本研究欲探討臺南市國中生的手機成癮情形。本研究主要目的：（一）探討國中生的手機成癮之現況；（二）探討國中生的人格特質與手機成癮之關聯性；（三）探討國中生其父母教養方式與手機成癮之關聯性；（四）探討國中生的人格特質和父母教養方式對手機成癮之關聯性。本研究以臺南市國中生為研究對象，總共抽取八所學校之615名國中生；抽樣資料以描述統計、因素分析、皮爾森積差相關以及巢式迴歸模型等統計方法進行分析。
本研究發現如下：（一）年級愈高，國中生之手機成癮程度愈高；（二）神經質人格傾向愈明顯，其手機成癮的程度愈高；嚴謹性人格傾向愈明顯，其手機成癮的程度愈低；（三）父母的教養方式為開明權威型對手機成癮呈顯著負向關係，冷漠拒絕型對手機成癮則呈顯著正向關係。

This study investigate current situation the Smartphone Addiction of Tainan Junior High School students. The main purpose of this research is to study:(1) the current situation of junior high school students of Smartphone Addiction;(2) the relationship between the Personality Traits and Smartphone Addiction;(3) the relationship between Parenting Style and Smartphone Addiction;(4) the relationship between the Personality Traits and Parenting Style on Smartphone Addiction.
The study focuses on junior high school students in Tainan, with a sample of 615 students selected from eight schools. Sampling data is analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and nested regression model methods.
The results of this study indicate the following:(1) The higher the grade level, the higher the level of mobile phone addiction among junior high school students;(2) Individuals with a more pronounced neurotic personality trait exhibit a higher degree of Smartphone Addiction, while those with a more pronounced conscientiousness personality trait show a lower degree of Smartphone Addiction;(3) The Parenting Style of Authoritative permissiveness is significantly negatively related to Smartphone Addiction, whereas the Uninvolved Parenting Style is significantly positively associated with Smartphone Addiction.

一、中文部分
王芷柔、張鳳琴、邱瓊慧（2017）。新北市國小學生智慧型手機成癮及其相關因素。教育傳播與科技研究，117，67-87。
王相英（2012）。大学生手机成瘾与孤独感，人格特质的关系研究。中国特殊教育，12，59-63。
王薇（2011）。手机成瘾的研究综述。科教文汇，21，176-177。
王智弘（2009）。網路諮商、網路成癮與網路心理健康。台北：學富。
江淑惠、向展萱（2018）。國中生智慧型手機成癮與學業成就之研究。管理資訊計算，7(2)，49-58。
李仁豪、鍾芯瑜（2020）。中文版簡式「五大人格量表」BFI的發展。測驗學刊，67(4)，271-299。
李仁豪、陳怡君（2016）。IPIP 五大人格量表簡版的發展及其跨年齡層的測量不變性檢定。教育研究與發展，12(4)，87-120。doi:10.3966/18166504201612 1204004
林孟涵、曾涵琳、林冠諭、余柏勳、黃政昌（2020）。「智慧型手機成癮評估」的內涵與方式之探討。諮商與輔導，419，44-49。
林慧婷（2012）。網路成癮與手機依賴之大學生人格特質的比較研究［未出版之碩士論文］。臺北市立教育大學，臺北市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/tm9s99
林惠雅（2015）。青少年人格特質、知覺父母教養行為與抗壓能力之初探。輔仁民生學誌，21(1)，34-48。
陳淑惠、翁儷禎、蘇逸人、吳和懋、楊品鳳（2003）。中文網路成癮量表之編製與心理計量特性研究。中華心理學刊，45(3)，279-294。
韓登亮、齊志斐（2005）。大學生手機成癮症的心理學探析。當代青年研究，12，34-38。
宋蓉華（2013）。手機使用行為、社會支持與人格特質對手機依賴的影響［未出版之碩士論文］中華大學，新竹市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/3fb8mf
張高賓（2009）。父母教養態度、家庭心理環境與青少年網路成癮之相關研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，6，93-117。取自https://doi.org/10.6472/jfec.200906.0093
黃郁雯（2021）。父母教養方式、同儕關係對國中生復原力之影響。國立成功大學教育所，臺南市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/cq3v54
