中文摘要 I Abstract II Acknowledgements III Contents IV List of Figures V Nomenclature VII Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1-1 Motivation 1 1-2 Literature survey 2 1-3 Goals of Research 3 Chapter 2 General Tracking Formulae 4 2-1 Introduction of Celestial Coordinate System 4 2-2 Ecliptical Coordinate System 4 2-3 Equatorial Coordinate System 4 2-4 Horizontal Coordinate System 5 2-5 Definition of Horizontal Coordinate System 6 2-6 Sun altitude and azimuth in Tainan 11 Chapter 3 Development of Microprocessor-Controlled Two-Axe Solar Tracker and Optimization of Operating Parameters 13 3-1 Stepping Motor Control Devices 13 3-2 Construction of Solar Tracking System 14 3-3 Control System Programming 15 3-3-1 Trigonometric Table Creating 15 3-3-2 Altitude and Azimuth Tables Creating 16 3-3-3 Time Function and GPS Receiver 16 3-3-4 Change of Altitude and Azimuth 17 3-4 Azimuth Linearizations 17 3-5 Parameters Optimization 18 3-5-1 Time Interval 18 3-5-2 Angular Speed of Stepping Motor 19 3-5-3 Energy Gain per unit Energy Consumption 20 Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 22 4-1 Case Study and Experiment Setup 22 4-2 Experiment Result 22 Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks 24 5-1 Conclusions 24 5-2 Future Studies 25 References 26 List of Figures Figure 1-1 Solar collector. (a) Traditional PV panel from STS Solar, Inc; (b) Dish solar collector and power conversion engine from Stirling Energy System, Inc (SES) 28 Figure 1-2 Comparison of irradiance, measured with Eppley phrheliometer at the tested tracker, two Eppley pyrheliometers at INTRA sun tracker and with Kipp & Zonen phyrheliometer on 13.09.2003 [1] 29 Figure 1-3 Solar radiation input in different system [5] 30 Figure 1-4 Error of incident angle from every time interval [7] 31 Figure 1-5 Efficiency of Fresnel lens versus incident angle [13] 32 Figure 2-1 Equatorial coordinate system 33 Figure 2-2 Tilt of the Earth's axis with respect to the ecliptic 34 Figure 2-3 Declination changes during a year 35 Figure 2-4 Horizontal coordinates system, Altitude, from local horizon to the target star (red), Azimuth, from the North point (green) 36 Figure 2-5 Trajectory change of Tainan (22.59N, 120.13E) at the Summer Solstice, (a) Altitude, (b) Azimuth 37 Figure 2-6 Trajectory change of Tainan (22.59N, 120.13E) at the Spring and Autumnal Equinox. (a) Altitude; (b) Azimuth 38 Figure 2-7 Trajectory change of Tainan (22.59N, 120.13E) at the Winter Solstice, (a) Altitude, (b) Azimuth 39 Figure 2-8 3-D sun trajectories during four seasons at Tainan (22.59N, 120.13E) 40 Figure 2-9 Azimuth changes (Trajectory of solar tracker) in Tainan (22.59N, 120.13E) (a) Winter Solstices (δ=-23.45˚); (b) Spring and Autumnal Equinox (δ=0˚); (c) Summer Solstices (δ=23.45˚) 41 Figure 2-10 Solar Azimuth change of a top view image in Tainan (22.59N, 120.13E), (a) Winter Solstice, (b) Spring Equinox, Autumnal Equinox, (c) Summer Solstice 42 Figure 3-1 Two-axe solar tracker designed from NCKU PEACE LAB 43 Figure 3-2 Usable Data from GPS (First column is currently time on PC, second column is UTC, third column is local latitude, and last column is local longitude) 44 Figure 3-3 Solar radiation measured in Tainan [15] 45 Figure 3-4 Solar tracking devices. (a) Microprocessor (89S52); (b) Manual Joystick; (c) GPS receiver; (d) 5-phase Stepping motor TS3630N1E1 (left), Motor driver AU9151 (right); (e) solar tracking system. 47 Figure 3-5 Flow Chart of sun tracking program 48 Figure 3-6 Trigonometric tables in control program 49 Figure 3-7 Coordinates matrix on 9 June 2010. (a) Altitude; (b) Azimuth 50 Figure 3-8 Theoretical azimuth vs. azimuth by using trigonometric. (a) Winter Solstice; (b)Spring and Autumnal Equinox; (c) Summer Solstices 51 Figure 3-9 Incident angle by using linearization. (a) Winter Solstice; (b) Spring and Autumnal Equinox; (c) Summer Solstices 52 Figure 3-10 Theoretical azimuth vs. azimuth with linearization. (a) Winter Solstice; (b) Spring and Autumnal Equinox; (c) Summer Solstices 53 Figure 3-11 Incident angle by using linearization. (a) Winter Solstice; (b) Spring and Autumnal Equinox; (c) Summer Solstices 54 Figure 3-12 Power consumption varies with different Pulse per second 56 Figure 3-13 Altitude, azimuth and incident angle different of every time interval. (a)Δτ=1 minutes; (b)Δτ =2 minutes; (c)Δτ = 3 minutes; (d)Δτ = 4 minutes. 55 Figure 3-14 Energy gain per unit energy consumption with different tracking intervals. 57 Figure 3-15 Energy consumption of stepping motor driver under taking 4 minutes as tracking interval 58 Figure 4-1 Tracking process at different moment from 13:00 to 16:00 of 9th June 59 Figure 4-2 Temperature of heating head with solar radiation on 7 June 2010 61 Figure 4-3 Temperature of heating head with solar radiation on 27 May 2010 62