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研究生：	洪飛義 Hung, Fei-Yi
論文名稱：	矽含量及基地組織對球墨鑄鐵顆粒沖蝕磨耗行為之影響 The Effects of Si Content and Matrix Structure on the Particle Erosion Behavior of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons
指導教授：	呂傳盛 Lui, Truan-Sheng 陳立輝 Chen, Li-Hui
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 材料科學及工程學系 Department of Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年：	2003
畢業學年度：	91
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	176
中文關鍵詞：	球墨鑄鐵、沖蝕磨耗
外文關鍵詞：	erosion, spheroidal graphite cast iron
相關次數：	點閱：98 下載：11
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　　球墨鑄鐵廣泛應用於許多顆粒沖蝕磨耗環境，其化學組成與基地組織對沖蝕磨耗行為的影響很大。本研究之試料具有2.1 wt.%、2.8 wt.%及4.2 wt.% 三種不同矽含量(碳含量固定約為3.5 wt.%左右)，基地組織包含鑄態、肥粒體基、波來體基以及上變韌體基。重點在探討上述矽含量及基地組織要因對本材料顆粒沖蝕磨耗行為的影響，而沖蝕顆粒性質對沖蝕磨耗之效應亦一併檢討。沖蝕試驗選用之沖蝕顆粒為粒徑約295mm之SiO2或約275mm之Al2O3; SiO2 顆粒的沖蝕速度約為66 m sec-1，Al2O3 顆粒則約為 73 m sec-1。
　　實驗結果顯示，鑄態試料之矽含量降低會增加波來體面積率，並相對減少肥粒體面積率，因而增進沖蝕磨耗阻抗。單相肥粒體基試料隨著矽含量的增加，其沖蝕磨阻抗因固溶硬化效應較顯著而增大。此外，矽含量固定時，波來體基試料的低角度沖蝕磨耗阻抗隨著雪明碳體層狀間距減小而提升，高角度沖蝕磨耗阻抗則隨著雪明碳體層狀間距減小而明顯降低。鑄態與肥粒體基試料最大沖蝕磨耗率的沖蝕角度約在300附近，而波來體基試料則隨著層狀間距減少使得最大沖蝕磨耗率之沖蝕角度由300遷移至450附近。
　　根據2.1 wt.% Si及2.8 wt.% Si之上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵的實驗結果，第一階段熱處理之沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵隨著沃斯回火時間縮短，基地中的麻田散體量增加，除了降低沖蝕磨耗阻抗之外，並造成沖蝕磨耗率對沖蝕角度之關係曲線具有雙峰型態。第二階段熱處理之上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵隨著沃斯回火時間增加，基地中的殘留沃斯田體含量減少及促成碳化物生成，因而降低材料的耐沖蝕磨耗性，亦使其單峰型態之沖蝕磨耗率曲線的最大沖蝕磨耗率所對應之沖蝕角度往高角度側偏移。至於高矽含量(4.2 wt.% Si)上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵因固溶效應顯著、基地中碳化物生成，以及殘留沃斯田體量減少等要因，導致試料的耐沖蝕磨耗阻抗降低，並造成該試料之沖蝕磨耗率曲線由單峰型態轉變成雙峰型態。此外，上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵試料經沖蝕磨耗後其殘留沃斯田體相、高碳肥粒體相與其他碳化物均會進一步相變態，而主要生成相為e-碳化物。
　　在相同磨耗條件下，Al2O3的沖蝕移除能力大於SiO2；上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵的耐沖蝕磨耗阻抗優於波來體基試料。其中，上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵經適當熱處理使組織中含較多量之殘留沃斯田體相可提升耐沖蝕磨耗阻抗。降低波來體基試料矽含量，並藉由熱處理增大雪明碳鐵層狀間距能有效改善其耐沖蝕磨耗性能。

　　Spheroidal graphite cast irons have been used in many environments involving particle erosion. Both of the silicon content and the matrix phase resulted in differentia of erosion behavior in spheroidal graphite cast irons. The study had investigated the particle-erosion behavior of as-cast, ferritic, pearlitic and upper bainitic specimens. The carbon content of each specimen was controlled at approximately 3.5 wt.% and changed the three kinds different silicon content (2.1 wt.% Si, 2.8 wt.% Si and 4.2 wt.% Si) and the heat treatment conditions. The SiO2 particle of 295mm mean diameter and the Al2O3 particle of 275mm mean diameter were selected as the erodent. The purpose of this study should reveal the erosion behavior of the silicon content and the matrix phase in spheroidal graphite cast irons.
