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研究生：	陳右霖 Chen, Yu-Lin
論文名稱：	高中棒球投手變化球之生物力學分析 A Biomechanical Analysis among the Breakingball in High School Pitchers
指導教授：	王榮泰 Wang, Rung-Tai
共同指導教授:	周有禮 Chou, You-Li 周伯禧 Chou, Pei-Hsi
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 工程科學系 Department of Engineering Science
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	154
中文關鍵詞：	棒球、投手、投球、直球、滑球、曲球、肌力、肩關節、關節活動角度、肘關節、運動學、動力學、前臂旋前、訓練
外文關鍵詞：	baseball, pitcher, throw, fastball, slider, curveball, muscle strength, shoulder, range of motion, elbow, kinematic, kinetic, forearm pronation, training
相關次數：	點閱：124 下載：5
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前言：
　　棒球投手在比賽中若要順利解決打者，除了直球以外，如何有效的使用變化球，也是相當重要的因素。然而要學習一種新的變化球並不是相當容易，相較於直球，整體投球動作中的肩關節、肘關節、腕關節及膝關節都會有些許的變化和調整。也因為姿勢的改變，在練習變化球時造成的風險與對身體的負擔和練習直球時也有不同。

目的：
　　藉由直球、滑球與曲球的牛棚訓練了解台灣高中棒球投手在投擲一定數量的各種球路後，在肩及肘關節角度、投球力學與肌力的變化上的趨勢有何不同，從而針對投手擅長的球路建議加強訓練的方針，以減少比賽或練習時投擲變化球造成運動傷害的風險。

研究方法：
　　本研究受測者為9位甲組高中棒球投手。受測者分別於不同日期完成直球、滑球和曲球共三次實驗，實驗當天完成熱身後立即依投手本身負擔能力投擲50～60次該球種並全程以三維動作分析系統擷取投球動作。投球前、投球後、投球後第一天皆量測關節活動角度和肌力，來觀察其投球後關節活動角度和肌力變化。統計方法用重複測量變異數分析及配對t檢定分析。並以p<0.05為達顯著差異之標準。

結果：
　　投手進行投球測試前後的運動學分析方面，96項運動學參數中曲球有21項、直球有24項、滑球有25項達到統計上顯著差異；動力學分析方面，56項動力學參數中曲球有12項、直球有13項、滑球有21項達到統計上顯著差異。
　　相互比較結果方面，直球與曲球的分析結果，96項運動學參數有46項達到統計上顯著差異，56項動力學參數中，有33項達到統計上顯著差異；滑球與曲球的分析結果，96項運動學參數中有54項有達到統計上顯著差異，56項動力學參數中有41項達到統計上顯著差異；直球與滑球的分析結果，96項運動學參數中有44項達到統計上顯著差異，56項動力學參數中有21項達統計上顯著差異。

討論與結論：
　　投手在投擲曲球時，腕關節背屈力矩出現了比直球和曲球更高的數值，而在投球動作後期(Arm Deceleration phase)，肘關節所受的力和力矩在反覆投球後都有明顯的上升，所以建議曲球使用度較高的選手可以加強對腕關節和肘關節附近肌群的訓練，以降低腕、肘關節受傷的風險。
　　滑球的投擲狀況，在投球動作後期，肩關節水平外展力矩、內旋力矩都出現了比其他球路更高的情形，進行反覆投球後，整個投球動作中肘關節前側力、屈曲力矩和旋轉力矩有增加的情形，在投球動作後期出現更多肩關節和肘關節所受力跟力矩提高的現象，因此常使用滑球的選手需要多訓練肩及肘關節附近的肌群，避免運動傷害的發生。
　　另外在曲球和滑球都在經過一定的投球數後，在前臂旋前角度上有明顯的差異，有可能因此導致投球機制的改變而提高受傷的風險以及降低投球的穩定性，故建議對於練習曲球和滑球的選手可以對前臂旋前、旋後動作的肌群加強訓練。

Introduction：
　　How to pitch the breaking balls effectively in addition to the fastball is an important task in baseball competition. However, learing a new kind of breaking ball is a difficult process, compared to the fastball, the pitching motion of the pitcher's shoulders, elbows, wrists and knees need to be adjusted. In the other hand, different risk of injurys and burdens of body may occur in practicing breaking ball with differet pitching motions.

