背景：新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 疫情自2019年底爆發以來，持續對全球造成影響。在新冠肺炎疫情期間，世界各國的國內疫情曾多次有趨於穩定的跡象，但每當公共防疫措施被取消，或新冠病毒的病毒株出現變異時，新冠肺炎確診個案數便會出現新的高峰。因此，維持防疫行為的執行在疾病預防和控制方面變得非常重要。

目的：本研究旨在描述新冠肺炎恐懼、對新冠肺炎訊息的信任以及在新冠肺炎疫情期間就醫民眾的防疫行為特徵，並探討這些因素之間的關聯。

方法：此為一橫斷面研究，於台灣使用網路調查的形式收集了205位在疫情期間至醫院就醫民眾的資料。所有參與者皆需填答其對於新冠肺炎的恐懼、對新冠肺炎訊息的信任和防疫行為的問題，並收集了參與者的人口學資料。卡方檢定以及t檢定用以檢驗不同研究變項分組之間的差異。此外，皮爾森相關用以探究關鍵變項之間的關聯，並使用結構方程模型 (SEM) 來檢驗這些關鍵變項之間的假設關聯路徑。

結果：新冠肺炎恐懼與對新冠肺炎訊息的信任 (r = 0.332)，以及新冠肺炎恐懼與防疫行為 (r = 0.269) 皆呈顯著正相關，對新冠肺炎訊息的信任與防疫行為呈顯著正相關 (r = 0.265)。結構方程模型的結果亦支持了三個關鍵變項的假設路徑方向，新冠肺炎恐懼可以顯著解釋防疫行為 (標準化係數 [β] = 0.182)，對新冠肺炎訊息的信任可以顯著解釋防疫行為 (標準化係數 [β] = 0.198)，對新冠肺炎訊息的信任可以顯著解釋新冠肺炎恐懼 (標準化係數 [β]= 0.329)。新冠肺炎恐懼對新冠肺炎訊息的信任與防疫行為之間的關聯有顯著的中介效果 (標準化係數 [β]= 0.06)。

結論：本研究的結果顯示，新冠肺炎恐懼和對新冠肺炎訊息信任是解釋新冠肺炎防疫行為的重要因素。此外，新冠肺炎恐懼中介了對訊息的信任與防疫行為之間的關係。為鼓勵至醫院就醫的民眾執行新冠肺炎防疫行為，應提供有關新冠肺炎疫情的嚴重性和民眾本身易感性的訊息，並應確保民眾了解採取建議防疫行為的好處。應密切監測並平衡由新冠肺炎訊息造成的恐懼，以促進該族群的防疫行為，同時不損害他們的心理健康。

關鍵字：新冠肺炎；防疫行為；恐懼；信任；訊息

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been affecting the world since its first outbreak at the end of 2019. Several times during this pandemic, COVID-19 situations in countries around the world appeared to stabilize, but whenever public restrictions were lifted or the coronavirus mutated, there was a new surge in COVID-19 cases. Therefore, maintaining protective behaviors has become very important in terms of disease prevention and control.

Aim: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of COVID-19 fear, trust in COVID-19 information, and protective behaviors among people seeking health care during COVID-19 and investigate the associations between these factors.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an online survey was conducted to collect data from 205 individuals who visited hospital during COVID-19 in Taiwan. All participants answered self-reported questions about their fear of COVID-19, trust in COVID-19 information and protective behaviors, and their demographic information were collected. Chi-square test and t-test were used to test for differences between different groups of study variables. Moreover, Pearson correlation was used to investigate the associations between key variables, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypothesized relationships between these key variables.

