近年來由於全球暖化、極端氣候等的出現，在2015年聯合國氣候變化大會(COP21)上通過巴黎協定後，各國為了達到協定目標，各國政府均開始重視能源政策的制定。過往許多文獻顯示在國家的尺度下進行能源消耗關聯比較，整體來說能耗量會受到國內各式總體因子的影響，然而在2016年國際能源署(IEA)的執行董事Fatih Birol提出，城市應該要是最主要的能源減量執行者，因為目前全球70億的人口中有54 %（2016）的人口住在城市中，而城市裡的人卻使用了全球三分之二的能源，製造了全球70% 的二氧化碳排放量，因此本研究將以城市作為研究單位，進行城市中能源消耗與都市內部總體因子之間的關聯性分析。與此同時許多研究中也指出，各地區的生活方式會因為不同的地理條件(如：氣候等)而產生影響，例如建築型式、服裝和飲食等，因此本研究的核心主題即在探討在城市所在的區域地理環境是否會對於城市能耗及都市內部因子之間的關聯性產生影響。
本研究以2015年有100萬人口以上的特大城市為研究對象，以東亞地區為研究範圍，包含中國、日本、韓國及臺灣四國共121個城市。首先整合過去相關研究，找出都市中對能耗影響的相關變數，透過收集人口、經濟和空間等各種指標因子在2005、2010及2015三年的數據資料，先進行不同年度能源消耗與城市中各變數的迴歸分析，再以城市的地理環境條件進行分群分析比較。
實證結果顯示，在綜合三個年度的城市樣本中，總人口數、人口密度、GDP、二三級產業分別佔比、住宅面積及綠地面積比例對於城市的能源消耗都是有顯著的影響的。而在地理環境條件分群的結果中，城市的能源消耗會因城市位於溫帶或熱帶地區而有不同的顯著影響因子，但在城市是否臨海的地理環境條件因子上對於城市中不同變數對能耗的產生並沒有顯著的影響差別。

Despite the relationship between energy consumption and the urban factors has been extensively studied in the past few years, however little attention has been paid to the cross-country comparison in the cities by their geographical location condition, which causes a great impact on the lifestyle for the local people, such as the type of buildings, the major industry of the city, and etc. This study established a regression model with several urban factors and energy consumption with consideration of the different groups of geographical location conditions. By collecting the dataset of East Asia cities, with over one million population in 2015, including 2005, 2010, and 2015 three years urban data. The findings suggest that the impact of urban factors on energy consumption varies between from city to city according to climate zone where the city located. Surprisingly, all kinds of urban factors, including the urban population, population density, the share of GDP in the industry sector, per capita income, and others, have a different level of impact from the cities located in the Tropical climate zone to Temperate climate zone. However, the other group comparison of geographical location condition, which is whether the city is a coastal city, didn’t show the significant influences on the relation between urban energy consumption and urban factors. The findings will be helpful for the formulation of relevant policies for urban planners and policy makers in different regions.

中文文獻
卓宥瑄. (2012). 探討都市型態與能源消耗二氧化碳排放量的關聯性. 臺北大學都市計劃研究所學位論文, 1-116.林孟瑤. (2010). 都市特性與耗能關係之研究.
林彥光. (2006). 都市型態與能源消費之關聯性研究-台灣地區實證分析. 長榮大學土地管理與開發研究所學位論文, 1-116.
袁順全, & 千懷遂. (2003). 能源消費與氣候關係的中美比較研究. 地理科學, 23(5), 629-634.
陳嘉基. (1987). 台灣地區建築氣候之研究: 建築用氣候分區及風氣象資料之整理. 碩士論文--國立成功大學建築研究所.
曾波, & 蘇曉燕. (2006). 中國產業結構成長中的能源消費特徵. 能源與環境(4), 2-4.
虞義華, 鄭新業, & 張莉. (2011). 經濟發展水準, 產業結構與碳排放強度. 經濟理論與經濟管理, 3, 72-81.
