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研究生： 趙俊任
Zhao, Jun-Ren
論文名稱： 積層製造航太級Ti-6Al-4V及Inconel 718合金高溫拉伸性質與顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性研究
Study on High-temperature Tensile Properties and Particle Erosion Characteristics of Aerospace Grade Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 Alloy produced by Additive Manufacturing
指導教授： 洪飛義
Hung, Fei-Yi
呂傳盛
Lui, Truan-Sheng
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 材料科學及工程學系
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年： 2020
畢業學年度： 108
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 176
中文關鍵詞： Ti-6Al-4V 、Inconel 718 、選擇性雷射熔融 、高溫拉伸 、顆粒沖蝕磨耗 、沖蝕誘發相變態
外文關鍵詞： Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718, Selective laser melting (SLM), High-temperature tensile, Particle erosion-induced phase transformation
相關次數： 點閱：185  下載：0 
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    • 　　Ti-6Al-4V鈦合金及Inconel 718鎳合金廣泛地應用於石化、能源及航太工業上，如運輸管線、渦輪引擎、渦輪葉片等在高溫及容易遭受到沙塵砂石高速衝擊的環境使用。隨著現代工業快速發展，高尺寸精度及複雜形狀的工件需求日益提升，新穎非傳統的成型技術是必要的，其中成品能接近甚至超越一般金屬塊材機械性質的積層製造技術為最備受矚目的新興技術，故本研究選用積層製造技術中的選擇性雷射熔融 (SLM)製程進行探討。調查積層製造Ti-6Al-4V鈦合金及Inconel 718鎳合金微觀組織及相成分演變與特徵、高溫氧化行為與機械性質、顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性及沖蝕誘發相變態行為，以評估積層製造Ti-6Al-4V鈦合金及Inconel 718鎳合金之應用性。
    　　微觀組織及相成分分析結果顯示，SLM Ti-6Al-4V原材為均勻散佈針棒狀麻田散體α'相，隨著熱處理溫度提高，α相及β相逐漸析出，到800 °C時，α'相完全轉變為較層狀α+β相結構，呈現完全不同微觀組織；SLM Inconel 718原材為隨著雷射方向成長的柱型樹枝狀晶及熔池相界，經雙階段時效熱處理後，強化相γ'及γ'相析出，顯示為樹枝狀結晶及長條晶粒形貌，熔池相界因熱擴散而變得較不清晰；經固溶及均質化熱處理再雙階段時效熱處理後，樹枝狀晶及熔池相界消失，分別形成長軸及圓鈍化等軸再結晶。
    　　機械性質部分，SLM Ti-6Al-4V原材常溫強度優於應用標準，但延性低於10 %難以直接應用。熱處理後，延性仍不足10 %應用標準；SLM Inconel 718原材常溫強度不足以直接應用，熱處理後強度均提升高於應用標準，其中又以經過固溶與均質化熱處理之試片延性高於應用標準以滿足應用需求。
    　　高溫氧化與機械性質方面，SLM Ti-6Al-4V於250 °C至350 °C區間延性能達到10 %。當溫度提升至400 °C時，表面氧化生成TiO2及α相析出造成高溫脆化，故400 °C為SLM Ti-6Al-4V高溫脆化臨界溫度；SLM Inconel 718於500 °C至600 °C 區間，拉伸誘發Portevin–Le Chatelier效應 (PLC效應)有效地阻止氧化沿晶破斷發生，維持一定延性。當溫度達650 °C時，PLC效應消失無法抑制晶界氧化，加上同時發生的過時效及動態析出，造成高溫脆化效應，故650 °C為SLM Inconel 718高溫脆化臨界溫度。
    　　SLM Ti-6Al-4V及SLM Inconel 718原材經過熱處理，耐沖蝕磨耗能力均提升。所有試片經過沖蝕後，均誘發相變態導致試片硬度產生變化並影響機械性質。SLM Ti-6Al-4V誘發生成軟質α相導致試片從表面往下分可為三區：依序為表面軟化區、硬化區及直到底部的硬度穩定區，此結果造成原材及熱處理材強度均下降；SLM Inconel 718誘發生成硬質γ'相導致試片從表面往下只有兩區，分別為在表面處有最高硬度的沖蝕影響區及其下直到底部的硬度穩定區，此結果造成原材及熱處理材強度幾乎不變，但延性大幅度下降。
    　　SLM Ti-6Al-4V原材常溫延性不足難以工程應用，但在350 °C下具有最佳延性得以滿足應用需求。SLM Inconel 718熱處理形成再結晶後 (SA及HSA材)，強度提升並維持一定延性以符合應用標準。儘管650 °C為高溫脆化臨界溫度，但在此溫度之下仍能維持一定延性滿足工程應用標準；SLM Ti-6Al-4V及SLM Inconel 718熱處理後，耐沖蝕磨耗能力均較原材提升。故SLM Ti-6Al-4V依高溫及耐沖蝕應用需求而有不同材料選擇；SLM Inconel 718則是以具有圓鈍化再結晶的HSA材為最佳的高溫及耐顆粒沖蝕應用選擇。

