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研究生：	盧志豪 Lu, Chih-Hao
論文名稱：	氧化鎢奈米材料製備及其應用於電致變色元件之研究 Study of tungsten oxide nanomaterials for electrochromic devices applications
指導教授：	洪敏雄 Hon, Min-Hsiung
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 材料科學及工程學系 Department of Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年：	2016
畢業學年度：	104
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	81
中文關鍵詞：	電致變色、六方晶相氧化鎢、奈米棒、奈米線、陣列、互補式元件
外文關鍵詞：	electrochromic, WO3 nanorods, W18O49 nanowire arrays, hydrothermal, solvothermal
相關次數：	點閱：125 下載：2
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由於環保意識的抬頭，使得智慧型節能的材料與技術獲得重視，電致變色材料的應用是近年來廣泛被學術界研究的一項節能光學元件技術，它可以被應用在建築節能管理系統與汽車玻璃上。智慧型玻璃在時尚感與節能等方面的應用前景受到了愈來愈多的關注。在變色材料的選擇上，與目前使用的非晶相與單斜晶相氧化鎢相比，六方晶相氧化鎢因其優異的結晶特性、特殊的穿隧結構以及結合奈米化所獲得的高比表面積等特性，被廣泛認為是具應用性之新世代電致變色材料。
本研究利用鎢酸鈉與氯化鈉混合水溶液為前驅物，自行設計壓力釜以水熱法合成氧化鎢奈米棒。研究中探討氯化鈉結構指向劑(capping agent)添加量對成長氧化鎢奈米棒之影響。發現添加5.4wt%氯化鈉可以得到均勻氧化鎢奈米棒結構。另外，發現固定鎢酸鈉4.7wt%、成長時間24hr、反應溫度180℃，滴定氯化氫控制pH值，可以分別獲得氧化鎢奈米棒束狀結構或均勻分開棒狀粉末；於XRD與TEM分析中得知合成之氧化鎢為六方晶體結構具c軸面[0002]優選成長方向；於BET分析中發現合成時間18hr之氧化鎢奈米棒擁有最高的比表面積值，此外成功的利用溶液蒸發自組裝的方式沉積氧化鎢奈米棒於ITO玻璃上，於電致變色著色態呈現深藍色且擁有極低光穿透率。
此外，透過鎢金屬薄膜輔助水熱法成長氧化鎢奈米棒陣列。由XRD與FE-SEM的分析結果顯示，藉由水熱法在200 oC進行8 h的水熱反應，透過鎢薄膜提供成核的位置且利用氯化鈉作為結構指向劑，可以獲得平均直徑22nm，長度240nm的單斜晶相氧化鎢奈米棒陣列。製備的電致變色元件於0.1V的驅動電壓下作用10s獲得最大對比度在632.8nm波段達到41.2%。
此外，利用溶熱法在不需要晶種層輔助的情況下直接於基材上成長少見的W18O49奈米線陣列，透過聚乙二醇(PEG)當作結構指向劑進而控制材料的尺寸並透過PEG的添加量合成奈米棒陣列來探討其成長機制，以其組裝的電致變色元件擁有高對比度(49.64%在632.8nm)、高電致變色壽命穩定度(>3000 CV cycles)，以及快速的響應速率，其著色態時間為7.9s，去色態為1.4s。
最後製備互補式電致變色元件，期望能夠將元件的性能最大化。實驗以六氯化鎢作為前驅物，利用溶熱法製備非化學計量比W18O49奈米線陣列，並藉由成長時間的參數探討奈米線形成機制以獲得均勻高比表面積的形貌，其電致變色元件的響應速率於著色態時間為10.8s，去色態為3.1s。其優異的結果歸因於高比表面積、特殊的穿隧結構以及特殊的非化學計量比特性。結合電鍍法製備普魯士藍做為對電極，更大幅的提升互補式元件的優勢，其對比度在632.8nm波段可達59.05%以及快速的響應速率，分別是著色態時間為6.9s，去色態為1.2s。突破了單一電致變色層的效能，使得互補式元件更具競爭性。

In this study, novel hexagonal WO3 nanorods were successfully prepared. The effects of pH and the amount of NaCl capping agent on the morphology of the WO3 nanorods were investigated. Uniform and regularly aligned WO3 nanorod films can be achieved by self-assembly in a drop coating process. Moreover, the electrochromic devices based on WO3 nanorods display a deep blue color and have a low transmittance (<2%) in the colored state.