Results: COVID-19 fear was significantly positively associated with the trust in COVID-19 information (r = 0.332) and protective behavior (r = 0.269). The trust in COVID-19 information was significantly positively associated with protective behavior (r = 0.265). Moreover, the hypothesized directions of the three variables were supported in the results of SEM. Protective behaviors were significantly explained by COVID-19 fear (standardized coefficient [β]= 0.182) and trust in COVID-19 information (standardized coefficient [β] = 0.198). COVID-19 fear was significantly explained by trust in COVID-19 information (standardized coefficient [β]= 0.329). The association between trust in COVID-19 information and protective behavior was significantly mediated by fear of COVID-19 (standardized coefficient [β]= 0.06).

Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that COVID-19 fear and trust in COVID-19 information were significant factors explaining COVID-19 protective behavior. Moreover, the relation between trust in information and protective behavior was mediated by fear of COVID-19. To encourage the adoption of COVID-19 protective behaviors for people seeking healthcare in hospitals, information on the severity and susceptibility to COVID-19 should be provided and the benefits of taking recommended behaviors should be ensured. Fear caused by COVID-19 information should be monitored and balanced to promote protective behaviors in this population without compromising their mental health.

Keywords: COVID-19; protective behavior; fear, trust, information

Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020, Mar 27). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Int J Ment Health Addict, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Al-Dmour, H., Masa'deh, R., Salman, A., Abuhashesh, M., & Al-Dmour, R. (2020, Aug 19). Influence of Social Media Platforms on Public Health Protection Against the COVID-19 Pandemic via the Mediating Effects of Public Health Awareness and Behavioral Changes: Integrated Model. J Med Internet Res, 22(8), e19996. https://doi.org/10.2196/19996

Al-Dmour, H., Masa’deh, R. e., Salman, A., Abuhashesh, M., & Al-Dmour, R. (2020, 2020/8/19). Influence of Social Media Platforms on Public Health Protection Against the COVID-19 Pandemic via the Mediating Effects of Public Health Awareness and Behavioral Changes: Integrated Model. J Med Internet Res, 22(8), e19996. https://doi.org/10.2196/19996

Alimoradi, Z., Ohayon, M. M., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C. Y., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022, Mar 21). Fear of COVID-19 and its association with mental health-related factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open, 8(2), e73. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.26

Banerjee, D., Vaishnav, M., Rao, T. S., Raju, M., Dalal, P. K., Javed, A., Saha, G., Mishra, K. K., Kumar, V., & Jagiwala, M. P. (2020, Sep). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial health and well-being in South-Asian (World Psychiatric Association zone 16) countries: A systematic and advocacy review from the Indian Psychiatric Society. Indian J Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 3), S343-s353. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_1002_20

Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., Mobbs, D., Napper, L. E., Packer, D. J., Pennycook, G., Peters, E., Petty, R. E., Rand, D. G., Reicher, S. D., Schnall, S., Shariff, A., Skitka, L. J., Smith, S. S., Sunstein, C. R., Tabri, N., Tucker, J. A., Linden, S. v. d., Lange, P. v., Weeden, K. A., Wohl, M. J. A., Zaki, J., Zion, S. R., & Willer, R. (2020, 2020/05/01). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460-471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z

Betsch, C. (2020, 2020/05/01). How behavioural science data helps mitigate the COVID-19 crisis. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 438-438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0866-1

Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010, Nov). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: a review. Br J Health Psychol, 15(Pt 4), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826

Bowles, J., Larreguy, H., & Liu, S. (2020). Countering misinformation via WhatsApp: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe. PLoS One, 15(10), e0240005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240005

Chang, K. C., Hou, W. L., Pakpour, A. H., Lin, C. Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020a, Jul 11). Psychometric Testing of Three COVID-19-Related Scales Among People with Mental Illness. Int J Ment Health Addict, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00361-6

Chang, K. C., Strong, C., Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Lin, C. Y. (2020b, 2020/12/01/). Factors related to preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors among people with mental illness. J Formos Med Assoc, 119(12), 1772-1780. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.032

Chao, E., Chen, K. W., & Lee, S. H. (2021). Trends of anxiety and performance of preventive measures among Taiwanese citizens during COVID-19 pandemic [台灣公民面對新冠肺炎疫情初期之焦慮症狀與防疫作為之趨勢]. Taiwan J Public Health, 40(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.6288/tjph.202102_40(1).109115