    　　In this study, the high-temperature tensile properties and particle erosion characteristics of SLM Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 alloys are investigated. The experimental results show that the critical temperature of the high-temperature application of SLM Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 alloy is 400°C and 650°C, respectively. After particle eroded, both SLM Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 alloys are induced the phase transformation. The SLM Ti-6Al-4V produces a new α phase, which decreases the surface hardness of the material and decreasing strength. In the case of the SLM Inconel 718, a new γ' phase or metal-oxide is formed, which increases the surface hardness of the material, which is the main cause of tensile embrittlement.

    中文摘要 I Extended Abstract IV 致謝 XIII 總目錄 XIV 表目錄 XIX 圖目錄 XX 第一章　前言 1 第二章　文獻回顧 3 2-1　積層製造技術 3 2-1-1　積層製造技術簡介 3 2-1-2　積層製造技術分類 3 2-1-3　選擇性雷射熔融技術 4 2-1-4　積層製造方向對材料性質影響 5 2-2　航太材料 6 2-2-1　航太材料簡介及分類 6 2-2-2　金屬材料 6 2-2-3　非金屬材料 8 2-2-4　複合材料 9 2-3　鈦合金 10 2-3-1　鈦合金簡介 10 2-3-2 鈦合金分類方式 11 2-3-3　鈦合金元素添加之影響 13 2-3-4　Ti-6Al-4V合金特性與相變態 14 2-3-5　Ti-6Al-4V高溫氧化與變形機制 15 2-3-6　Ti-6Al-4V磨耗行為 17 2-4　鎳合金 18 2-4-1　鎳合金簡介 18 2-4-2　鎳合金分類方式及元素添加效應 18 2-4-3　Inconel 718合金特性與相變態 20 2-4-4　Inconel 718合金高溫變形機制 21 2-4-5　Inconel 718合金磨耗行為 23 2-5　顆粒沖蝕磨耗行為與機制 23 2-5-1　磨耗行為與分類 23 2-5-2　顆粒沖蝕角度與磨耗阻抗 25 2-5-3　沖蝕磨耗誘發相變態 28 2-6　研究目的與動機 29 第三章　實驗步驟與方法 40 3-1　實驗流程概述 40 3-2　實驗材料組成與試片製備方法 40 3-3　微觀組織觀察與成分分析 42 3-3-1　金相組織分析 42 3-3-2　 XRD繞射光譜相分析 42 3-4　機械性質分析 42 3-4-1　硬度測試 (HRC) 42 3-4-2　常溫拉伸測試 43 3-5　高溫性質分析 44 3-5-1　高溫拉伸測試 44 3-5-2　高溫氧化分析 44 3-6　顆粒沖蝕磨耗性質分析 45 3-6-1　沖蝕磨耗測試 45 3-6-2　沖蝕形貌特徵分析 45 3-7　顆粒沖蝕誘發相變態現象 46 3-7-1　沖蝕誘發相變態分析 46 3-7-2　沖蝕誘發相變態拉伸測試 46 第四章　SLM製程Ti-6Al-4V鈦合金高溫破壞機制及顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性研究 60 4-1　SLM製程Ti-6Al-4V合金微觀組織與高溫拉伸性質 60 4-1-1　概述 60 4-1-2 顯微結構組織特性及析出熱處理機制 60 4-1-3 機械性質探討 62 4-2　SLM製程Ti-6Al-4V鈦合金顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性與沖蝕誘發相變態研究 65 4-2-1　概述 65 4-2-2　沖蝕磨耗特性及機制 65 4-2-3　沖蝕磨耗誘發相變態行為 67 4-2-4　相變態對機械性質影響 69 4.3　結論 71 第五章　SLM製程Inconel 718鎳合金高溫破壞機制及顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性研究 98 5-1　熱處理對SLM製程Inconel 718鎳合金微觀組織與高溫拉伸性質影響 98 5-1-1　概述 98 5-1-2　顯微結構組織特性 98 5-1-3　常溫機械性質探討 101 5-1-4　高溫脆性冶金機制 103 5-1-5　高溫氧化行為與過時效行為 105 5-2　熱處理對SLM製程Inconel 718鎳合金沖蝕磨耗特性與沖蝕誘發相變態研究 107 5-2-1　概述 107 5-2-2　顆粒沖蝕磨耗特性及機制 107 5-2-3　沖蝕磨耗誘發相變態行為 109 5-2-4　沖蝕誘發相變態對機械性質及電阻率影響 112 5.3　結論 113 第六章　綜合討論 151 第七章　總結論 154 參考文獻 157

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