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研究生： 黃德荃
Huang, Te-Chuan
論文名稱： 在STAR實驗中，質子質子對撞中J/psi粒子的產生與未來的探測器升級計劃
The production of J/psi meson in proton-proton collisions and future detector upgrades in the STAR experiment
指導教授： 楊毅
Yang, Yi
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 理學院 - 物理學系
Department of Physics
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 160
中文關鍵詞： STAR 、MTD 、Quarkonium 、J/psi 、Muonic atom 、Forward Silicon Tracker
外文關鍵詞： STAR, MTD, Quarkonium, J/psi, Muonic atom, Forward Silicon Tracker
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    • 在重離子對撞中產生的夸克偶素態是研究夸克膠子電漿態重要的 探針。在我們對夸克偶素在重離子對撞中生產抑制的結果做出闡釋之 前，我們必須對夸克偶素態的生產機制要有很好的了解。在這個領域， 有不少描述夸克偶素態的生產機制的理論模型，像是:Color Singlet Model、可以包含 Color Octet Mechanism 的非相對論性量子色動力學(NRQCD)、以及基於 NRQCD 框架使用 Color Glass Condensate 的描述 等等。對夸克偶素態的譜在不同橫向動量下的精準量測，能幫助我們 測試模型，對夸克偶素的生產機制有更深入的了解。重離子對撞的特 殊環境也可能提供生產一些自然界中不常見的粒子狀態的機會，像是 渺子原子。
    STAR 實驗是現今還在運行的重離子對撞實驗之一，它提供在空 間中很大的探測器覆蓋率，使我們可以研究 mid-rapidity 的夸克偶素 的生產，以及尋找渺子原子的環境。另外，為了增加 STAR 探測器 在 forward-rapidity 的探測能力，STAR 也將進行升級，稱之為 STAR Forward Upgrade 計畫。

    Quarkonium states produced in heavy-ion collisions serve as essential probes in studying the Quark-Gluon Plasma. It requires a good understanding of quarkonium production mechanism in p+p collisions when interpreting the observed quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions. There are several popular models on the market for describing quarkonium production, such as the Color Singlet Model, the Color Evaporation Model, the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) formalism including also the Color Octet Mechanism, and the Color Glass Condensate implemented with the NRQCD formalism. Precision measurements of quarkonium spectrum from low to high transverse momentum can provide important tests of the models and better understanding of the quarkonium production mechanism in p+p collisions. The unique environment in heavy-ion collisions may also provide the possibility to produce particle states that are not usually seen in nature such as the muonic atom.
    STAR is one of the running heavy-ion experiments in the world and provides a large acceptance coverage to study quarkonium production at mid- rapidity, and serve as a good detector for searching the muonic atom. To extend the coverage of particle detection, STAR experiment is also planning to upgrade its detectors, called the STAR Forward Upgrade Project.

    Abstract in Chinese i Abstract in English ii Acknowledgements iii Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Theory Reviews 3 2.1 The Standard Model of particle physics 3 2.2 Quarkonium states and the their production mechanism 6 2.3 Quantum Chromodynamics and Quark-gluon Plasma 11 3 Experimental Setup 14 3.1 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider 14 3.2 The STAR detector 15 3.3 Magnet System 16 3.4 Time Projection Chamber (TPC) 17 3.5 Time-of-Flight 19 3.6 Muon Telescope Detector (MTD) 20 4 Measurement of J/ψ production cross-section via the dimuon decay channel in p+p collision at √s=510 GeV 22 4.1 Data Samples 22 4.1.1 Datasets and muon candidates selections 22 4.1.2 Monte Carlo Samples 30 4.2 J/ψ invariant cross section 34 4.2.1 The J/ψ kinematic acceptance and the polarization envelope 37 4.2.2 The MTD geometry acceptance 39 4.2.3 Vertex finding efficiency in the MTD-dimuon triggered events 42 4.2.4 Single muon efficiencies 47 4.2.5 Closure test for the J/ψ efficiency correction 59 4.2.6 J/ψ signal extraction 65 4.2.7 VPD efficiency (εVPD) 66 4.2.8 Integrated luminosity 73 4.3 Systematic Uncertainty 75 4.3.1 Signal extraction 76 4.3.2 TPC tracking efficiency 78 4.3.3 MTD related efficiency 78 4.3.4 Muon identification 81 4.3.5 In-bunch pileup 83 4.3.6 Total uncertainties 92 4.4 Results 93 4.5 Conclusions 95 5 Construction and the cosmic ray test of the Event Plane Detector 99 5.1 Detector upgrades for the Phase II of Beam Energy Scan program at STAR 99 5.2 Detector design and the construction at The Ohio State University 101 5.2.1 Design 101 5.2.2 Construction 102 5.3 Cosmic ray test at The Ohio State University and Brookhaven National Lab 104 6 Simulation studies and assembly of the STAR Forward Silicon Tracker 110 6.1 The STAR Forward Upgrade 110 6.1.1 Physics motivation 110 6.1.2 Forward Silicon Tracker 111 6.2 Simulation of tracking performance 112 6.2.1 Simulation setups 112 6.2.2 Results 113 6.2.3 Future work 115 6.3 Construct the GEANT geometry model for FST 116 6.3.1 FST mechanical structure 116 6.3.2 Building the FST geometry 116 6.4 Detector assembly at TiDC 123 6.4.1 Assembly fixtures and reference points 123 6.4.2 Assembly of outer hybrid PCB 126 6.4.3 Assembly of outer and inner mechanical structure 129 6.4.4 Assembly of inner hybrid PCB 131 6.4.5 Quality control 131 7 Conclusions 135 References 136 Appendix A Search for the muonic atom in Au+Au collision at √sN N = 200 GeV 144 A.1 Data Samples 144 A.1.1 Datasets and track selections 144 A.1.2 Particle identification 146 A.1.3 Can we use the topological information from HFT? 153 A.2 Invariant mass reconstruction 155 A.2.1 Pairing muon with hadrons and background estimation 155 A.2.2 Decay position versus invariant mass 157 A.3 Results 158 A.3.1 Background subtraction 158

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