　　The results indicate that a decrease in the silicon content promotes an increase in the vol.% pearlite phase and a decrease in the vol.% ferrite phase, thereby improving the erosion resistance. For the full ferritic specimens, an increase in the silicon content significantly hardens the ferrite phase and decreases the erosion rate. Furthermore, for the full pearlite specimens with the same silicon content, increasing the interlamellar spacing leads to an increased erosion rate in the oblique impact range, but results in a decreased erosion rate at a larger impact degree. The impact angle at which the maximum erosion rate occurs on the erosion curve is approximately 300 for the as-cast and ferritic specimens. However, the impact angle tends to shift towards a higher end (300®450) as the interlamellar spacing small for the PDI specimens.
　　For the 2.1 wt.% Si and 2.8 wt.% Si specimens, a decrease in austempering duration promotes an increase in the martensite phase, thereby debasing the erosion resistance in the Stage I ADI. Meanwhile, a double peak curve formed by the erosion rate data can be found. In the Stage II ADI, the retained austenite tends to decrease in amount and the resultant carbides precipitate in the matrix as the austempering duration prolonging. Consequently, the erosion resistance decrease and the impact angle of maximum erosion rate shifts to the side of the higher angle.
　　The effect of solid solution is obvious in the ADI with higher silicon content (up to about 4.2 weight %). The formation of carbides and a decrease in the retained austenite phase as a result of the prolonged austempering duration that turns the curve of erosion rate from single peak into double peak and debase the erosion resistance. The austentite phase and unstable high carbon ferrite that transform into e-carbides as induced after the erosion.
　　ADI possesses better erosion resistance than PDI under identical comparison conditions. The PDI specimens with lower silicon content, higher l value and higher cementite fraction show better erosion resistance than other non-ADI specimens. The ADI specimens with higher retained austenite contents through the heat treatment condition possess better erosion resistance.

