從過去的行為研究上已證實發展協調障礙兒童有執行內因性視覺空間注意力的反應缺陷，這個現象可能是由不同的大腦皮質認知處理階段缺陷所引起，因此，本研究目的在探討發展協調障礙兒童在執行內因性視覺空間注意力的障礙機轉。本研究先以Movement ABC評估工具篩檢出15位9-10歲發展協調障礙兒童，並以15位正常兒童做為對照組，進行Posner內因性視覺空間注意力作業，並同步錄製大腦相關事件誘發電位，所得的資料以混合設計之重複量數變異數進行統計分析。結果發現：（一）發展協調障礙兒童的確在執行內因性視覺空間注意力下反應時間較慢。（二）發展協調障礙兒童在執行內因性視覺空間注意力作業時，大腦相關事件誘發電位在cue-P3波波峰出現時間顯著地比正常兒童慢、N2-RT時間較長與target-P3波波峰在Oz皮質區之振幅比較小。此研究發現發展協調障礙兒童反應時間較慢的主因可能是Cue-P3波延滯出現以及N2-RT的時間較長所致。建議未來可再配合手部肌電圖實驗，進一步探討發展協調障礙兒童手部動作神經元是否有傳遞上的缺失，如此將更能明確了解這類兒童在執行內因性視覺空間注意力時，反應時間較慢的機轉。

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) were demonstrated that they have the slower reaction time when executing the endogenous visuospatial attention during the Posner paradigm task. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and compare attentional, decisional, and motor processing stages of brain activity, as revealed by event-related potentials (ERPs) concurring with lower response ability in children with DCD and typically developing children. In the present study, behavioral performance and ERPs measures were recorded and compared during a variant of the endogenous Posner paradigm in 15 children with DCD, along with 15 typically developing children, aged 9-10 years and identified with Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Data were analyzed statistically by a mixed design, factorial, and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that：(1) children with DCD had significantly longer reaction time than typically developing children whatever the cue-target combination; and (2) the electrophysiological characteristics also showed distinctively reflective waveforms in children with DCD: longer cue-P3 latency, smaller target-P3 amplitude at the Oz lead, and an elongated interval between target-N2 and the motor response. The main mechanism on slower reaction time in children with DCD was suggested that they had longer Cue-P3, and needed more time to make strategic decision and to execute behavioural performance. Further corroborative research, such as electromyography coupled with ERPs and behavioural performance, will no doubt help to address the explicit mechanism of motor impairment in children with DCD.

參考文獻
一、中文部份
吳昇光（2001）。我國發展協調障礙學童之體適能及動作能力研究。教育部委託
研究計畫期末報告書。
林冠宏、吳昇光（2002）。臺灣地區七至八歲發展協調障礙兒童之研究。物理治
療，27(5)，238-245頁。
林衢序、裴育晟、鍾佳英、鄭寶釵、陳嘉伶、黃美涓（2005）。正常人之視覺空
間注意力事件誘發電位。臺灣復健醫誌，33(1), 19-28頁。
胡名霞（2003）。動作控制與動作學習。臺北縣：金名圖書。
蔡佳良、吳昇光（2003）。從動作發展的觀點來看兒童的平衡能力。大專體育，
65, 142-147頁。
蔡佳良、李曜全、陳威穎、吳昇光（2006）。發展協調障礙兒童之體適能特性分
析。健康促進科學學刊，1(1), 25-37頁。
廖華芳、王天苗（1998）。兒童知覺動作發展。中華民國物理治療協會雜誌，23,
310-324頁。
謝秋雲（2002）。從兒童動作發展談體育教學活動。大專體育，62, 18-23頁。
魏景漢、羅躍嘉 (2002)。認知事件相關腦電位教程。北京市：經濟日報出版社。
蘇建文、初正平、劉鴻香（1971）。兒童動作技能發展之研究。心理與教育，5,
121-146頁。
蘇建文、林美珍、程小危、林慧雅、幸曼玲、陳李綢、吳敏而、柯華葳、陳淑美
(1997)。發展心理學。臺北：心理出版社。
二、西文部份
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed.). Unpublished manuscript, Washington, DC.