Cirrincione, L., Plescia, F., Ledda, C., Rapisarda, V., Martorana, D., Moldovan, R. E., Theodoridou, K., & Cannizzaro, E. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevention and Protection Measures to Be Adopted at the Workplace. Sustainability, 12(9), 3603. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3603

Conner, M. (2015). Health Behaviors. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition) (pp. 582-587). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.14154-6
DataReportal. (2021). DIGITAL 2021 APRIL GLOBAL STATSHOT REPORT. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-april-global-statshot

Du, Q., Zhang, D., Hu, W., Li, X., Xia, Q., Wen, T., & Jia, H. (2021, 2021/04/01). Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review). Int J Mol Med, 47(4), 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864

Eysenbach, G. (2020, 2020/6/29). How to Fight an Infodemic: The Four Pillars of Infodemic Management. J Med Internet Res, 22(6), e21820. https://doi.org/10.2196/21820

Farooq, S., Tunmore, J., Ali, W., & Ayub, M. (2021). Suicide, self-harm and suicidal ideation during COVID-19: A systematic review [Review]. Psychiatry Research, 306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114228

Ferguson, N. (2007, 2007/04/01). Capturing human behaviour. Nature, 446(7137), 733-733. https://doi.org/10.1038/446733a

Flaxman, S., Mishra, S., Gandy, A., Unwin, H. J. T., Mellan, T. A., Coupland, H., Whittaker, C., Zhu, H., Berah, T., Eaton, J. W., Monod, M., Perez-Guzman, P. N., Schmit, N., Cilloni, L., Ainslie, K. E. C., Baguelin, M., Boonyasiri, A., Boyd, O., Cattarino, L., Cooper, L. V., Cucunubá, Z., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Dighe, A., Djaafara, B., Dorigatti, I., van Elsland, S. L., FitzJohn, R. G., Gaythorpe, K. A. M., Geidelberg, L., Grassly, N. C., Green, W. D., Hallett, T., Hamlet, A., Hinsley, W., Jeffrey, B., Knock, E., Laydon, D. J., Nedjati-Gilani, G., Nouvellet, P., Parag, K. V., Siveroni, I., Thompson, H. A., Verity, R., Volz, E., Walters, C. E., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Watson, O. J., Winskill, P., Xi, X., Walker, P. G. T., Ghani, A. C., Donnelly, C. A., Riley, S., Vollmer, M. A. C., Ferguson, N. M., Okell, L. C., Bhatt, S., & Imperial College, C.-R. T. (2020, 2020/08/01). Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe. Nature, 584(7820), 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7

Frieden, T. R., & Lee, C. T. (2020). Identifying and Interrupting Superspreading Events-Implications for Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(6), 1059-1066. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200495

Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355-357. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875

Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020, Apr 27). Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addict, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5

Hasannia, E., Mohammadzadeh, F., Tavakolizadeh, M., Davoudian, N., & Bay, M. (2021, October 1, 2021). Assessment of the anxiety level and trust in information resources among iranian health-care workers during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 [Original Article]. Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior, 4(4), 163-168. https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_68_21

Hesse, B. W., Nelson, D. E., Kreps, G. L., Croyle, R. T., Arora, N. K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2005). Trust and Sources of Health Information: The Impact of the Internet and Its Implications for Health Care Providers: Findings From the First Health Information National Trends Survey. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(22), 2618-2624. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.22.2618

Hopfer, S., Duong, H. T., Garcia, S., & Tanjasiri, S. P. (2021). Health Information Source Characteristics Matter: Adapting the Dissemination of an HPV Vaccine Intervention to Reach Latina and Vietnamese Women.

