全氟化物是人工合成的化合物，因為具有疏水及疏油的特性而廣泛應用在生活用品及工業製程中，台灣紡織業為了使機能性布料具有防水抗污性，在製程中會使用到可能含有全氟化物的撥水劑加工機能性布料。因此，本研究挑選常使用的三種的長鏈全氟化物—全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)及全氟壬酸(PFNA)和一種短鏈的全氟化物—全氟丁酸(PFBA)進行調查，調查八間紡織廠的廢水(廢水處理廠進流水及出流水)、污泥、承受水體的底泥及鄰近紡織廠的地下水中全氟化物的含量。我們也分析了固態樣品(底泥及污泥)孔隙水中全氟化物濃度、固態樣品總有機碳含量及孔隙水中溶解性有機碳含量，並計算有機碳–水分配係數(organic carbon normalized distribution coefficient, Koc)，探討有機物對於全氟化物在水相環境中固相與液相分配的影響。
紡織廢水處理廠進流水中四種化合物的平均濃度分別為PFOA 40.2±47.6 ng/L、PFOS 5.1±3.0 ng/L、PFNA 8.3±9.0 ng/L及PFBA 67.6±23.0 ng/L；出流水中的平均濃度分別為PFOA 61.6±87.7 ng/L、PFOS 1.7±1.8 ng/L、PFNA 8.9±15.3 ng/L及PFBA 81.1±62.2 ng/L，進流水與出流水中濃度相差無幾，顯示廢水處理程序對於全氟化物的去除效率不彰，出流水成為承受水體中全氟化物重要來源。廢水處理廠污泥中的濃度分別為PFOA 101.8±190.3 μg/kg、PFOS 7.8±8.6 μg/kg、PFNA 38.1±70.4 μg/kg及PFBA 16.5±10.9 μg/kg，出流水與污泥中濃度相比，因為長鏈全氟化物傾向於吸附在污泥上，出流水以PFBA為主，污泥以PFOA為主。紡織廠鄰近地下水(15個樣品)皆有測得全氟化物，濃度分別為PFOA 44.3±52.2 ng/L、PFOS 38.1±53.1 ng/L、PFNA 16.7±35.5 ng/L及PFBA 26.6±15.1 ng/L，由於長鏈全氟化物在紡織廠附近地下水相對濃度較高，此累積現象顯示紡織廠曾經在製程中使用長鏈全氟化物。兩個河川底泥樣品中的濃度分別為PFOA 1.4±0.8 μg/kg、PFOS 1.4±0.7 μg/kg、PFNA 1.2±0.5 μg/kg及PFBA 14.6±3.9 μg/kg，顯示廢水與底泥皆以PFBA含量為主，更加確認了紡織業近年來使用短鏈的PFBA作為替代長鏈全氟化物的化學藥劑。
全氟化物在污泥中平均log Koc大小順序為PFOS > PFNA ≒ PFOA > PFBA，與全氟化物的辛醇–水分配係數(log Kow).具有相似趨勢，在底泥中平均log Koc大小順序為PFOS > PFBA > PFNA > PFOA，由於污泥的總有機碳含量(19.4% ~ 38.7%)遠高於底泥總有機碳含量(2.1% ~ 4.2%)，顯示總有機碳含量主宰了污泥樣品中全氟化物的分配行為，而底泥樣品中PFBA的吸附高於其它PFAAs，推測底泥中的礦物有可能亦貢獻顯著PFBA吸附量。此外，污泥孔隙水中溶解性有機碳含量越高，污泥樣品回收率越小，推測可能是紡織廢水中的界面活性劑貢獻溶解性有機碳含量，進一步增加了污泥上界面活性劑的含量，並在萃取污泥樣品的過程中，吸附在污泥上的界面活性劑可能與萃取溶劑競爭全氟化物，抑制全氟化物被溶劑萃取，導致污泥樣品回收率下降。

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are artificial organic chemicals. Due to their water and oil resistant properties, they are widely used in commercial and industrial applications. Water-repellent agents, which might contain PFAS, are used in textile manufacturing process to produce stain and water resistant fabrics. In this study, eight textile factories in Taiwan were monitored with four perfluoralkyl acids (PFAAs) belonging to PFAS. Three long-chain (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)), and one short-chain (perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA)) perfluoralkyl acids (PFAAs) were selected as the target compounds to investigate their occurrence in the textile wastewater treatment plants and neighboring water bodies. Organic carbon content was also monitored in order to understand its influence on PFAAs distribution between solid-liquid interface and the organic carbon normalized distribution coefficient (Koc) was calculated.
Comparing the PFAAs concentrations in influents (PFOA 40.2±47.6 ng/L, PFOS 5.1±3.0 ng/L, PFNA 8.3±9.0 ng/L, and PFBA 67.6±23.0 ng/L) with those in effluents (PFOA 61.6±87.7 ng/L, PFOS 1.7±1.8 ng/L, PFNA 8.9±15.3 ng/L, and PFBA 81.1±62.2 ng/L), it indicated that PFAAs could not be removed efficiently in the wastewater treatment processes. The textile wastewater effluent was inferred to be the PFAAs pollutant source in receiving waters. The PFAAs concentration in sludge (PFOA 101.8±190.3 μg/kg, PFOS 7.8±8.6 μg/kg, PFNA 38.1±70.4 μg/kg, and PFBA 16.5±10.9 μg/kg) suggested long-chain PFAAs tend to accumulate in sludge due to their high affinity to solid phases. The results shown PFBA was the main composition in the effluents and PFOA was the main composition in sludge.
All 15 groundwater samples were detected with PFAAs (PFOA 44.3±52.2 ng/L, PFOS 38.1±53.1 ng/L, PFNA 16.7±35.5 ng/L, and PFBA 26.6±15.1 ng/L). The long-chain PFAAs accumulated in the groundwater nearby the textile factories, indicating that the textile manufacturers had used long-chain PFAAs in the manufacturing process. The PFAAs concentrations in two sediment samples were PFOA 1.4±0.8 μg/kg, PFOS 1.4±0.7 μg/kg, PFNA 1.2±0.5 μg/kg, and PFBA 14.6±3.9 μg/kg. PFBA was the main PFAAs in both wastewater and sediment samples suggesting it has been used as a substitute in textile manufacturing process.
The order of log Koc was PFOS > PFNA ≒ PFOA > PFBA in sludge and was PFOS > PFBA > PFNA > PFOA in sediment. The trend observed in sludge was corresponded to PFAAs’ octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) which was due to higher organic carbon content in sludge (SOC 19.4% ~ 38.7%) than that in sediment (SOC 2.1% ~ 4.2%). SOC strongly affected PFAAs sorption on sludge. The increasing dissolved organic carbons (DOC) in pore water of sludge decreased the recovery rates of sludge samples. Surfactants were speculated to be the major contributor to DOC. The increasing surfactants in pore water increased the sorbed surfactants on sludge. The sorbed surfactants on sludge were speculated to compete PFAAs with extraction solvent during extraction.

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