Atkinson, J., & Braddick, O. J. (1989). ‘Where’ and ‘what’ in visual search. Perception, 18, 181-189.
Bairstow, P. J., & Laszlo, J. I. (1989). Deficits in the planning control and recall of
hand movements in children with perceptuo-motor dysfunction. British Journal
of Developmental Psychology, 7, 251-253.
Birch, H. G., & Lefford, A. (1967). Visual differentiation, intersensory integration, and
voluntary motor control. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child
Development, 32 (110, Serial No. 2).
Bouffard, M., & Wall, A. E. (1990). A problem solving approach to movement skill
acquisition: Implications for special populations. In G. Reid (Ed.), Problems in
movement control. North-Holland: Elsevier.
Cantell, M. H., Smyth, M. M., & Ahonen, T. P. (1994). Clumsiness in adolescence:
Educational, motor, and social outcomes of motor delay detected at 5 years.
Adapted Physical Activities Quarterly, 11, 115-129.
Chambers, C. D., Stokes, M. G., Janko, N. E., & Mattingley, J. B. ( 2006).
Enhancement of visual selection during transient disruption of parietal cortex.
Brain Research, 1097, 149-155.
Cherng, R.J., Liang, L.Y., Chen, J.Y., & Chen, Y.J. (2007). Dual-task interference on
gait in children with developmental coordination disorder. Gait & Posture,
(Submitted).
Chow, S. M., Henderson, S. E., & Barnett, A. L. (2001) The movement assessment
battery for children: A comparison of 4-year-old to 6-year-old children from
Hong Kong and the United States. The American Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 55(1), 55-61.
Dewey, D., &Wilson, B. N. (2001). Developmental coordination disorder: What is it?
Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 20, 5-27.
Di Russo, F., Taddei, F., Apnile, T., & Spinelli, D. (2006). Neural coorelates of fast
stimulus discrimination and response selection in top-level fencers. Neuroscience
Letters, 408, 113-118.
Donchin, E., Karis, D., Bashore, T. R., Coles, M. D. H., & Gratton, G. (1986).
Cognitive psychophysiology and human information processing. In M.D.H.
Coles, E. Donchin, & S. W. Porges (Eds.), Psychophysiology: Systems,
processes, and applications (pp.244-267). New York: Guilford Press.
Hillyard, S. A., & Picton, T. W. (1987). Electrophysiology of cognition. In: F.
Plum (Ed.), Handbook of physiology, Section1, The nervous system (Vol. V, pp.
519-584). Washington, DC: American Physiological Society.
Eimer, M. (1996). The N2pc component as an indicator of attentional selectivity.
Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 99, 225-234.
Eimer, M. (1998). Mechanisms of visual-spatial attention: Evidence from
event-related brain potential studies. Visual Cognition, 5, 257-286.
Fu, S., Zinni, M., Squire, P. N., Kumar, R., Caggiano, D. M., & Parasuraman, R.
(2008). When and where perceptual load interacts with voluntary visuospatial
attention: An event-related potential and dipole modeling study. Neuroimage, 39,
1345-1355.).
Geuze, R. H. (2003). Static balance and developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 22, 527-548.
Goodgold-Edwards, S. A., & Cermak, S. A. (1990). Integrating motor control and
motor learning concepts with neuropsychological perspectives on apraxia and
developmental dyspraxia. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44,
431–439.
Gubbay, S. (1975). Clumsy children in normal schools. Medical Journal of Australia,
1, 233-236.
Hattie, J. & Edwards, H. (1987). A review of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor
Proficiency. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 104-113.
Hulme, C., & Raine, A. (1983). Visual, kinaesthetic and cross-modal development:
Relationship to motor skill development. Perception, 12, 477–483.
Hopfinger, J. B.,& West, V. M. (2006). Interactions between endogenous and
exogenous attention on cortical visual processing. NeuroImage, 31, 774-789.
Inder, J. M., & Sullivan, S. J. (2005). Motor and postural response profiles of four
children with developmental coordination disorder. case report. Pediatric
Physical Therapy, 17(1), 18-29.
Ivry, R. B., Keele, S. W., & Diener, H. C. (1988). Dissociation of the lateral and
medial cerebellum in movement timing and movement execution. Experimental
Brain Research, 73, 167-180.
Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind's eye's
movement. Attention and Performance, 9, 187-203.
Kekoni, J., Hamalainen, H., McCloud, V., Reinikainen, K., & Naatanen, R. (1996). Is
the somatosensory N250 related to deviance discrimination or conscious target
detection? Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology/ Evoked
Potentials Section, 100, 115-125.
Knuckey, N. W., Apsimon, T. T., & Gubbay, S. S. (1983). Computerized axial
tomography in clumsy children with developmental apraxia and agnosia. Brain
& Development, 5(1), 14-19.
Lossem, A., Henderson, S. E., Elliman, D., Hall, D., Knight, E., & Jongman, M.
(1991). Clumsiness in children- Do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow up
study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 55-68.
Luppino, G., & Rizzolatti, G.. (2000). The organization of the frontal motor cortex.
News in Physiological Science, 15, 219-224.
Mandich, A., Buckolz, E., & Polatajko, H. (2002). On the ability of children with
developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) to inhibit response initiation: The
Simon effect. Brain and Cognition, 50, 27–41.
Mandich, A., & Polatajko, H. J. (2003). Developmental coordination disorder:
Mechanisms, measurement and management. Human Movement Science, 22,
407-411.
Mandich, A., Buckolz, E., & Polatajko, H. (2003). Children with developmental
coordination disorder (DCD) and their ability to disengage ongoing attentional
focus: more on inhibitory function. Brain and Cognition, 51, 346-356.
Mangun, G. R., & Hillyard, S. A. (1988). Spatial gradients of visual attention:
Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology, 70, 417-428.
Mangun, G. R. (1995). Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention in humans.
Psychophysiology, 32, 4-18.
Mangun, G. R., Buonocore, M. H., Girelli, M, & Jha, A. P., (1998 ). ERP and fMRI
measures of visual spatial selective attention. Human Brain Mapping, 6,
383–389.
Marteniuk, R. (1976). Information processing in motor skills. New York: Holt,
Rinehart & Wilston.
Martin N. C., Piek, J. P., & Hay, D. (2006). DCD and ADHD: A genetic study of their shared aetiology. Human Movement Science, 25, 110-124.
Milner, D. (1997). In: P. Their., H. Karnath. (Eds.), Parietal Lobe Contributions to
Orientation in 3D Space. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Mon-Williams, M. A., Pascal, E., & Wann, J. P. (1994). Ophthalmic factors in
developmental coordination disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 11,
170-178.
Mon-Williams, M. A., Mackie, R. T., McCulloch, D. L., & Pascal, E., (1996). Visual
evoked potentials in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 16, 178–183.
Newnham, C., & McKenzie B. E. (1993). Crossmodel transfer of visual and
hapticshape information by clumsy children. Perception, 22, 1061-1073.
Perchet, C., & Garcia-Larrea, L. (2000). Visuospatial attention and motor reaction in
children: An electrophysiological study of the “ Posner” paradigm.
Psychophysiology, 37, 231-41.
Perchet, C., & Garcia-Larrea, L. (2005). Learning to react: Anticipatory mechanisms
in children and adults during a visuospatial attention task. Clinical
Neurophysiology, 116, 1906-1917.
Perchet, C., Revol, O., Fourneret, P., Mauguiere, F., & Garcia-Larrea, L. (2001).
Attention shifts and anticipatory mechanisms in hyperactive children: An ERP
study using the Posner paradigm. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 50, 44-57.
Piek, J. P., & Skinner, R. A. (1999). Timing and force control during a sequential
tapping task in children with and without motor coordination problems. Journal
of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 320-329.
Piek, J. P., Dycka, M. J., Niemana, A., Anderson, M., Haya, D., Smith, L. M.,
McCoy, M., & Hallmayer, J. (2004). The relationship between motor
coordination, executive functioning and attention in school aged children.
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 1063-1076.
Posner, M. I. (1978). Orienting. Chronometric explorations of mind (pp. 185-215).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology – Human Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
Posner, M. I. & Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. Attention and
Performance, 10, 531-556.
Posner, M. I. (1988). Structures and function of selective attention. In T. Boll & D. K.
Bryant, Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, assessment and
practice (pp. 173-202). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Sheese, B. E. (2007). Attention genes.
