墓葬考古學是藉著墓葬習俗，從死者本身、處理屍體方式、葬制、葬姿、陪葬品以及墓葬的空間佈置等一系列文化行為，進一步探討社會結構與社會關係等議題。墓葬習俗與社會文化息息相關；陪葬品常被認為是直接反映死者的社會建構；而死者遺體則是能直接表現文化行為與墓主狀態的考古材料，三者可發現墓葬的文化面、物質面以及生物面的複雜性。此外，墓葬的文化行為以及死者本身常被作為「族群」討論對象。現今社群研究指出社群是某種文化情境、文化行為、互動關係或社會制度等各種因素所形成的群體。也因此墓葬習俗與死者骨骼為討論社會差異化的最佳材料。
本研究試圖以臺北八里的十三行遺址出土之墓葬及陪葬品作為研究對象，從出土300具墓葬中篩選出可辨識葬姿個體共149具，分析十三行遺址中埋葬行為、體質特徵的差異，試圖了解十三行埋葬行為中可能存在的社會差異化情形。從陪葬品資料的梳理，不同葬姿存在特定的陪葬品組合，性別及年齡並沒有在墓葬屬性中有特別的傾向。在葬姿與其他墓葬屬性、陪葬品與體質特徵的相關性檢定中，顯示了特定相關性的存在，如十三行遺址墓葬中葬姿與頭軸向確實存在固定規律；左右側屈肢葬亦與長期勞動特徵相關，暗示左、右側屈肢葬的個體透過不同的工作型態來反映其社會角色的不同。而墓葬空間分布中，不同葬姿、頭軸向的個體似乎有意區隔主流葬姿及頭軸向的個體。綜上所述，十三行遺址確實存在不同的社會差異如左、右側屈肢葬的勞動角色差異以及側身屈肢葬與其他葬姿的埋葬行為差異暗示不同文化群體的存在。

Funerary archaeology aims to understand how human beings organized and differentiated themselves throught burial practice, the treatment of the dead, burial position, burial goods and location. It is assumed burial practice can reflect human culture, and burial goods are considered as the proxy of the social position of the dead. In addition, skeleton remain can be used to understand how culture behaviours shape human bones over a life time. Therefore, burial studies should include cultural practice, culture goods and human remains in order to grasps a comprehensive understanding of the past.
The archaeological site of Shihsanhang can be dated to the iron period (between 1800 B.P. to 500 B.P.) A total of 300 burials were found from the site. However, only 149 burials have identifiable burial positions required for present study. In current research, Fisher exact tests were used as the methodology to examine burial variables, including burial positions, head orientations, burial goods and physical treats observed from the skeleton remains. The aim is attempting to understand social differentiation behind burial and other culture behaviours.
The result demonstrates that burial goods bear no direct relation with the different positions, age or sex. Head orientations are related to burial positions, and certain pathological condition (such as bony spurs) are associated with the flexed burials. In short, the current result implies that the site exists social differentiation on social positions and groups.

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