Hossain, M. A., Jahid, M. I. K., Hossain, K. M. A., Walton, L. M., Uddin, Z., Haque, M. O., Kabir, M. F., Arafat, S. M. Y., Sakel, M., Faruqui, R., & Hossain, Z. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and fear of COVID-19 during the Rapid Rise Period in Bangladesh. PLoS One, 15(9), e0239646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239646

Joffe, H. (1996, Sep). AIDS research and prevention: a social representational approach. Br J Med Psychol, 69 ( Pt 3), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1996.tb01863.x

Kasai, T. (2020). From the “new normal” to a “new future”: A sustainable response to COVID-19. The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100043

Ko, N.-Y., Lu, W.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Li, D.-J., Wang, P.-W., Hsu, S.-T., Chen, C.-C., Lin, Y.-H., Chang, Y.-P., & Yen, C.-F. (2020, 2020/07/01/). COVID-19-related information sources and psychological well-being: An online survey study in Taiwan. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 153-154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.019

Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., Watson, D., Forbes, M. K., Eaton, N. R., Ruggero, C. J., Simms, L. J., Widiger, T. A., Achenbach, T. M., Bach, B., Bagby, R. M., Bornovalova, M. A., Carpenter, W. T., Chmielewski, M., Cicero, D. C., Clark, L. A., Conway, C., DeClercq, B., DeYoung, C. G., Docherty, A. R., Drislane, L. E., First, M. B., Forbush, K. T., Hallquist, M., Haltigan, J. D., Hopwood, C. J., Ivanova, M. Y., Jonas, K. G., Latzman, R. D., Markon, K. E., Miller, J. D., Morey, L. C., Mullins-Sweatt, S. N., Ormel, J., Patalay, P., Patrick, C. J., Pincus, A. L., Regier, D. A., Reininghaus, U., Rescorla, L. A., Samuel, D. B., Sellbom, M., Shackman, A. J., Skodol, A., Slade, T., South, S. C., Sunderland, M., Tackett, J. L., Venables, N. C., Waldman, I. D., Waszczuk, M. A., Waugh, M. H., Wright, A. G. C., Zald, D. H., & Zimmermann, J. (2018, Oct). Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 282-293. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20566

Kucharski, A. J., Russell, T. W., Diamond, C., Liu, Y., Edmunds, J., Funk, S., Eggo, R. M., & Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, C.-w. g. (2020, 2020/05/01/). Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 553-558. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4

Kuo, Y.-J., Chen, Y.-P., Wang, H.-W., Liu, C.-h., Strong, C., Saffari, M., Ko, N.-Y., Lin, C.-Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021, 2021-December-17). Community Outbreak Moderates the Association Between COVID-19-Related Behaviors and COVID-19 Fear Among Older People: A One-Year Longitudinal Study in Taiwan [Original Research]. Frontiers in Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.756985

Lee, J. H., Lee, H., Kim, J. E., Moon, S. J., & Nam, E. W. (2021, Jan 5). Analysis of personal and national factors that influence depression in individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Global Health, 17(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00650-8

Li, X., & Liu, Q. (2020, Oct 9). Social Media Use, eHealth Literacy, Disease Knowledge, and Preventive Behaviors in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study on Chinese Netizens. J Med Internet Res, 22(10), e19684. https://doi.org/10.2196/19684

Lim, X. Y., Yap, A. C., Mahendran, R., & Yu, J. (2021). The interplay between anxiety, fear, protective behaviors, compassion, and resilience among older adults during a COVID-19 lockdown: a structural equation modeling study [Article]. Translational behavioral medicine, 11(5), 1172-1178. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa143

Lin, C. Y., Brostrom, A., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020, Sep). Investigating mediated effects of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 misunderstanding in the association between problematic social media use, psychological distress, and insomnia. Internet Interventions-the Application of Information Technology in Mental and Behavioural Health, 21(2214-7829 (Electronic)). https://doi.org/ARTN 10034510.1016/j.invent.2020.100345

