神經回饋為一種利用腦電波來進行的操作型制約學習，許多研究報告證實神經回饋可以有效地改善癲癇、注意力缺失過動疾患與過度焦慮或憂鬱等症狀，或可以增進認知功能。目前文獻中神經回饋多採用sensorimotor rhythm (SMR, 12-15 Hz)做為臨床上治療之回饋腦電波訊號，但是SMR腦部訊號的訓練與認知功能的改變卻仍存在著爭議，而且神經回饋訓練與最後症狀改善的關係仍然不清楚，因此新的神經回饋訓練絕對是需要被驗證開發。本論文比較正常人身上對於不同的腦訊號回饋(隨機回饋、SMR、mu rhythm (8-12 Hz))訓練對於認知功能與自主神經活性的影響，在四個星期共12次四十分鐘的訓練之後，本實驗首度證實不管是mu rhythm組的mu rhythm或SMR組的SMR能量均有顯著的上升，而且mu rhythm組在副交感神經活性與記憶方面均有顯著增進的表現，此增進能力皆與mu rhythm增加的次數或能量呈現顯著正相關。因此，本研究結果支持mu rhythm之神經回饋訓練有助於記憶功能增進以及放鬆相關之副交感活性加強。

Neurofeedback (NFT), an operant conditioning through electroencephagram (EEG) feedback training, has been reported to not only be an effective therapy of epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), anxiety, and depression, but also improve cognitive function. A great number of studies have used sensorimotor rhythm (SMR, 12-15 Hz) as feedback activity of a NFT to widely apply in clinic. However, benefit of SMR training on cognitive function is still controversial. The relationship between the SMR training and functional outcome is also inconclusive. To further clarify the effect of NFT, three feedback signals (random frequency, SMR, and mu rhythm (8-12 Hz)) were evaluated in normal participants in terms of three memory tasks and sympathovagal indexes derived from heart rate variability. Each training session was 0.5 hour three times per week lasting for four weeks. A significantly elevated trend was found in powers of either SMR or mu rhythm during a NFT. A significant enhancement on memory performance and vagal activity only was found in the group of mu-rhythm NFT. Enhancement of these two outcomes showed a significantly positive relationship with increased number or total power of mu rhythm. Our results suggest that the mu-rhythm NFT has a great benefit on memory facilitation and very helpful for eliciting the relaxation-related vagal activity.

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