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研究生： 黃國豪
Huang, Guo-Hao
論文名稱： 使用地圖融合方法輔助數值地圖更新---以道路圖為例
Digital Map Updating Aided by Map Conflation Approach---Take Road Maps as an Example
指導教授： 郭英俊
Kuo, Ying-Jean
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 測量工程學系
Department of Surveying Engineering
論文出版年： 2003
畢業學年度： 91
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 109
中文關鍵詞： 特徵物配對 、地圖融合 、地圖更新
外文關鍵詞： feature matching, map conflation, map updating
相關次數： 點閱：175  下載：3 
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    • 　　數值圖的建立需耗費大量金錢與時間。而隨著地物變遷與人為經建活動，未更新的地圖將不再反應現況。傳統的地圖更新方式需要全面性的檢核地物的異動情況並取得更新資料，因而需要大量人工介入與龐大的經費。然而更新周期卻總趕不上地物的變遷。因此以局部性的漸近方式更新數值地圖將成為未來地圖更新的主流。如何整合不同來源資料有效地進行地圖更新將是一個重要的研究課題。

    　　本研究以地圖融合方法解決地圖更新問題。地圖融合方法可合併兩張數值圖並產生一份結果數值圖，此結果數值圖在空間及屬性資料上，都將優於原始兩張數值圖。本研究並使用物件導向技術發展地圖融合更新系統。地圖融合更新系統提供基本的 GIS 功能與地圖融合功能。使用者可利用地圖融合更新系統，依指示逐步執行地圖融合作業流程步驟，以耗費少量人工的方式進行地圖更新。地圖融合更新系統並提供融合成果分析工具，以保證更新成果的正確性。研究結果顯示使用地圖融合方法確實可有效率地進行地圖更新。

    　　The acquisition of digital maps are very costly and time consuming.With topographic feature changes and the course of human events,maps that lack of updated will not truly reflect current status of the terrain.As traditional map updating method checks features changes comprehensively and collects new data globally, it requires a lot of labour involved and tremendous expenditure.As a result,updating digital maps locally and gradually will become the main stream of map updating in the future.However,map updating cycle will not always catch up with feature changes. How to integrate the different sources of data to update map efficiently has become an important research issue.

    　　The thesis discusses how to solve map updating problem by map conflation approach.Map conflation refers to a combining of two digital maps to produce third map which is better than each of the component source maps.In this study,object-oriented technology is used to develop Map Conflation and Updating System.Map Conflation and Updating System provides fundamental GIS functionality and map conflation capability.Making use of this system,users may follow system instructions to perform map updating procedures progressively and have map updated with little amount of labour work.Research result shows that digital map updating can be efficently carried out by map conflation approach.