Lunn, P. D., Belton, C. A., Lavin, C., McGowan, F. P., Timmons, S., & Robertson, D. A. (2020). Using Behavioral Science to help fight the Coronavirus. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.31.147
Mental Health Foundation. (2021). How to overcome fear and anxiety. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/How%20to...fear%20and%20anxiety.pdf

Molwus, J. J., Erdogan, B., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2013). Sample Size and Model Fit Indices for Structural Equation Modelling (SEM): The Case of Construction Management Research. In ICCREM 2013 (pp. 338-347). https://doi.org/doi:10.1061/9780784413135.032

National Institutes of Health. (2021, July 8, 2021). Antiviral Drugs That Are Approved or Under Evaluation for the Treatment of COVID-19. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/antiviral-therapy/summary-recommendations/

Nikopoulou, V. A., Holeva, V., Parlapani, E., Karamouzi, P., Voitsidis, P., Porfyri, G. N., Blekas, A., Papigkioti, K., Patsiala, S., & Diakogiannis, I. (2020, 2020/11/10). Mental Health Screening for COVID-19: a Proposed Cutoff Score for the Greek Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00414-w

Obar, J. A., & Wildman, S. (2015, Oct). Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue. Telecommunications policy, 39(9), 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.014

OECD. (2020). Transparency, communication and trust: The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new coronavirus. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/transparency-communication-and-trust-the-role-of-public-communication-in-responding-to-the-wave-of-disinformation-about-the-new-coronavirus-bef7ad6e/

Olagoke, A. A., Olagoke, O. O., & Hughes, A. M. (2020). Exposure to coronavirus news on mainstream media: The role of risk perceptions and depression. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), e12427. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12427

Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). "Pandemic fear" and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008

Palmer, K., Monaco, A., Kivipelto, M., Onder, G., Maggi, S., Michel, J. P., Prieto, R., Sykara, G., & Donde, S. (2020, Jul). The potential long-term impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on patients with non-communicable diseases in Europe: consequences for healthy ageing. Aging Clin Exp Res, 32(7), 1189-1194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01601-4

Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Voitsidis, P., Blekas, A., Gliatas, I., Porfyri, G. N., Golemis, A., Papadopoulou, K., Dimitriadou, A., Chatzigeorgiou, A. F., Bairachtari, V., Patsiala, S., Skoupra, M., Papigkioti, K., Kafetzopoulou, C., & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. Front Psychiatry, 11, 821. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00821

Person, B., Sy, F., Holton, K., Govert, B., Liang, A., Garza, B., Gould, D., Hickson, M., McDonald, M., Meijer, C., Smith, J., Veto, L., Williams, W., & Zauderer, L. (2004). Fear and Stigma: The Epidemic within the SARS Outbreak. Emerging Infectious Disease journal, 10(2), 358. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1002.030750

Raina MacIntyre, C., Costantino, V., & Chanmugam, A. (2021, Oct 8). The use of face masks during vaccine roll-out in New YorkCity and impact on epidemic control. Vaccine, 39(42), 6296-6301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.102

Sharma, M. K., Anand, N., Vishwakarma, A., Sahu, M., Thakur, P. C., Mondal, I., Singh, P., Sj, A., N, S., Biswas, A., R, A., John, N., Tapatrikar, A., & Murthy, K. D. (2020). Mental health issues mediate social media use in rumors: Implication for media based mental health literacy. Asian journal of psychiatry, 53, 102132-102132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102132

Shehan, J. N., Agarwal, P., O'Neil Danis, D., Ghulam-Smith, M., Bloom, J., Piraquive, J., Tracy, L. F., & Levi, J. R. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 on telemedicine practice patterns in outpatient otolaryngology [Article]. American Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103044

Shih, T.-J., & Lin, C.-Y. (2016, 2017/11/02). Developing Communication Strategies for Mitigating Actions Against Global Warming: Linking Framing and a Dual Processing Model. Environmental Communication, 11(6), 840-858. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2016.1154886

