Water is one of the most abundant resources on earth, yet some places suffer from
economic or physical water scarcity. Some of the most impacted locations are remote islands despite being surrounded by the vast ocean. Due to their size, topography and remoteness access to freshwater poses a problem. The issue is also compounded by relatively low economic activity and development which hinders the use of sophisticated desalination plants in most of these locations. Additionally, the technical skills and financing required for regular maintenance is often insufficient. To this end, the present study aims to design and investigate the performance a cheap, simple, durable and low maintenance solar desalination unit, a solar still, that is applicable to such remote islands.

Research was conducted to determine a simple, durable, affordable yet effective design for a solar still that can be used on remote islands. A solar still with basin dimensions of 1.75×0.59×0.12 m and double-sloped glass covers inclined at 15° to the horizontal was designed and fabricated based on the aforementioned criteria as well as to the ability to produce potable water from untreated seawater and to satisfy the minimum water requirement as recommended by World Health Organization. A total of 145 strands of cotton wicks, 12 rectangular and 12 compound shaped fins and a solar water heater consisting of 12 evacuated tubes with heat pipes were coupled to the base design in stages to increase its productivity. Experimental, statistical, and economic analyses were carried out to ascertain its effectiveness. A chemical analysis performed on the distillate produced revealed that high quality potable water can be obtained using the solar still because of its high salt rejection of 80-99%. Average daily productivity ranging from 1.8 – 4.4 liters per day were observed at a recovery rate of 70%. This is representative of increased productivity of 3%, 94% and 146% due to the addition of wicks and fins only, solar water heater only and combined wicks, fins and solar water heater respectively. Additionally, on an annual basis a single unit was able to satisfy 200 – 235% of WHO minimum water requirement at the level of 2 liters per day per person and 50 – 60 % of the requirement at the level of 7.5 liters per day per person.

The volume of distillate produced was found to be correlated to the amount of global solar radiation received, the ambient temperature and the extent of cloud cover based on a statistical analysis. A multi-variable regression model was developed with R-squared and adjusted R-squared values of 99.47% and 99.44% respectively. Using typical monthly meteorological (TMM) data, average daily yield from the active solar still of 4.16 liters per day and 3.98 liters per day were predicted for Tainan City and Dongji Islet respectively. In addition, the cost of the potable water produced using the solar still was found to be 79% and 110% cheaper compared to the price of bottled water in Tainan City and in Penghu county respectively.

The simple and cost effective nature of the prototype solar still and the absence of electrical power and sophisticated devices for operation makes the prototype solar still suitable for application on remote islands.

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