Purpose：
　　To investigate the changes of kinematics, kinetics and muscle strengh of high school baseball pitcher's shoulders and elbows after throwing a certain number of different types of pitches, thus suggest the muscle training policy for each type of pitch to reduce the risk of injury in throwing the breakingball.

Method
　　Nine Taiwanese high school baseball pitchers of group A. The pitchers participated fastball, curveball and slider test on different dates respectively. In one test, the pitcher executed 50~60 pitches according to the affordability of the pitcher after adequate warm-up, the pitching motion of each pitch was captured with outdoor three dimensional motion analysis system. The range of motion and muscle strength were recorded at pre-test, post-test and Day1 for studying the changes after pitching. Statistical methods using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test. Significant at p < 0.05.

Result
　　Out of 96 kinematic parameters, 21 parameters in curveball test, 24 parameters in fastball test and 25 parameters in slider test were significantly different after pitching, respectively. Out of 56 kinetic parameters, 12 parameters in curveball test, 13 parameters in fastball test and 21 parameters in slider test were significantly different after pitching, respectively.
　　Between fastball and curveball, 46 of 96 kinematic parameters and 33 of 56 kinetic parameters were significantly different. Between slider and curveball, 54 of 96 kinematic parameters and 41 of 56 kinetic parameters were significantly different. Between fastball and slider, 44 of 96 kinematic parameters and 21 of 56 kinetic parameters were significantly different.

Discussion and Conclusion
　　When the pitcher throws curveball, there is a higher value at wrist dorsi flexion moment relative to fastball, and the elbows bear larger forces and moments in the late stage of pitching motion(Arm Deceleration phase). Therefore, more training of elbows and wrists may reduce the risk of injuries for the pitchers who throw curveball often.
　　In the late stage of the pitching motion, the shoulder horizontal abduction moment and shoulder internal rotation moment showed higher values in throwing slider relative to the other two balls, and after repeatedly throwing slider, the values of the elbow anterior force, flexion moment and rotation moment become larger in entire pitching process, more forces and moments that exert on the elbow and shoulder become larger in the late stage of the pitching motion. Therefore, the pitchers may proceed more training for the muscle near the shoulder and elbow to reduce the risk of injuries with throwing slider often.
　　On the other hand, both curveball and slider have significantly differences at the forearm pronation angle after a certain number of pitches. This may cause the pitching mechanism to change, further increase the risk of injury and decrease the stability of pitching, so training the muscle of forearm pronation and supination is suggested for practicing curveball and slider in this study.

目錄
摘要........................................................I
Abstract...................................................IV
致謝......................................................VII
目錄.......................................................IX
內文目錄....................................................X
圖目錄....................................................XVIII
表目錄...................................................XX
符號.....................................................XXII