中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………I
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………III
總目錄……………………………………………………………………………VI
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………VIII
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………IX

第一章　論文概要…………………………………………………………………1

第二章　文獻回顧…………………………………………………………………3
　　2-1 前言………………………………………………………………………3
　　2-2 沖蝕磨耗行為與機構之相關研究………………………………………3
　　　　2-2-1 沖蝕磨耗……………………………………………………………3
　　　　2-2-2 顆粒沖蝕條件對沖蝕磨耗之影響…………………………………4
　　　　2-2-3 材料機械性質與沖蝕磨耗阻抗之關係……………………………6
　　2-3 工業常用球墨鑄鐵………………………………………………………8
　　2-4 沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵………………………………………………………9
　　2-5 本研究之目的……………………………………………………………12

第三章　工業常用球狀石墨鑄鐵之顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性………………………16
　　3-1 前言………………………………………………………………………16
　　3-2 實驗方法…………………………………………………………………16
　　3-3 鑄態球墨鑄鐵沖蝕磨耗之矽含量效應…………………………………19
　　　　3-3-1 矽含量對鑄態試料微觀組織與機械性質之影響………………19
　　　　3-3-2 鑄態試料之沖蝕磨耗……………………………………………19
　　3-4 肥粒體基球墨鑄鐵矽固溶強化效應對沖蝕磨耗的影響………………22
　　　　3-4-1 肥粒體基球墨鑄鐵的顯微組織與機械性質……………………22
　　　　3-4-2 肥粒體基試料之沖蝕磨耗………………………………………22
　　3-5 波來體基球墨鑄鐵沖蝕磨耗行為之矽含量及雪明碳體層狀間距效應26
　　　　3-5-1 波來體基球墨鑄鐵基本特性與拉伸性質………………………26
　　　　3-5-2 沖蝕磨耗率之雪明碳體層狀組織變化效應……………………27
　　　　3-5-3 波來體基球墨鑄鐵沖蝕磨耗行為之矽含量效應………………29
　　　　3-5-4 波來體基球墨鑄鐵之沖蝕磨耗機構……………………………31
　　3-6 結論………………………………………………………………………33

第四章　沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵之顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性……………………………66
　　4-1 前言………………………………………………………………………66
　　4-2 實驗方法…………………………………………………………………66
　　4-3 ADI與PDI 試料之沖蝕磨耗比較………………………………………69
　　　　4-3-1 ADI 與PDI 試料的顯微結構、拉伸性質及沖蝕磨耗率之比較69
　　　　4-3-2 ADI 與PDI試料之沖蝕磨耗特徵…………………………………70
　　　　4-3-3 ADI與PDI 試料之耐沖蝕磨耗性…………………………………72
　　4-4 沃斯回火時間對上變韌體基ADI(2.8 wt.% Si)沖蝕磨耗的影響………74
　　　　4-4-1 沃斯回火時間對ADI試料的微觀組織及拉伸性質之影響……74
　　　　4-4-2 ADI (2.8 wt.% Si)試料沖蝕磨耗率分析及磨耗特徵之觀察……75
　　　　4-4-3 ADI (2.8 wt.% Si)組成相之沖蝕磨耗特性與沖蝕相變態………78
　　4-5 上變韌體基球墨鑄鐵沖蝕磨耗特性之矽含量效應……………………79
　　　　4-5-1 ADI的顯微組織及基本特性之矽含量效應……………………79
　　　　4-5-2 Stage II ADI (2.1 wt.% Si; 2.8 wt.% Si) 的沖蝕磨耗率與沖蝕機構80
　　　　4-5-3 Stage I ADI (2.1 wt.% Si; 2.8 wt.% Si) 及Stage II ADI (4.2 wt.% Si) 
　　　　　　　試料的沖蝕磨耗特性…………………………………………81