Transparent crystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorod arrays as electrochromic layer were directly prepared on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glasses via a facile tungsten film-assisted hydrothermal process using an aqueous tungsten hexachloride solution. The nanowire arrays show an excellent electrochromic property in contrast and response time.
W18O49 nanowire arrays as effective electrochromic working electrodes were fabricated on seed-free FTO glasses through a facile solvothermal process. Uniform monoclinic W18O49 nanowire arrays can be obtained at 180oC for 5 h. In the assembled electrochromic device the W18O49 nanowire array films show a fast response and switching time, extracted for from 50% transmittance change of 10.8 s for coloration (tc) and 3.1 s for bleaching (tb), which surpasses current traditional devices using monoclinic tungsten oxide (WO3) as the electrochromic material. The reasons can be attributed to their large specific surface area, special tunnel structure and non-stoichiometry characteristics. A complementary electrochromic device combining the W18O49 nanowire arrays with Prussian blue film shows a higher optical contrast (59.05% at 632.8 nm) and a faster switching response with a coloration time of 6.9 s and a bleaching time of 1.2 s, superior to the single layer W18O49 nanowire device. The complementary device with excellent electrochromic performance demonstrates a great potential for practical application.

目錄
摘要	I
英文延伸摘要(EXTENDED ABSTRACT)	III
誌謝	IX
目錄	X
表目錄	XII
圖目錄	XIII
中英文名詞與符號對照表	XVIII
第一章 緒論	1
1-1簡介	1
第二章 理論基礎與文獻回顧	6
2-1變色材料	6
2-2 電致變色元件之變色原理與元件組成	8
2-3 氧化鎢電致變色材料	11
2-4 互補式電致變色元件	17
第三章 實驗方法與步驟	19
3-1實驗藥品與材料	20
3-2 水熱法壓力釜設備	22
3-3 合成六方晶相氧化鎢奈米棒	23
3-3-1 配置合成氧化鎢奈米棒前驅物	23
3-3-2改變酸鹼值環境	23
3-3-3改變氯化鈉添加比例	23
3-4 Sol-gel法製備氧化鎢晶種層	23
3-5 濺鍍法製備鎢膜薄晶種層	24
3-6 鎢薄膜輔助水熱法成長氧化鎢奈米棒陣列結構	24
3-7 溶熱法直接於FTO玻璃成長W18O49奈米棒陣列	24
3-8電鍍法製備普魯士藍薄膜用於互補式電致變色元件	24
3-9 材料分析與元件特性分析	25
3-9-1 X光繞射(XRD)分析	25
3-9-2 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)分析	25
3-9-3穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)分析	26
3-9-4比表面積測試儀(BET)分析	26
3-9-5紫外光/可見光光譜分析儀 (UV/Vis spectroscopy)	27
3-9-6電化學特性分析	27
第四章 結果與討論	29
4-1以水熱法製備新穎六方晶相氧化鎢奈米棒	29
4-1-1 pH值對成長氧化鎢奈米結構之影響與微結構分析	30
4-1-2氯化鈉對成長氧化鎢奈米結構之影響	33
4-1-3溶液蒸發自組裝方式於ITO玻璃上沉積奈米棒以構成薄膜	38
4-2 Sol-gel法製備氧化鎢薄膜輔助成長氧化鎢奈米棒陣列	41
4-3鎢金屬薄膜輔助成長氧化鎢奈米棒陣列	45
4-3-1以濺鍍法製備鎢金屬薄膜	46
4-3-2鎢金屬薄膜輔助成長氧化鎢奈米棒陣列與微結構分析	46
4-3-3鎢金屬薄膜輔助成長氧化鎢奈米棒陣列之電致變色性能	48
4-4溶熱法製備W18O49奈米線陣列	49
4-4-1 直接於基材成長W18O49奈米線陣列	49
4-4-2 W18O49奈米線陣列之微結構分析	50
4-4-3直接於FTO玻璃成長W18O49奈米棒/奈米線陣列結構之電致變色性能	54
4-5 W18O49奈米線陣列/普魯士藍互補式電致變色元件	58
4-5-1製備非化學計量比氧化鎢奈米線陣列與普魯士藍膜層	58
4-5-2非化學計量比氧化鎢奈米線陣列微結構分析	59
4-5-3非化學計量比氧化鎢奈米線陣列/普魯士藍互補式元件電致變色性能分析	62
第五章 結論	68
第六章 參考文獻	70
附錄	79


 
表目錄
Table 2-1 Comparison of three chromism materials	8
Table 2-2 Comparison of optical property under different heat reaction temperatures.	16
Table 2.3 Comparison of various electrochromic materials[34].	18
Table 3-1 The chemicals used in this study	20
Table 4-1 Surface area values of tungsten oxide nanostructure for different hydrothermal reation times	38

 
圖目錄
