為實現燃燒與能源應用的可持續發展目標，研究人員一直致力於優化燃燒系統的效率與污染排放性能。燃燒系統的最佳化過程通常依賴大量的實驗或數值模擬分析。然而，效率和污染物排放是相互矛盾的，導致最佳化過程需要投入更多的時間與成本。本研究旨在應用基於替代模型最佳化(Surrogate-based optimization, SBO)方法，主要結合克里金模型(Kriging model, KM)和基因演算法(Genetic algorithm, GA)，對具有潛力的導引式預混甲烷衝擊噴流火焰(Piloted premixed methane impinging jet flame, PPMIJF)進行操作參數最佳化。此外，隨著全世界對於淨零碳排的重視，在PPMIJF中添加無碳燃料-氨氣進行探討與分析。
SBO的結果表明，最終建構的KM對於每個目標函數(熱效率、可用能效率，NO¬X和CO排放)的預測能力是可靠的。KM結合GA方法能夠有效地找出各自和綜合目標函數的最佳解，這表示可以找出高效率、低污染，以及兼顧效率與低污染排放的最佳操作參數。此外，KM的敏感性分析表明了，中心當量比對於每個目標函數的影響程度皆是最大的，遠大於其餘的操作參數。PPMIJF的熱效率、可用能效率以及CO排放隨著中心當量比增加而提升。NO¬X排放則在化學計量比條件達到峰值，由於最高的火焰溫度。PPMIJF的NO¬X排放，有90%是由熱式 (Thermal) NO和瞬式 (Prompt) NO形成路徑所貢獻的，並且由熱式NO路徑主導。此外，還探討噴嘴至平板距離的影響，適當的距離能夠進一步提升PPMIJF的效率，以及減少污染物排放。
導引式預混甲烷-氨氣衝擊噴流火焰(Piloted premixed methane-ammonia impinging jet flame, PPMAIJF)的結果表明，在相同的總輸入功率和中心當量比情況下，氨氣添加量對熱效率和可用能效率的影響幾乎沒有明顯的變化。隨著氨氣添加量的增加，CO排放減少，NOX排放則迅速地提升。NOX排放在氨氣添加40%時達到最大值，隨後出現減少趨勢，由於NHi路徑消耗更多的NO。在固定相同的總輸入功率與氨氣添加量之情況下，隨著中心當量比的增加，提升了PPMAIJF的熱效率、可用能效率，以及CO排放。此外，還發現火焰錐尖端靠近或已接觸到衝擊板的情況，進一步提升了可用能效率，以及產生較多的CO排放。NOX排放在中心當量比為 0.8 時達到最大值，進一步增加至化學計量與富燃料條件，NOX排放迅速地下降，這主要歸因於HNO路徑的NO形成速率降低和NHi路徑的NO消耗速率加快。對於PPMAIJF的NOX排放，主要由NHi和HNO形成路徑主導，熱式NO形成路徑對其影響很小。在致力於達成淨零碳排放目標的情況下，PPMAIJF 在相同總輸入功率下，可以大幅減少 CO2 排放，同時保持與 PPMIJF 相似的效率。本研究為燃燒系統的操作最佳化提供一個有效率的方法框架及策略，並且提供氨氣添加對PPMIJF的性能影響，這將有助於燃燒與能源應用的可持續發展。

Researchers have been committed to optimizing the efficiency and pollution emission performance of combustion systems to achieve the sustainable development goals of combustion and energy applications. The optimization process of combustion systems usually relies on analyzing a large number of experiments or numerical simulations. However, efficiency and pollutant emissions are contradictory, causing the optimization process to require more time and cost. This study aims to apply the surrogate-based optimization (SBO) method, mainly integrating the Kriging model (KM) and the genetic algorithm (GA), to conduct an optimization of operating parameters for the potential piloted premixed methane impinging jet flame (PPMIJF). In addition, as the world attaches great importance to net-zero carbon emissions, ammonia of carbon-free fuel is added to PPMIJF for analysis and exploration.
The SBO results show that the predictive ability of the finally constructed KM for each objective function (thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and NOX and CO emissions) is reliable. The method based on combining KM and GA can efficiently find the optimal solution for the respective and integrated objective functions. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of KM indicates that the center equivalence ratio has the most significant influence on each objective function, which is much greater than the other operating parameters. The thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and CO emissions of PPMIJF increase as the center equivalence ratio rises. NOX emission peaks at the stoichiometric condition due to the highest flame temperature. 90% of the NOx emissions from PPMIJF are contributed by thermal NO and prompt NO formation routes and are dominated by the thermal NO route. In addition, the impact of the nozzle-to-plate distance is also discussed. An appropriate distance can further enhance the efficiency of PPMIJF and reduce pollutant emissions.
The results of the piloted premixed methane-ammonia impinging jet flame (PPMAIJF) show that the effect of ammonia addition on thermal and exergy efficiency has almost no noticeable change at the same total input power and center equivalence ratio. CO emissions decrease, while NOX emissions increase sharply as the amount of ammonia added increases. NOX emissions reach the maximum value when ammonia is added at 40% and then show a decreasing trend due to the NHi route consuming more NO. At the same conditions of the total input power and ammonia addition amount, the thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and CO emissions increase as the center equivalence ratio increases. Furthermore, the flame cone tip is close to or in contact with the impinging plate, enhancing the exergy efficiency and producing more CO emissions. NOX emissions reach the maximum value when the center equivalence ratio is 0.8. Further increasing to stoichiometric and fuel-rich conditions, NOX emissions decrease sharply, mainly attributed to the reduced NO formation rate of the HNO route and the accelerated NO consumption rate of the NHi route. The fuel-NO formation route dominates NOX emissions for PPMAIJF, and the thermal NO route has minimal effect on them. Working towards net-zero carbon emissions targets, PPMAIJF can significantly reduce CO2 emissions while maintaining equivalent efficiency to PPMIJF at the same total input power. This study provides an efficient method framework and strategy for optimizing the operation of combustion systems and explores the effect of ammonia addition on the performance of PPMIJF, which will contribute to the sustainable development of combustion and energy applications.

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