最高混合效率僅達84.6±13.0%。吾人進一步探討史卓赫數對於混合效率的影響，實驗結果顯示，當史卓赫數>1.0為高混合效率的必要條件。當史卓赫數由1.0降至0.3，混合效率由93.1%降至74.6%。但若進一步採用兩級式設計，則足以增強高雷諾數下的混合效率，包含：(a)同向雙級式微混合器，(b)反向雙級式微混合器等兩類型之設計。研究結果顯示，流體於往復運動中，在反向雙級式微混合器中，由於具有兩個互相串連的反向混合腔，進而增強流體多層化效果。故反向雙級微混合器於雷諾數Re=200，激擾頻率f= 70Hz下，混合效率高達95.8±1.1%。因此，奈米金粒子合成時，選用反向雙級式微混合器當作微反應器，並將操作條件設定於Re=200，外部激擾頻率f=70Hz來進行奈米金粒子合成。研究結果顯示，利用此微反應器的合成製程，可產生平均粒徑為3.7奈米的奈米金粒子，且單一微反應器的產量達每分鐘5.4毫升，達工業級量產規模，值得推廣應用。

In recent years, micromixers have been widely used in biomedical inspection, drug delivery and sorting of RNA, etc, due to the benefits of mixing at micro-scale. However, Mixing of fluids at microscale has a variety of challenges due to the issues of the unfavorable combination at low Reynolds number and high Péclet numbers. In this research program, we investigated a novel design of curved-wall micromixer which is able to overcome the poor mixing by active control at high Reynolds number (Re > 100). The design is also suitable and performs excellent mixing with a wide range of Reynolds number. Mixing mechanism of curved-wall micromixer with active control results from the interaction of several flow behaviors, including: (a) large scale in-plane vortex generated in the mixing chamber under in-phase control of external excitation, (b) by offsetting the position between inlet and outlet of the mixing chamber, fluids are able to travel the different paths under push-n-pull flow motion (c) Fluids are forced to move toward the third direction due to the curved channels in the micromixer. Therefore the chaos advection of fluids is further enhanced. Concluding the interaction of several flow behaviors mentioned above, fluids are firstly folded by the generating of in-plane vortex in the mixing chamber, and it results in the formation of multi-lamination of fluids. Later, the folded fluids are stretched and folded during the push-n-pull flow motion in the micromixer with offset of inlet and outlet. The flow motion of folding-stretching-folding satisfies the definition of chaos mixing. As a results, under lower flow rate, Re = 2 for example, mixing efficiency above 90 % can be achieved with a wide range of excitation frequency (f = 4 – 80 Hz). At higher flow rate, Re = 20, mixing efficiency above 90 % can be achieved with a narrow range of excitation frequency (f = 10 – 60 Hz). Mixing efficiencies of 95.8 ± 1.2 % and 96.1 ± 1.1 % were achieved at f = 50 Hz under Re = 2 and 20, respectively. The results also reveal that under higher Reynolds number, the mixing efficiency dramatically decreases due to the lower value of the ratio between the amplitude of driving pressure and the mean pressure. For example, a peak mixing efficiency value of 84.6 ± 13.0 % was found at f = 50 Hz in the curved-wall micromixer with active control. Therefore, we further modified the micromixer with two stages of mixing chambers in order to increase the mixing efficiency under high Reynolds number. Dependence of mixing efficiency on Strouhal number was also investigated ,and results shown that St > 1.0 is criterion of high mixing efficiency. The mixing efficiency deceases from 93.1 % to 74.6 % as St decreases from 1.0 to 0.3. According to the arrangement of mixing chambers in the micromixer, there two types of micromixers: (1)two stage curved-wall micromixer with in-phase arrangement (IP-CWM), (2) two stage curved-wall micromixer with out-of-phase arrangement (OP-CWM). As a result, the intensity of lamination of fluids in OP-CWM micromixer is stronger than that of IP-CWM micromixer. For OP-CWM micormixer, peak mixing efficiency of 95.8 ± 1.1 % can be achieved under f = 70 Hz. Therefore, the design of OP-CWM micromixer is selected as a micro-reactor and applied to synthesis of gold nano-particles. The result shows that mean size of 3.7 nm for gold nano-particle is achieved, and the yield rate of single micro-reactor is up to 5.38 mL/min, which meets the requirement of industrial applications.

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