內文目錄
第一章　緒論
　1.1前言...................................................1
　1.2 文獻回顧..............................................4
　　1.2.1 投球動作分期......................................5
　　1.2.2直球的握球方式.....................................7
　　1.2.3曲球與滑球的握球方式...............................7
　　　1.2.4 曲球和滑球的過去研究............................8
　　　1.2.4.1曲球與滑球的運動學比較.........................8
　　　1.2.4.2曲球與滑球的動力學比較........................13
　　1.2.5投球過程中主要使用的肌群..........................15
　　1.2.6投球後的運動學影響................................18
　　1.2.7投球後的肌力影響..................................19
　　1.2.8 投球後肩與肘關節活動角度的影響...................20
　1.3研究動機..............................................22
　1.4研究目的..............................................23
第二章　理論與分析方法.....................................24
　2.1 運動學與動力學之理論與計算方法.......................24
　2.2實驗假設..............................................24
　2.3定義反光球位置........................................27
　　2.3.1靜態與動態資料描述................................30
　2.4運動學與動力學的流程..................................31
　2.5運動學與動力學的方向定義..............................34
　　2.5.1運動學方向定義....................................34
　　2.5.2動力學方向定義....................................37
第三章　研究方法...........................................38
　3.1 實驗設備.............................................38
　　3.1.1 硬體設備.........................................38
　　3.1.2 軟體設備.........................................40
　3.2 研究對象.............................................41
　3.3實驗設備架設..........................................41
　3.4 實驗流程.............................................42
　　3.4.1 實驗問卷調查.....................................44
　　3.4.2 實驗空間校正.....................................44
　　3.4.3 暖身練習.........................................45
　　3.4.4 肩及肘關節活動角度量測...........................45
　　3.4.5 肌力量測.........................................48
　　3.4.6 投球動作分析.....................................50
　3.5 資料處理.............................................53
　3.6 統計方法.............................................54
第四章　研究結果...........................................55
　4.1 投球數量球速與自覺量表統計...........................55
　4.2 各球路投球測試前後之生物力學結果.....................56
　　4.2.1 投球測試前後之運動學結果.........................56
　　　4.2.1.1前導腳著地之運動學結果........................56
　　　　4.2.1.1.1 曲球.....................................56
　　　　4.2.1.1.2 直球.....................................57
　　　　4.2.1.1.3 滑球.....................................57
　　　4.2.1.2手臂後拉時期之運動學結果......................57
　　　　4.2.1.2.1曲球......................................57
　　　　4.2.1.2.2 直球.....................................57
　　　　4.2.1.2.3 滑球.....................................58
　　　4.2.1.3肩關節最大外旋角度之運動學結果................58
　　　　4.2.1.3.1 曲球.....................................58
　　　　4.2.1.3.2 直球.....................................58
　　　　4.2.1.3.3 滑球.....................................59
　　　4.2.1.4手臂加速時期之運動學結果......................59
　　　　4.2.1.4.1 曲球.....................................59
　　　　4.2.1.4.2 直球.....................................60
　　　　4.2.1.4.3 滑球.....................................60
　　　4.2.1.5 球離手之運動學結果...........................60
　　　　4.2.1.5.1 曲球.....................................60
　　　　4.2.1.5.2 直球.....................................61
　　　　4.2.1.5.3 滑球.....................................61
　　　4.2.1.6 手臂減速時期之運動學結果.....................61
　　　　4.2.1.6.1 直球.....................................61
　　　4.2.1.7 肩關節最大內旋角度之運動學結果...............62
　　　　4.2.1.7.1曲球......................................62
　　　　4.2.1.7.2 直球.....................................62
　　　　4.2.1.7.3 滑球.....................................62
　　4.2.2 投球測試前後之動力學結果.........................70
　　　4.2.2.1 手臂後拉時期之動力學比較結果.................70
　　　　4.2.2.1.1 曲球.....................................70
　　　　4.2.2.1.2 直球.....................................70
　　　　4.2.2.1.3 滑球.....................................70
　　　4.2.2.2 手臂加速時期之動力學比較結果.................71
　　　　4.2.2.2.1曲球......................................71
　　　　4.2.2.2.2 直球.....................................71
　　　　4.2.2.2.3 滑球.....................................72
　　　4.2.2.3 手臂減速時期之動力學比較結果.................72
　　　　4.2.2.3.1 曲球.....................................72
　　　　4.2.2.3.2 直球.....................................73
　　　　4.2.2.3.3 滑球.....................................73
　4.3 各球路相互比較之生物力學結果.........................79
　　4.3.1 各球路相互比較之運動學結果.......................79
　　　4.3.1.1 直球與曲球之運動學比較結果...................79
　　　　4.3.1.1.1 前導腳著地...............................79
　　　　4.3.1.1.2 手臂後拉時期.............................80
　　　　4.3.1.1.3肩關最大節外旋角度........................80
　　　　4.3.1.1.4 手臂加速時期.............................80
　　　　4.3.1.1.5 球離手...................................81
　　　　4.3.1.1.6 手臂減速時期.............................82
　　　　4.3.1.1.7 肩關節最大內旋角度.......................82
　　　4.3.1.2 滑球與曲球之運動學比較結果...................87
　　　　4.3.1.2.1 前導腳著地...............................87
　　　　4.3.1.2.2 手臂後拉時期.............................87
　　　　4.3.1.2.3 肩關節最大外旋角度.......................88
　　　　4.3.1.2.4 手臂加速時期.............................88
　　　　4.3.1.2.5 球離手...................................89
　　　　4.3.1.2.6 手臂減速時期.............................90
　　　　4.3.1.2.7 肩關節最大內旋角度.......................90
　　　4.3.1.3 直球與滑球之運動學比較結果...................95
　　　　4.3.1.3.1 前導腳著地...............................95
　　　　4.3.1.3.2 手臂後拉時期.............................95
　　　　4.3.1.3.3 肩關節最大外旋角度.......................95
　　　　4.3.1.3.4 手臂加速時期.............................96
　　　　4.3.1.3.5 球離手...................................96
　　　　4.3.1.3.6 手臂減速時期.............................97
　　　　4.3.1.3.7 肩關節最大內旋角度.......................97
　　4.3.2 各球路相互比較之動力學結果......................103
　　　4.3.2.1 直球與曲球之動力比較學結果..................103
　　　　4.3.2.1.1 手臂後拉時期............................103
　　　　4.3.2.1.2手臂加速時期.............................103
　　　　4.3.2.1.3 手臂減速時期............................104
　　　4.3.2.2 滑球與曲球之動力比較學結果..................108
　　　　4.3.2.2.1 手臂後拉時期............................108
　　　　4.3.2.2.2 手臂加速時期............................109
　　　　4.3.2.2.3 手臂減速時期............................109
　　　4.3.2.3 直球與滑球之動力比較學結果..................113
　　　　4.3.2.3.1 手臂後拉時期............................113
　　　　4.3.2.3.2 手臂加速時期............................113
　　　　4.3.2.3.3 手臂減速時期............................114
　4.4. 綜合比較結果.......................................117
　　4.4.1. 軀幹相對骨盤轉正時間比.........................117
　　4.4.2 慣用手肌力比較..................................118
　　　4.3.2.1 曲球........................................118
　　　4.3.2.2 滑球........................................119
　　4.3.3 慣用手關節活動角度比較..........................120
　　　4.3.3.1 曲球........................................120
　　　4.3.3.2 滑球........................................121
第五章 討論...............................................122
　5.1球速、投球數量及自覺量表統計.........................122
　5.2投球運動學—投球動作的差異...........................123
　　5.2.1 直球和曲球的運動學比較與探討....................124
　　5.2.2 直球和滑球的運動學比較與探討....................126
　　5.2.3 滑球和曲球的運動學比較與探討....................127
　5.3 投球動力學—關節負擔評估............................128
　　5.3.1 直球和曲球的動力學比較與探討....................129
　　5.3.2 直球和滑球的動力學比較與探討....................130
　　5.3.3 滑球和曲球的動力學比較與探討....................131
　5.4 投球測試前後之比較..................................132
　　5.4.1 曲球的變化......................................134
　　5.4.2 直球的變化......................................136
　　5.4.3 滑球的變化......................................136
　5.5 軀幹相對骨盤轉正時間比..............................139
　5.6 實驗限制............................................140
第六章　結論與未來展望....................................141
　6.1結論.................................................141
　6.2 未來展望............................................143
參考文獻..................................................144
 