萬志恩（2020）。父母教養方式、非理性樂觀與接觸偏差同儕對青少年偏差行為之關聯性［未出版之碩士論文］國立成功大學，臺南市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/r7h8ua
黄海、余莉、郭诗卉（2013）。大学生手机依赖与大五人格的关系。中国学校卫生，4，414-416。
黃海、周春燕、余莉（2013）。大學生手機依賴與心理健康的關係。中國學校衛生，34(9)，1074-1076。
聯合行銷研究股份有限公司（2021）。110年網路沉迷研究調查報告。行政院國家發展委員會。
翁敏甄、陳嘉成（2018）。男女幸福大不同？－父母教養、教師教養與同儕關係品質對不同性別國中生幸福感預測之差異分析。臺中教育大學學報：數理科技類，32(2)，57-77。
褚志鵬、林珍如、陳國文（2008）。高中學生網路使用行為、成癮狀況及戒減自我效能之調查研究。健康管理學刊，6(1)，73-93。
薛玉如（2015）。台南市高中（職）進修學校學生智慧型手機使用行為與人格特質之研究［未出版之碩士論文］國立臺南大學，臺南市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/e2bfjc
戴秀津、楊美賞、顏正芳（2004）。台灣南部青少年網路成癮及其對身心健康影響之探討。慈濟醫學雜誌，16(4)，241-248。
羅芝芸、謝寶梅（2017）。高中職學生手機成癮與人格特質之相關研究。臺灣教育評論月刊，6(6)，208-288。
陳淑惠、翁儷禎、蘇逸人、吳和懋與楊品鳳（2003）。中文網路成癮量表之編製與心理計量特性研究。中華心理學刊，45(3)，279-294。
彭陽、周世杰（2007）。青少年網路成癮與家庭環境、父母教養方式之關係。中國臨床心理學雜誌，15，418-419。
陳慧娟、張維倫、劉怡佳、林秀玲（2017）。父母教養方式與高中生學業自尊之關聯性研究暨未來時間觀之中介效果分析。創造學刊，8(1)，21-44。
施香如（2016）。從網路成癮症談青少年網路人際互動特質。輔導季刊，52（2），62-74。
楊國樞（1986）。家庭因素與子女行為：台灣研究的評析。中華心理學刊，28(1)，7-28。
鄧景宜、曾旭民、李怡禎、游朝舜（2011）。“International English Big-Five MiniMarkers ”之繁體中文版量表發展。管理學報，28(6)，579-615。doi:10.6504/ JOM.2011.28.06.04
董芳廷（2017）。父母教養方式、時間觀與青少年自尊的關聯性研究［未出版之碩士論文］國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/hs5h38
謝乙太（2022）。性別、父母教養方式及同儕影響力對不同教育階段青少年網路遊戲成癮程度的預測［未出版之碩士論文］亞洲大學，臺中市。
Akane（2021年10月13日）。《青少年手機》不能沒有你？過半數青少年每日滑手機超過3小時。金車文教基金會。取自https://kingcar.org.tw/survey/501393 
二、西文部分
Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts. Personality and individual differences, 11(10), 1011-1017.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.：Prentice-Hall.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescent, 11(1), 56-95.
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 8(1), 39-51.
Benet-Martinez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 729-75
Burisch, M. (1984). Approaches to personality inventory construction: A comparison of merits. American Psychologist, 39(3), 214-227. doi:10.1037/0003-66X.39.3.214
Busch, P. A. (2020). Problematic Smartphone Use and Its Associations With Personality Traits and Hedonic Motivation. In PACIS (p. 76).
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1989). NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., ＆McCrae, R. R., (1992). An introduction of the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
Day, D.V., & Silverman, S.B.(1989). “Personali Robbin ty and job performance: Evidence of incremental validity”. Personnel Psychology, 42, 25-36.
Ezoe, S., Toda, M., Yoshimura, K., Naritomi, A., Den, R., & Morimoto, K.(2009). Relationships of personality and lifestyle with mobile phone dependence among female nursing students. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(2), 231-238.