　　　　4-5-4 ADI 試料之沖蝕機構……………………………………………83
　　4-6 ADI之沖蝕誘發相變態…………………………………………………86
　　4-7 結論………………………………………………………………………88

第五章　球墨鑄鐵沖蝕磨耗率曲線變化之影響機制探討……………………136
　　5-1 前言……………………………………………………………………136
　　5-2 球墨鑄鐵沖蝕磨耗率曲線型態變化之力學性要因…………………136
　　　　5-2-1 基地有效受力面積變化與球墨分佈之效應……………………136
　　　　5-2-2 基地變形阻抗提升之效應………………………………………138
　　　　5-2-3 沖蝕角度變化所導致之材料去除行為改變效應………………139
　　　　5-2-4 沖蝕顆粒強度所導致之沖蝕磨耗率改變效應…………………142
　　5-3 球墨鑄鐵沖蝕磨耗率曲線型態變化之冶金學性要因………………143
　　　　5-3-1 合金元素添加所導致之基地微觀組織改變……………………143
　　　　5-3-2 ADI試料之基地微觀組織改變對沖蝕磨耗行為之效應檢討…144
　　　　5-3-3 ADI試料之回火析出相及麻田散體相之組織變化效應………147
　　5-4 結論……………………………………………………………………151

第六章　總結論…………………………………………………………………166
第七章　參考文獻………………………………………………………………168
誌謝………………………………………………………………………………175


表目錄
表3-1	球墨鑄鐵的化學成份表，wt. % (以Si含量為標號)。…34
表3-2	波來體基試料之熱處理條件表。…………………………	34
表3-3	鑄態試料之組織定量表。…………………………………	34
表3-4	鑄態試料之拉伸機械性質、硬度值、波來體相面積率(%) 與沖蝕表面之粗度Ra (mm) 表。…………………………	35
表3-5	肥粒體基試料之拉伸機械性質、硬度值、肥粒體晶粒平均粒徑與沖蝕表面之粗度Ra (mm)表。 …………………	35
表3-6	波來體基試料之機械性質與硬度值。……………………	35
表4-1	試料沃斯回火時間表(沃斯回火溫度：420℃)。…………	90
表4-2	沖蝕顆粒性質表。…………………………………………	90
表4-3	試料的組織定量表。………………………………………	90
表4-4	ADI與PDI試料之沖蝕磨耗表面中心線平均粗Ra (mm) 表(沖蝕角度：300，450，900)。…………………………	91
表4-5	試料的機械性質與組織定量數據(2.8 Si wt.%)…………	91
表4-6	試料組織特徵定量表(沃斯回火溫度：420℃)。…………	92

 
 圖目錄
圖2-1	顆粒衝擊方向與材料表面間之關係圖。…………………	13
圖2-2	沖蝕角度與沖蝕磨耗率關係圖。…………………………	14
圖2-3	沃斯回火處理及產生之顯微組織關係圖…………………	15
圖3-1	本章研究之流程圖。………………………………………	36
圖3-2	圓形拉伸試棒尺寸圖。……………………………………	37
圖3-3	沖蝕試驗裝置示意圖 (A: 高壓空氣、 B: 沖蝕顆粒、 C: 噴嘴、 D: 試片、 E: 試片座、 P:壓力閥， q: 沖蝕角度)。………………………………………………………	38
圖3-4	沖蝕顆粒SiO2的SEM 照片。……………………………	39
圖3-5	球墨鑄鐵試料(碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.8 wt.%)磨耗重量損失與沖蝕顆粒重量之關係數據(肥粒體基，900沖蝕)。………………………………………………………	40
圖3-6	鑄態試料之SEM照片：(a) A-2.1Si、(b) A-2.8Si，(c) A-4.2Si。………………………………………………	41
圖3-7	不同Si含量鑄態試料的沖蝕磨耗率與沖蝕角度關係圖。………………………………………………………	42
圖3-8	鑄態試料沖蝕磨耗表面特徵：(a) A-2.1Si, 300沖蝕，(b)A-2.8Si, 900 沖蝕。……………………………………	43
圖3-9	鑄態試料之沖蝕磨耗表面特徵：(a) A-4.2Si, 300沖蝕A-4.2Si, 900沖蝕。…………………………………	44
圖3-10	鑄態試料之沖蝕磨耗次表面特徵：(a) A-2.1Si, 300沖蝕，(b) A-2.8Si, 900沖蝕。……………………………	45
圖3-11	鑄態試料之沖蝕磨耗次表面特徵：(a) A-4.2Si, 300沖蝕，(b) A-4.2Si, 900沖蝕。………………………………	46
圖3-12	A-2.1Si, 300沖蝕的單一顆粒沖蝕磨耗表面特徵。………	47
圖3-13	肥粒體基試料之顯微組織：(a) F-2.1Si、(b) F-2.8Si，(c) F-4.2Si。……………………………………………	48