圖目錄
圖1.1 過肩投球之動作分期....................................5
圖1.2 直球握法..............................................7
圖1.3 曲球的握法及球轉動方向................................8
圖1.4 滑球的握法及球轉動方向................................8
圖2.1 上肢關節瞬間所受的合力及合力矩之自由體圖.............26
圖2.2 反光球標記位置.......................................29
圖2.3 受測者中立靜態姿勢...................................30
圖2.4 運動學計算流程.......................................32
圖2.5 動力學計算流程.......................................33
圖2.6 肩關節外旋/內旋角度定義..............................34
圖2.7 肩關節水平外展角度定義...............................34
圖2.8 肩關節外展角度定義...................................35
圖2.9 肘關節屈曲角度定義...................................35
圖2.10 膝關節屈曲角度定義..................................35
圖2.11 軀幹前傾角度定義....................................35
圖2.12 軀幹外傾角度定義....................................36
圖2.13 軀幹(ωUT)、骨盆(ωP)旋轉角速度.....................36
圖2.14 肩關節受力定義......................................37
圖2.15 肩關節受力矩定義....................................37
圖2.16 肘關節受力定義......................................37
圖2.17 肘關節受力矩定義....................................37
圖3.1 三維動作分析系統與反光球.............................38
圖3.2 關節活動角度量角器...................................39
圖3.3 測速槍...............................................39
圖3.4 手持式肌力器.........................................39
圖3.5 實驗空間之場地架設...................................42
圖3.6 實驗流程圖...........................................43
圖3.7 攝影機擷取畫面.......................................52
圖3.8 反光棒球.............................................52
圖5.1 各球路比較之運動學差異分布情形......................124
圖5.2 各球路比較之動力學差異分布圖........................129
圖5.3 各球路投球前後運動學差異分布圖......................133
圖5.4 各球路投球前後運動學差異分布圖......................134

                                    

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