Erdem, C., & Uzun, A. M. (2022). Smartphone addiction among undergraduates: Roles of personality traits and demographic factors. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 27(2), 579-597.
Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 26-42. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
Goldberg, I.(1996).Internet addictive disorder(IAD) diagnostic criteria. Retrieved October 1,2016, from http://www.psycom.net/iadcriteria.html
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504-528. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
Griffiths, M. (2000). Does Internet and Computer “Addiction” Exist? Some Case Study Evidence. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 3, 211-218.
Ghosh, P. (2020). Smartphone addiction-a new disorder or just a hype. Clinical Psychiatry, 6(166).
Hirschi T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hergenhahn, B. (1990). An introduction to theories of personality(3rd ed.). Englewort. CA：Prentic-Hall.
Huang, X. Q., Zhang, H. M., Li, M. C., Wang, J. A., Zhang, Y., & Tao, R. (2010). Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with internet addiction disorder. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 13(4), 401-406.
Hampson, S.E., & Goldberg, L.R. (2006). “A first large cohort study of personality trait stability over the 40 years between elementary school and midlife”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 763-779.
Hong, F.-Y., Chiu, S.-I., & Huang, D.-H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in human behavior, 28(6), 2152-2159.
John, O. P. (1990). The “Big Five” factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York, NY: Guilford Pres.
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory: Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California at Berkeley.
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed.) (pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., Yang, S., & Choi, D. S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale : Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS One, 8(12), Article e83558.
Levin,E.(2011). Parenting styles. In Goldstein, S., & Naglieri, J. A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development (pp. 1063-1064). Springer.
Lin, C., Lin, S., & Wu, C. (2009). The effects of parental monitoring and leisure boredom on adolescents' internet addiction. Adolescence, 44 (176), 993- 1004.
Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B. J., Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). Plos One, 9(6): e98312.
Lin, Y.‐H., Pan, Y.‐C., Lin, S.‐H., and Chen, S.‐H. (2016), Development of short‐form and screening cutoff point of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI‐ SF), Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res., doi: 10.1002/mpr.1525
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children's Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52 (4), 581-599.
Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New Media & Society, 14 (1), 117-136.
Müller, K. W., Beutel, M. E., Egloff, B., & Wölfling, K. (2014). Investigating risk factors for Internet gaming disorder: a comparison of patients with addictive gaming, pathological gamblers and healthy controls regarding the big five personality traits. European addiction research, 20(3), 129-136.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2005). A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 587-596. doi:10.1016/S0191- 8869(03)00118-1
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Panetta, S. M., Somers, C. L., Ceresnie, A. R., Hillman, S. B., & Partridge, R. T. (2014). Maternal and paternal parenting style patterns and adolescent emotional and behavioral outcomes. Marriage and Family Review, 50(4), 342-359. doi:10.1080/01494929.2013.879557
Park, S. K. , Kim, J . Y., & Cho, C. B. (2008). Prevalence of internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents . Adolescence, 43, 895-909.
Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10- item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 203-212. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001
Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506-516. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa 6303_8
Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2014). Parental mediation, peer norms and risky online behavior among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 32-38. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025
Thompson, E. R. (2008). Development and validation of an international English big-five mini-markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542-548. doi:10.1016/j. paid.2008.06.013
Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on Internet use of primary school children. Computers & Education, 55(2), 454-464.
Wu, C.Y., 2021, “The Influence of Smartphone Addiction and Media Literacy on Learning Effectiveness: Secondary School in a Rural Area at New Taipei City as an Example”. School Administrators, 135, 129-153.
Young, K. S., & Rodgers, R. C. (1998). Internet addiction: Personality traits associated with its development. 69th annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association.
Yavich, R., & Davidovitch, N. (2021). Is Personality Related to Risks Associated with Smartphones?. European Educational Researcher, 4(1), 29-42.
Zheng, L., Goldberg, L. R., Zheng, Y., Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., & Liu, L. (2008). Reliability and concurrent validation of the IPIP Big-Five factor markers in China: Consistencies in factor structure between Internet-obtained heterosexual and homosexual samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 649-654. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.07. 009
Zimbardo, P. G., & Weber, A. L. (1994).Psychology. New York: Harpercollins.