    中文摘要 ...................................................................I 英文摘要 ...................................................................III 誌謝 .......................................................................V 目錄 .......................................................................VII 表目錄 .....................................................................XI 圖目錄 .....................................................................XIII §1 緒論 ....................................................................1 §1-1 研究背景及動機 ........................................................1 §1-2 研究方法與內容 ........................................................3 §1-3 論文架構 ..............................................................3 §2 地圖融合應用於數值圖更新的理論與方法 ....................................5 §2-1 地圖融合的演進 ........................................................5 §2-2 地圖融合的分類 ........................................................6 §2-3 地圖融合作業流程 ......................................................6 §2-4 地圖對準演算法 ........................................................10 §2-5 特徵物配對演算法 ......................................................13 　§2-5-1 零維物件配對演算法 ................................................14 　§2-5-2 一維物件配對演算法 ................................................14 　　§2-5-2-1 以點為基礎配對演算法 ..........................................15 　　§2-5-2-2 以統計為基礎配對演算法 ........................................19 　§2-5-3 二維物件配對演算法 ................................................21 §2-6 現行的地圖融合軟體之優缺點討論與解決方案 ..............................21 §3 使用物件導向技術建置地圖融合更新系統 ....................................23 §3-1 物件導向技術基礎理論 ..................................................23 　§3-1-1 軟體固有的複雜度 ..................................................23 　§3-1-2 物件模式 ..........................................................24 　§3-1-3 類別與物件 ........................................................25 　§3-1-4 Booch Lite 表示法 .................................................26 §3-2 地圖融合更新系統分析、 設計與實做 .....................................27 　§3-2-1 系統架構 ..........................................................27 　§3-2-2 系統開發策略 ......................................................28 　§3-2-3 地理物件體系 ......................................................29 　　§3-2-3-1 幾何物件 ......................................................31 　　§3-2-3-2 註記物件 ......................................................33 　§3-2-4 表格驅動物件模型 ..................................................33 §3-3 空間處理子系統 ........................................................34 　§3-3-1 功能分析 ..........................................................34 　§3-3-2 檔案處理 ..........................................................35 　§3-3-3 地圖物件管理 ......................................................36 　§3-3-4 圖層管理 ..........................................................36 　§3-3-5 空間索引 ..........................................................37 　§3-3-6 地圖融合 ..........................................................39 　　§3-3-6-1 地圖對準 ......................................................39 　　§3-3-6-1 特徵物配對與資料轉移 ..........................................40 　§3-3-7 空間查詢 ..........................................................41 　§3-3-8 顯圖功能 ..........................................................42 §3-4 資料庫管理子系統 ......................................................43 　§3-4-1 功能分析 ..........................................................43 　§3-4-2 系統設計 ..........................................................43 　§3-4-3 檔案處理 ..........................................................44 　§3-4-4 資料庫索引 ........................................................44 §4 數值圖檔更新作業之流程設計 ..............................................47 §4-1 輸入資料集與資料前處理 ................................................47 §4-2 地圖對準 ..............................................................48 §4-3 特徵物配對 ............................................................49 　§4-3-1 特徵物配對步驟 ....................................................49 　§4-3-2 配對準則假設 ......................................................51 　§4-3-3 線段一對一配對 ....................................................51 　§4-3-4 線串一對一配對 ....................................................53 　§4-3-5 線段與線串一對一配對 ..............................................56 　§4-3-6 線段與線串混合一對多配對 ..........................................59 　§4-3-7 特徵物配對演算法的優缺點討論 ......................................61 §4-4 資料轉移 ..............................................................62 §5 系統測試及分析 ..........................................................63 §5-1 研究設備 ..............................................................63 §5-2 測試資料 ..............................................................63 　§5-2-1 待更新資料 ........................................................64 　§5-2-2 更新參考資料 ......................................................64 §5-3 基本功能測試 ..........................................................64 §5-4 資料庫管理功能測試 ....................................................66 §5-5 圖檔更新功能測試 ......................................................67 　§5-5-1 圖檔更新資料組合 ..................................................68 　§5-5-2 資料前處理 ........................................................68 　§5-5-3 地圖對準 ..........................................................70 　§5-5-4 特徵物配對 ........................................................73 　§5-5-5 特徵物配對成果分析 ................................................75 　§5-5-6 資料轉移 ..........................................................86 §5-6 測試資料融合成果之分析與討論 ..........................................88 §6 結論與建議 ..............................................................93 參考文獻 ...................................................................97 附錄一　GOF 檔案結構 .......................................................101 附錄二　DIF 檔案結構 .......................................................103 附錄三　GTF 檔案結構 .......................................................105 附錄四　ADF 檔案結構 .......................................................109 表目錄 2-1 現行地圖軟體比較 .......................................................21 5-1 圖檔更新資料組合 .......................................................68 5-2 測試資料地理物件數目 ...................................................75 5-3 第1組資料原始配對物件數 ................................................78 5-4 第2組資料原始配對物件數 ................................................78 5-5 第3組資料原始配對物件數 ................................................79 5-6 第1組資料原始配對率 ....................................................79 5-6 第2組資料原始配對率 ....................................................80 5-8 第3組資料原始配對率 ....................................................80 5-9 第1組資料錯誤配對物件數 ................................................83 5-10 第2組資料錯誤配對物件數 ...............................................83 5-11 第3組資料錯誤配對物件數 ...............................................83 5-12 各組資料的總配對率 ....................................................90 圖目錄 2-1 地圖融合的分類 [Yuan and Tao, 1999] ....................................6 2-2 地圖融合作業流程 [Yuan and Tao, 1999] ..................................7 2-3 特徵物配對策略 [Walter and Fritsch, 1999] ..............................13 2-4 點物件索引 .............................................................15 2-5 線段精度緩衝區 .........................................................16 2-6 單一緩衝區進行線段配對 .................................................16 2-7 可配對線段 .............................................................16 2-8 可配對線段間的所有可能關係 .............................................17 2-9 錯誤線段配對 ...........................................................17 2-10 自頂點配對出發進行線串配對 ............................................18 2-11 線串特殊情況配對 ......................................................18 2-12 對映特徵物配對問題至通訊系統 [Walter and Fritsch, 1999] ...............20 3-1 類別圖示 ...............................................................26 3-2 類別關係圖示 ...........................................................26 3-3 類別輔助函式圖示 .......................................................27 3-4 類別集合圖示 ...........................................................27 3-5 物件與物件關係圖示 .....................................................27 3-6 地圖融合更新系統架構 ...................................................28 3-7 狀態變數記錄 ...........................................................29 3-8 地圖類別階層 ...........................................................30 3-9 幾何類別階層 ...........................................................31 3-10 曲線類別 ..............................................................32 3-11 面類別 ................................................................32 3-12 表格驅動物件模型 ......................................................34 3-13 地圖物件錯誤移動情況 ..................................................34 3-14 文件類別 ..............................................................36 3-15 圖層類別 ..............................................................37 3-16 網格分割策略 ..........................................................38 3-17 地圖融合更新系統空間索引演算法 ........................................39 3-18 空間索引類別 ..........................................................39 3-19 地圖對準功能分析 ......................................................40 3-20 特徵物配對與資料轉移功能分析 ..........................................41 3-21 空間關係分析 ..........................................................42 3-22 MVC 機制 ..............................................................43 3-23 DBEngine 與 Scheme 類別 ...............................................44 3-24 Dense Indexes .........................................................45 4-1 DwgToGOF 程式 ..........................................................48 4-2 配對特徵物間的對映關係 .................................................50 4-3 線段一對一配對的幾何配對準則 ...........................................52 4-4 線段一對一配對競爭情況 .................................................54 4-5 線串一對一配對的幾何配對準則 ...........................................54 4-6 線串配對角度約制比較可能情況 ...........................................55 4-7 線串配對角度約制無法比較情況 ...........................................55 4-8 線段與線串一對一配對的幾何配對準則 .....................................57 4-9 線段與線段、 線串一對多配對的幾何配對準則 ..............................59 4-10 線串與線段、 線串一對多配對的幾何配對準則 .............................60 4-11 線串與線段、 線串一對多錯誤配對 .......................................61 5-1 圖檔資訊 ...............................................................65 5-2 作業環境設定 ...........................................................65 5-3 物件性質 ...............................................................66 5-4 圖層設定 ...............................................................66 5-5 空間索引設定 ...........................................................66 5-6 資料表綱要設定 .........................................................67 5-7 瀏覽資料表綱要 .........................................................67 5-8 瀏覽資料表 .............................................................67 5-9 地圖融合下拉選單 .......................................................68 5-10 第1組資料原始套疊結果 .................................................70 5-11 第2組資料原始套疊結果 .................................................71 5-12 第3組資料原始套疊結果 .................................................71 5-13 地圖對準操作步驟 ......................................................72 5-14 地圖對準轉換 ..........................................................72 5-15 地圖對準轉換成果 ......................................................72 5-16 原始黑色方框 ..........................................................73 5-17 黑色方框轉換後成果 ....................................................73 5-18 幾何配對準則設定 ......................................................74 5-19 屬性配對準則設定 ......................................................74 5-20 第1組資料原始配對結果 .................................................76 5-21 第2組資料原始配對結果 .................................................76 5-22 第3組資料原始配對結果 .................................................77 5-23 物件配對資訊 ..........................................................77 5-24 第3組資料配對物件長度差異分析 .........................................81 5-25 特徵物配對顯示設定 ....................................................81 5-26 配對顯示設定 ..........................................................82 5-27 配對演算法的限制造成的錯誤配對 ........................................82 5-28 第4組資料套疊結果 .....................................................84 5-29 第4組資料配對結果 .....................................................85 5-30 第4組資料的常見錯誤配對 ...............................................85 5-31 資料轉移設定 ..........................................................86 5-32 第1組資料轉移成果 .....................................................86 5-33 第2組資料轉移成果 .....................................................87 5-34 第3組資料轉移成果 .....................................................87 5-35 選取參考點 ............................................................88 5-36 緩衝區問題 ............................................................90 5-37 資料轉移問題 ..........................................................91

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