Fig. 1-1	Smart windows used in buildings with bleaching state (left) and coloration state (right) [1].	2
Fig. 1-2	Smart windows used in airplane.	4
Fig. 1-3	Smart windows used in car[2].	4
Fig. 2-1 A schematic of electrochromic device.	11
Fig. 2-2 Unit cell of crystalline tungsten oxide.	13
Fig. 2-3 SEM and TEM images.	15
Fig. 2-4 FESEM image of WO3 nanowires.	15
Fig. 2-5	(A) The structure of h-WO3 with c axis perpendicular to the  plane. (B) The structure of h-WO3 with c axis parallel to the plane. The figure also shows various Li intercalation sites possible in h-WO3 (hexagonal and square window, trigonal cavity).	17
Fig. 3-1 The flow chart of experiment for tungsten oxide nanomaterials and	19
their fabrication of the electrochromic devices.	19
Fig. 3-2	The optical images of the autoclave containing the stainless parts and Teflon parts.	22
Fig. 4-1	SEM images of hydrothermal products synthesized at pH (a) 0.1, (b) 1.0, (c)2.0, and (d)3.0	30
Fig. 4-2	XRD pattern of WO3 nanorods synthesized via a hydrothermal process at 180℃ for 24 h.	31
Fig.4-3 	SEM images of hydrothermal products synthesized with (a) 0 wt%, (b) 2.7wt%, (c) 5.4 wt%, and (d) 10.8 wt% of NaCl.	33
Fig.4-4 	XRD patterns of hydrothermal products synthesized with (a) 0 wt%, (b) 2.7 wt%, (c) 5.4 wt%, and (d) 10.8 wt% of NaCl.	34
Fig.4-5	(a), (b) TEM, (c) HRTEM images and (d) SAED pattern of hydrothermal  products synthesized with 5.4 wt% of NaCl.	35
Fig.4-6 SEM images of hydrothermal products synthesized with different hydrothermal reation times. (a) 3hr, (b) 6hr, (c) 12hr, (d) 18hr and (e) 24hr. …………………………………………………………………………..37
Fig.4-7 A schematic of drop coating with tungsten oxide nanorods.	39
Fig.4-8 	SEM image of WO3 nanorod after drop coating on ITO glass by using different solvents in the suspension. (a) alcohol, (b) acetone and (c) DI water.	40
Fig.4-9 	Color changes of the WO3 nanorod film: (a) the as-prepared film, (b) coloration at -2.5 V and (c) the transmittance spectra of the WO3 nanorod film recorded at -2.5V and +2.5 V.	41
Fig.4-10 SEM image of sol-gel WO3 thin film.	42
Fig.4-11 SEM image of solvothermal WO3 nanorod arrays.	42
Fig.4-12 (A) XRD of sol-gel WO3 thin film ; (B) XRD pattern of solvothermal WO3 nanorod arrays.	43
Fig. 4-13 Products of solvothermal synthesis.	44
Fig. 4-14 A schematic of tungsten oxide nano structure growth mechanism by seed layer assisted solvothermal reation.	45
Fig. 4-15 (a) OM images of W thin film deposited on FTO substrates in a chamber with a pressure of ~15 mtorr for 20mins. (b) OM images of W seed film on FTO glass after hydrothermal process. FESEM images of tungsten oxide nano structures synthesized on sputtered W film seed-coated FTO substrate. (c) top view, (d)cross-section. (e) hydrothermal grown for 8h at 200oC without NaCl. (f) XRD patterns of bare FTO glass and WO3 nanorod array prepared with NaCl.	47
Fig. 4-16	(a): Transmittance spectra of the bare FTO, W film coated on FTO and FTO with nanorod array WO3 film. (b): Switching time characteristics for nanorod array film measured at -0.1 V to 0.1V at 632.8 nm.	……………………………………………………………………………49
