腎移植為治療腎衰竭中唯一可以維持原有腎臟功能之方法，然而患者卻需面對移植所帶來常見的生理及心理之問題，甚至死亡，進而影響其回復正常生活之希望。本研究目的為探討等待及接受腎移植後患者之生活品質及其相關因素，採橫斷式、相關比較性研究法，針對南台灣某醫學中心105位等待腎移植及113位接受腎移植於門診追蹤腎友進行研究，以生活品質為依變項，症狀困擾及社會支持為自變項，採面對面或郵寄等方式收集資料，結果以描述性統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、卡方檢定、皮爾遜相關積差及逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。研究結果顯示，接受腎移植組腎友之生活品質及社會支持均優於等待組之腎友，症狀困擾則小於等待組之腎友，且社會支持及症狀困擾為生活品質最重要預測變項。等待腎移植組以腎病原有之症狀及透析治療帶來的不適為主要症狀困擾，以非醫療專業人員之社會支持幫助最大；接受腎移植組則除了腎病原有症狀外，以免疫抑制劑之副作用帶來的症狀困擾最大，且其認為醫療專業人員所提供之社會支持幫助最大。因此建議臨床可從加強醫療專業人員的社會支持、減輕症狀困擾及強化社會公共政策（例：低收入腎友補助及就業輔導等）來增進等待及接受腎移植腎友之生活品質，此外本結果亦可做為腎衰竭腎友抉擇接受腎移植之參考及國家腎移植相關公共政策之依據。

　　Kidney transplantation remains the only treatment available to restore renal functions of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). However, patients who receive kidney transplantation usually have to face both physiological and psychological problems and even death, greatly diminishing their hopes to resume a normal life. The objective of this study was to explore the quality of life in patients waiting for or having received kidney transplantation and their relevant factors. This comparative, cross-sectional study investigated 105 patients waiting for kidney transplantation and 113 patients who had received kidney transplantation returned to the clinic for follow-ups at a medical center in southern Taiwan. In this study, quality of life was taken as dependent variable, and independent variables included symptoms and social support. Data were collected by a face-to-face interview with patients or answering questionnaires by them. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, Pearson’s product-moment correlation and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that patients who had received kidney transplantation was superior to patients waiting for kidney transplantation in their quality of life and social support while the former group suffered less syndrome distress. Both social support and symptom distress were important predictors of life quality. For the kidney transplantation-waiting group, the major symptoms that they experienced included symptoms of existing renal disease, discomfort after dialysis therapy, and nonprofessional individuals were their greatest source of social support. For the kidney transplantation-receiving group, in addition to symptom of existing renal disease, the side effects of immunosuppressants accounted for the most symptom distress while medical professionals were regarded to provide the greatest social support. Therefore, in clinical practice, reduction of distress, enhance of positive social support, financial support for low-income households in the policy of social security, and employment service and training were suggested to promote the life quality of patients waiting for or having received kidney transplantation. Besides, the results of this study can be used as reference for kidney transplantation in ESRD patients’ decision making and relevant public policies in this country.

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