Developmental Science, 10, 24-29.
Poulsen, A. A., Ziviani, J. M., & Cuskelly, M. (2007). Perceived freedom in leisure
and physical co-ordination ability: Impact on out-of-school activity participation
and life satisfaction. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33, 432-440.
Rasmussen, P., & Gillberg, C. (2000). Natural outcomes of ADHD with
developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: A controlled, longitudinal,
community-based study. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 39, 1424-1431.
Schmidt, R.A., & Lee, T.D. (1999). Attention and performance. In R. A. Schmidt & T. D. Lee (Eds.), Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (pp.61-91). New Zealand: Human Kinetics.
Sigmundsson, H., Pedersen ,A. V., Whiting, H. T. A. , & Ingvaldsen, R. P. (1998). We
can cure your child’s clumsiness! A review of intervention methods. Journal of
Rehabilitation Medicine, 30, 101-106.
Smits-Engelsman, B. C., Niemeijer, A. S., & Van Galen, G. P. (2001). Fine motor
deficiencies in children diagnosed as DCD based on poor graphomotor ability.
Human Movement Science, 20(1-2), 161-182.
Smyth, T. R., (1992). Impaired motor skill (clumsiness) in otherwise normal children:
A review. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 18, 283-300.
Smyth, T. R. (1996). Clumsiness: Kinaesthetic perception and translation. Child:
Care, Health and Development, 22, 1–9.
Smyth, M. M., & Mason, U. C. (1997). Planning and execution of action in children
with and without developmental coordination disorder. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 1023-1037.
Snyder, E., & Hillyard, S. A. (1976). Long-latency evoked potentials to irrelevant
deviant stimuli. Behavioural Biology, 16, 319-331.
Sugden, D. A.,& Chambers, M. E. (2007). Stability and change in children with
Developmental Coordination Disorder. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33
(5), 520–528.
Taylor, M. J. (1990). Marker variables for early identification of physically awkward
children. In G..Doll-Tepper., C. Dahmas., B. Doll, and H. von Selzam. (eds.),
Adapted Physical Activities—An interdisciplinary Approach, Proceedings of the
7th International Symposium. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 379–386.
Tsai, C. L., Wilson P. H., & Wu, S. K. (2008, in press). Role of visual perceptual
skills (non-motor) in children with developmental coordination disorder. Human
Movement Science.
Tsai, C. L., Yu, Y. K., Wu, S. K. , & Chen, Y. J. (2007, in reviewing). An investigation
of inhibitory response ability in children with developmental coordination
disorder on bilateral lower extremities— using endogenous and exogenous
orienting mode. Brain and Cognition.
Van Dellen, T., & Geuze, R. H. (1988). Motor response processing in clumsy children
. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 29, 489–500.
Wann, J.P., Mon-Williams, M., & Rushton, K. (1998). Postural control and
co-ordination disorders: The swinging room revisited. Human Movement
Science, 17, 491–514.
Welford, A. T. (1952). An apparatus for use in studying serial performance. American Journal of Psychology, 65, 91-97.
Williams, H., Fisher, J., & Tritschler, K. (1983). Descriptive analysis of static postural control in 4,6 and 8 yesr old normal and motorically awkward children. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 62(1), 12-26.
Wilmut, K., Brown, J. H., & Wann, J. P. (2007). Attention disengagement in children
with developmental coordination disorder. Disability and Rehabilitation, 29(1),
47-55.
Wilson, P.H., Maruff, P., & McKenzie, B.E. (1997). Covert orienting of visuospatial attention in children with developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 39, 736-745.
Wilson, P. H., & McKenzie, B. E. (1998). Information processing deficits associated
with developmental coordination disorder: A meta-analysis of research findings.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 829-840.
Wilson, P. H., & Maruff, P. (1999). Deficits in the endogenous control of covert
visuospatial attention in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Human Movement Science, 18, 421-442.
Wilson, P. H., Maruff, P., & Lum, J. (2003). Procedural learning in children with
developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 22, 515-526.
Wright, H. C., & Sugden, D. A.(1996). A two-step procedure for the identification of
children with developmental co-ordination disorder in Singapore. Developmental
Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 1099-1105.