Fig.4-17 FESEM images of tungsten oxide nanorod/nanowire network arrays film deposited on FTO substrates by the solvothermal reaction at 180oC for 6hr with (a) 0 wt%, (b)1 wt%, (c) 3wt%, (d) 6wt% and (e) 10wt% PEG	……………………………………………………………………………..51
Fig.4-18	XRD patterns of tungsten oxide nanorod/nanowire network arrays synthesized via a solvothermal process with different ratio of PEG.	52
Fig.4-19	(a) Low-magnification TEM image, (B) higher-magnification TEM image showing the tungsten oxide nanowire growth with 6 wt% PEG, and (C) HRTEM images of the as-synthesized tungsten oxide nanowire. The inset in Figure 2B shows the SAED pattern taken from the nanowire.	53
Fig.4-20	A schematic illustration for the formation process of the tungsten oxide nanorod/nanowire under different solvothermal conditions.	54
Fig.4-21	(a) Photograph of bleached state electrochromic device after applying potential -3V for 5s. (b) Photograph of colored state electrochromic device after applying potential 3V for 5s. (c)transmittance spectra for the electrochromic device in the colored and bleached states.	55
Fig.4-22 C-V curves of the tungsten oxide nanowire arrays for the 3000 cycles and measured in LiClO4/PMMA/PC solution with a sweep rate of 100 mV s-1.	56
Fig.4-23	(a) Switching time characteristics for tungsten oxide nanorod network arrays film (WNRA) measured at -3 V to 3V at 632.8 nm.(b) Switching time characteristics for tungsten oxide nanowire network arrays film ( WNWA) measured at -0.1 V to 0.1V at 632.8 nm.	57
Fig.4-24	XRD patterns of (a) FTO substrate, (b) as-prepared W18O49 nanowire array	59
film after the solvothermal method at 180oC for 5h.	59
Fig.4-25	FESEM images of W18O49 nanowire arrays on FTO substrate via solvothermal synthesis at 180 ℃ for (a)0.5, (b)1, (c)2.5, and (d)5 h.	60
Fig.4-26	(a) and (b) FESEM images of W18O49 nanowire arrays on FTO substrate. (c) TEM image and (d) High resolution TEM image of a scraped W18O49 nanowire (NBDP as an insect).	61
Fig.4-27 A schematic of complementary device with the tungsten oxide nanowire and Prussian blue as the electrochromic layer.	62
Fig.4-28	(a) Photograph of bleached state electrochromic device after applying potential +3V for 10s. (b) Photograph of colored state electrochromic device after applying a potential a of -3V for 10s. (c) Transmittance spectra for the electrochromic device in the colored and bleached states.	63
Fig.4-29	Switching time characteristics for W18O49 nanowire arrays film measured at -3 V to 3V at 632.8 nm.	64
Fig.4-30	(a) Photograph of bleached state complementary electrochromic device after applying a potential of +3V for 10s. (b) Photograph of colored state electrochromic device after applying a potential of -3V for 10s. (c) Transmittance spectra for the electrochromic device in the colored and bleached states.	65
Fig.4-31 Switching time characteristics for W18O49 nanowire arrays film/Prussian blue measured at -3 V to 3V at 632.8 nm.	66
Fig.4-32	C-V curves of the complementary device for the different cycles measured in LiClO4/PMMA/PC solution with a sweep rate of 100 mV s-1.	……………………………………………………………………………67


                                    

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