圖3-14	不同矽含量肥粒體基試料之沖蝕磨耗率與沖蝕角度的關係圖。………………………………………………………	49
圖3-15	沖蝕磨耗表面特徵：(a) F-2.8Si, 300沖蝕，(b) F-2.8Si, 900沖蝕。………………………………………………	50
圖3-16	沖蝕磨耗次表面特徵：(a) F-2.1Si, 300沖蝕，(b) F-2.8Si, 900沖蝕。…………………………………………	51
圖3-17	單一顆粒沖蝕磨耗表面：(a) F-4.2Si, 300沖蝕、 (b)2.1Si, 300沖蝕，(c) F-2.1Si, 900沖蝕。…………………	52
圖3-18	波來體基試料之顯微組織：(a) 2.1Si-oil(870℃)、(b)2.1Si-air(870℃)、(c) 2.1Si-air(930℃)、(d) 2.8Si-air(930℃)、 (e) 4.2Si-air(930℃)，(f) 4.2Si-oil(930℃)。(後頁續)……………………………………………………53
圖3-18	波來體基試料之顯微組織：(a) 2.1Si-oil(870℃)、(b)2.1Si-air(870℃)、(c) 2.1Si-air(930℃)、(d) 2.8Si-air(930℃)、 (e) 4.2Si-air(930℃)，(f) 4.2Si-oil(930℃)。(續前頁)……………………………………………………	54
圖3-19	不同層狀間距之波來體基(2.1 wt.% Si)試料的沖蝕磨耗率圖。………………………………………………………	55
圖3-20	不同層狀間距之波來體基(4.2 wt.%Si)試料的沖蝕磨耗率圖。……………………………………………………	56
圖3-21	沖蝕磨耗表面及次表面特徵：(a) 2.1Si-oil(870℃),450、(b) 2.1Si-air(870℃), 450、(c) 2.1Si-oil(870℃),900、(d) 4.2Si -oil(930℃), 450、(e) 4.2Si-oil(930℃),900，(f) 4.2Si-oil(930℃), 450 (ED: erosion direction)。(後頁續)……………………………………………………57
圖3-21	沖蝕磨耗表面及次表面特徵：(a) 2.1Si-oil(870℃),450、(b) 2.1Si-air(870℃), 450、(c) 2.1Si-oil(870℃),900、(d) 4.2Si -oil(930℃), 450、(e) 4.2Si-oil(930℃),900，(f) 4.2Si-oil(930℃), 450 (ED: erosion direction)。(續前頁)……………………………………………………	58
圖3-22	不同層狀間距之波來體基(2.1wt.%Si, 450沖蝕)試料的沖蝕磨耗裂縫與硬度關係圖。……………………………	59
圖3-23	波來體基試料(2.1 wt.% Si)之雪明碳體相 X-ray 繞射圖: 2.1Si-oil(870℃) l=0.19mm、2.1Si-air(870℃) l=0.20mm，2.1Si-air(930℃) l=0.25mm。….…………	60
圖3-24	波來體基試料之雪明碳體相 X-ray 繞射圖: 2.1Si-air(930℃)，4.2Si-air(930℃)。……………………………………	61
圖3-25	不同矽含量於930℃下強制空冷處理的波來體基試料之沖蝕磨耗率圖。………………………………………	62
圖3-26	波來體試料之沖蝕磨耗表面特徵：(a) 2.1Si-air(930℃), 300、(b) 2.1Si-air(930℃), 900、(c) 4.2Si-air(930℃), 300，(d) 4.2Si-air(930℃), 900。(後頁續)………………	63
圖3-27	波來體試料之沖蝕磨耗次表面特徵：(a) 2.1Si-air(930℃), 300、(b) 2.1Si-air(930℃), 900、(c) 4.2Si-air(930℃) , 450，(d) 4.2Si-air(930℃), 900。(續前頁)…………………	64
圖3-28	波來體試料之單一顆粒沖蝕磨耗表面：(a) 2.1Si-air(930℃), 300、(b) 2.8Si-air(930℃), 300、(c) 4.2Si-air(930℃), 400，(d) 4.2Si-air(930℃), 900。………………	65
圖4-1	本章研究之流程圖。………………………………………	93
圖4-2	Al2O3顆粒沖蝕顆粒之形貌。……………………………	94
圖4-3	上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵Stage I試料(碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.8 wt.%)磨耗重量損失與沖蝕顆粒重量之關係數據(沃斯回火條件：420℃，5分鐘，900沖蝕)。…	95