Shillair, R. (2020). Protection Motivation Theory. In The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology (pp. 1-3). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0188

Shultz, J. M., Cooper, J. L., Baingana, F., Oquendo, M. A., Espinel, Z., Althouse, B. M., Marcelin, L. H., Towers, S., Espinola, M., McCoy, C. B., Mazurik, L., Wainberg, M. L., Neria, Y., & Rechkemmer, A. (2016). The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak. Current psychiatry reports, 18(11), 104-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y

Şimşir, Z., Koç, H., Seki, T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A meta-analysis [Article in Press]. Death studies, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1889097

Steimer, T. (2002, Sep). The biology of fear- and anxiety-related behaviors. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 4(3), 231-249. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer

Steptoe, A., & Poole, L. (2015). Infectious Diseases: Psychosocial Aspects. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 32-36). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.14107-8

Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. (2022). COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) Taiwan Total Cases. https://sites.google.com/cdc.gov.tw/2019-ncov/taiwan?authuser=0
Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological bulletin, 141(6), 1178-1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729

Thakur, V., Bhola, S., Thakur, P., Patel, S. K. S., Kulshrestha, S., Ratho, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2022, 2022/04/01). Waves and variants of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the causes and effect of the COVID-19 catastrophe. Infection, 50(2), 309-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01734-2

Van Damme, W., & Van Lerberghe, W. (2000). Editorial: Epidemics and fear. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 5(8), 511-514. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00599.x

van der Weerd, W., Timmermans, D. R., Beaujean, D. J., Oudhoff, J., & van Steenbergen, J. E. (2011, Jul 19). Monitoring the level of government trust, risk perception and intention of the general public to adopt protective measures during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in The Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 11, 575. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-575

Wang, P.-W., Lu, W.-H., Ko, N.-Y., Chen, Y.-L., Li, D.-J., Chang, Y.-P., & Yen, C.-F. (2020). COVID-19-Related Information Sources and the Relationship With Confidence in People Coping with COVID-19: Facebook Survey Study in Taiwan. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(6), e20021-e20021. https://doi.org/10.2196/20021

Westerman, D., Spence, P. R., & Van Der Heide, B. (2014). Social Media as Information Source: Recency of Updates and Credibility of Information*. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12041

World Health Organization. (2020a). Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation

World Health Organization. (2020b). Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) Action Plan Guidance COVID-19 Preparedness and Response. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/risk-communication-and-community-engagement-(rcce)-action-plan-guidance

World Health Organization. (2020c). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020

World Health Organization. (2021a, 2 September 2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

World Health Organization. (2021b). COVID-19 cases surge in Africa, near first wave peak. https://www.afro.who.int/news/covid-19-cases-surge-africa-near-first-wave-peak

World Health Organization. (2021c). COVID-19 situation critical in WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Region. http://www.emro.who.int/media/news/covid-19-situation-critical-in-whos-eastern-mediterranean-region.html

World Health Organization. (2021d). COVID-19: 'new normal'. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information/covid-19-new-normal

World Health Organization. (2021e). Infection prevention and control during health care when coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is suspected or confirmed: Interim guidance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-IPC-2021.1

World Health Organization. (2021f). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/

World Health Organization. (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/

Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020, Dec 1). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J Affect Disord, 277, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001

朱育增, 石富元, 許筱稜, 吳宗樹, 胡賦強, & 金傳春. (2005). 由嚴重急性呼吸道症候群(SARS)2003年跨國流行疫情回顧院內感染預防措施. 疫情報導, 21(7), 477-498. https://doi.org/10.6524/eb.200507_21(7).0001

施琮仁. (2021). 新冠肺炎的日常防疫行為：媒體、情緒與風險認知的作用 [Preventive Measures as a New Lifestyle During and After COVID-19: The Interplay of Media, Emotions, and Risk Perception]. 新聞學研究(148), 153-196. https://doi.org/10.30386/mcr.202107.0017