圖4-4	上變韌體基沃斯回火球墨鑄鐵Stage II試料(碳含量3.5 wt%；矽含量2.8 wt%)磨耗重量損失與沖蝕顆粒重量之關係數據(沃斯回火條件：420℃，0.5小時，900沖蝕)。…	96
圖4-5	ADI試料的X-Ray (碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.8 wt.%，沃斯回火條件：420℃，0.5小時)。……………………	97
圖4-6	ADI試料的微觀組織 (碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.8 wt.%，沃斯回火條件：420℃，0.5小時)。………………98
圖4-7	ADI試料(碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.8 wt.%，沃斯回火條件：420℃，0.5小時)及PDI試料(碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.1 wt.%，熱處理條件：930℃，1小時，強制空冷)的拉伸機械性質。………………………………………	99
圖4-8	ADI(2.8Si)及PDI(2.1Si)試料的沖蝕磨耗率。……………	100
圖4-9	試料沖蝕磨耗表面特徵：(a) PDI, 300-Al2O2， (b) PDI, 900-Al2O3 (ED：沖蝕方向。碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.1 wt.%。熱處理條件：930℃，1小時，強制空冷)。……	101
圖4-10	試料沖蝕磨耗表面特徵：(a) ADI, 300-SiO2、(b) ADI, 300-Al2O3、(c) ADI, 900-SiO2， (d) ADI, 900-Al2O3 (ED：沖蝕方向。碳含量3.5 wt.%；矽含量2.8 wt.%，沃斯回火條件：420℃，0.5小時)。….…………………………	102
圖4-11	PDI試料之磨耗次表面的觀察：(a) PDI, 450- Al2O3，(b) PDI, 900-Al2O3 (ED：沖蝕方向)。…………………………	103
圖4-12	ADI (2.8Si) 試料磨耗次表面的觀察：(a) ADI, 300-SiO2、(b) ADI, 300- Al2O3，(c) ADI, 900-Al2O3 (ED：沖蝕方向)。…………………………………………………………	104
圖4-13	ADI試料(2.8Si-0.5hr)的穿透式電子顯微鏡：(a) 明視野照片、(b) 暗視野照片，(c) 圖(a)中沃斯田體的SADP。……………………………………………………	105
圖4-14	沖蝕顆粒經沖蝕後的型貌：(a) SiO2 顆粒，(b) Al2O3顆粒。………………………………………………………	106
圖4-15	單一顆粒沖蝕磨耗表面特徵：(a) ADI, 450-Al2O3、(b) PDI, 450-Al2O3、(c) PDI, 900-Al2O3， (d) ADI, 900-Al2O3 (ED:沖蝕方向)。…………………………………………………	107
圖4-16	ADI 試料的微觀組織: (a) UB5min、(b) UB0.5hr，(c)UB3hr。……………………………………………………	108
圖4-17	不同沃斯回火時間之ADI(2.8Si)的沖蝕磨耗率圖。……	109
圖4-18	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之磨耗表面觀察: (a) UB5min, 300，(b) UB5min, 900。…………………………………	110
圖4-19	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之磨耗次表面觀察: (a) UB5min, 300、(b) UB5min, 750，(c) UB5min, 900。………………	111
圖4-20	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之磨耗表面觀察: (a) UB0.5hr, 300， (b) UB0.5hr, 900。…………………………………	112
圖4-21	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之磨耗次表面觀察: (a) UB0.5hr, 300，(b) UB1hr, 900。……………………………………	113
圖4-22	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之磨耗表面觀察: (a) UB3hr, 450，(b) UB3hr, 900。……………………………………	114
圖4-23	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之磨耗次表面觀察: (a) UB3hr, 300，(b) UB3hr, 900。……………………………………	115
圖4-24	UB5min試料(2.8 wt.% Si)的TEM: (a) 明視野、(b) 暗視野，(c) 麻田散體在(0110)的擇區繞射圖形。……………	116
圖4-25	Stage II (2.8 wt.% Si, 0.5hr) 試料的TEM: (a) 明視野、(b) 暗視野，(c) 變韌肥粒體在(011)的擇區繞射圖形。…	117
圖4-26	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之X-ray繞射圖: (a) 沖蝕磨耗前， (b) 沖蝕磨耗後。…………………………………………	118
圖4-27	ADI 試料(2.8 wt.% Si)之沖蝕前及沖蝕後的殘留沃斯田體體積率變化圖。…………………………………………	119
圖4-28	ADI試料微觀組織組織: (a) 2.8Si-5min、(b) 2.8Si-0.5hr ； 2.8Si-3hr試料的TEM ：(c) 明視野、(d) 暗視野，(e) 碳化物在的SAED；(f) 4.2Si-0.5hr，(g) 4.2Si-3hr (後頁續)。………………………………………	120
圖4-28	ADI試料微觀組織組織: (a) 2.8Si-5min、(b) 2.8Si-0.5hr ； 2.8Si-3hr試料的TEM ：(c) 明視野、(d) 暗視野，(e) 碳化物的SAED；(f) 4.2Si-0.5hr，(g) 4.2Si-3hr (續前頁)。………………………………………121
圖4-29	沖蝕磨耗率圖：(a) 2.1Si-ADI，(b) 2.8Si-ADI。………122
圖4-30	2.1Si試料沖蝕磨耗特徵：(a) 2.1Si-1hr試料沖蝕磨耗次表面, 450，(b) 2.1Si-1hr試料沖蝕磨耗次表面, 900。…	123
圖4-31	2.1Si試料沖蝕磨耗特徵：(a) 2.1Si-0.5hr試料300沖蝕磨耗表面，(b) 2.1Si-1hr試料300沖蝕磨耗表面。……	124
圖4-32	沖蝕磨耗率圖：(a) 2.1Si-ADI，(b) 2.8Si-ADI。………	125
圖4-33	4.2Si-ADI沖蝕磨耗率圖。………………………………	126
圖4-34	4.2Si-3hr試料沖蝕磨耗特徵：(a) 沖蝕磨耗表面, 300， (b) 沖蝕磨耗表面, 900。…………………………………	127
圖4-35	4.2Si-3hr試料沖蝕磨耗特徵：(a) 沖蝕磨耗次表面,300、(b) 沖蝕磨耗次表面,600，(c) 沖蝕磨耗次表面,900。………………………………………………………128
圖4-36	ADI試料(2.8Si)之單一顆粒沖蝕磨耗特徵：(a) UB5min, 300，(b) UB5min, 900。…………………………………129
圖4-37	ADI試料(2.8Si)之單一顆粒沖蝕磨耗特徵：(a) UB0.5hr, 300，(b) UB3hr, 300。……………………………………	130
圖4-38	UB0.5hr試料(2.8Si)沖蝕後的TEM：(a) 明視野、(b) 暗視野，(c)碳化物的擇區繞射圖形。………………………	131
圖4-39	沃斯回火24hr試料(2.8Si)之沖蝕前與900沖蝕後之 X-ray 繞射圖。……………………………………………	132
圖4-40	UB24hr試料(2.8Si)的XPS：(a) 沖蝕前，(b) 沖蝕後。……	133
圖4-41	UB24hr試料(2.8Si)沖蝕後的TEM：(a) 明視野、(b) 暗視野，(c)變韌肥粒體相的擇區繞射圖形。……………	134
圖4-42	UB24hr試料(2.8Si)的EDS：(a) 沖蝕前，(b) 沖蝕後。…	135
圖5-1	沖蝕磨耗率圖(實線：鋁砂，虛線：矽砂)。……………	154
圖5-2	相同峰值角度的單峰沖蝕磨耗曲線圖(肥粒體基試料)。…155
圖5-3	單峰與雙峰沖蝕磨耗曲線之磨耗機構分佈圖。…………	156
圖5-4	不同沖蝕角度下之沖蝕磨耗機構示意圖。………………	157
圖5-5	相同峰值角度的單峰沖蝕磨耗曲線圖(鑄態試料)………	158
圖5-6	鑄態試料沖蝕磨耗次表面示意圖。………………………	159
圖5-7	球墨鑄鐵的沖蝕磨耗率比較圖。…………………………	160
圖5-8	相異峰值角度的單峰沖蝕磨耗曲線圖。…………………	161
圖5-9	Stage II初期ADI試料之沖蝕磨耗率圖。………………	162
圖5-10	Stage II 末期ADI試料之沖蝕磨耗率圖。……………	163
圖5-11	Stage I及Stage II 初期ADI試料之沖蝕磨耗率圖。……	164
圖5-12	高矽含量(4.2Si)Stage II ADI試料之沖蝕磨耗率圖。……165
                                    

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