謝國風. (2009). 能源消耗, 經濟成長與二氧化碳排放關連性探討-以金磚四國為例. 成功大學經營管理碩士學位學程 (AMBA) 學位論文, 1-59.
英文文獻
Burton, E. (2002). Measuring urban compactness in UK towns and cities. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 29(2), 219-250.
Chen, H., Jia, B., & Lau, S. S. Y. (2008). Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities: Challenges of a rapid urbanized economy. Habitat International, 32(1), 28-40. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.06.005
Chen, Y., Li, X., Zheng, Y., Guan, Y., & Liu, X. (2011). Estimating the relationship between urban forms and energy consumption: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, 2005–2008. Landscape and Urban Planning, 102(1), 33-42. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.007
Cole, M. A., & Neumayer, E. (2004). Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution. Population and Environment, 26(1), 5-21.
Cuevas-Cubria, C., & Riwoe, D. (2006). Australian energy: national and state projections to 2029-30: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
Dti, U. K. (2007). Meeting the energy challenge: A white paper on energy. Department for Trade and Industry, Cm7124.
Feng, Z.-H., Zou, L.-L., & Wei, Y.-M. (2011). The impact of household consumption on energy use and CO2 emissions in China. Energy, 36(1), 656-670.
IPCC. (2014). The Fifth Assessment Report. Switzerland, Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change, IPCC.
Jo, H.-K., & McPherson, G. E. (1995). Carbon storage and flux in urban residential greenspace. Journal of Environmental Management, 45(2), 109-133.
Jumbe, C. B. (2004). Cointegration and causality between electricity consumption and GDP: empirical evidence from Malawi. Energy Economics, 26(1), 61-68.
Kraft, J., & Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 401-403.
Lariviere, I., & Lafrance, G. (1999). Modelling the electricity consumption of cities: effect of urban density. Energy Economics, 21(1), 53-66.
Liddle, B. (2004). Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact: using panel regressions and household decompositions to examine population and transport. Population and Environment, 26(1), 23-39.
Madlener, R., & Sunak, Y. (2011). Impacts of urbanization on urban structures and energy demand: What can we learn for urban energy planning and urbanization management? Sustainable Cities and Society, 1(1), 45-53. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2010.08.006
Mahmoud, N. H. (2006). Toxic effects of the synthetic food dye brilliant blue on liver, kidney and testes functions in rats. J Egypt Soc Toxicol, 34, 77-84.
MARSHALL, J. D. (2008). Reducing urban sprawl could play an important role in addressing climate change. Environmental science & technology, 42(9), 3133-3137.
Mindali, O., Raveh, A., & Salomon, I. (2004). Urban density and energy consumption: a new look at old statistics. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(2), 143-162. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2003.10.004
Newman, P. G., & Kenworthy, J. R. (1989). Cities and automobile dependence: An international sourcebook.
Pacione, M. (2009). Urban geography: A global perspective: Routledge.
Parikh, J., & Shukla, V. (1995). Urbanization, energy use and greenhouse effects in economic development.
Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression and behavioral science. Explanation and Prediction, 2.
Perkins, A., Hamnett, S., Pullen, S., Zito, R., & Trebilcock, D. (2009). Transport, housing and urban form: the life cycle energy consumption and emissions of city centre apartments compared with suburban dwellings. Urban Policy and Research, 27(4), 377-396.
Poumanyvong, P., & Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 434-444. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.029
Steemers, K. (2003). Energy and the city: density, buildings and transport. Energy and buildings, 35(1), 3-14.
Swan, L. G., & Ugursal, V. I. (2009). Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modeling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8), 1819-1835.
Yao, Y. (2011). Energy consumption and space density in urban area. Energy Procedia, 5, 895-899.
York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365. doi:10.1016/s0921-8009(03)00188-5
Zhang, C., & Lin, Y. (2012). Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China. Energy Policy, 49, 488-498.
其它
經濟部能源局：https://www.go-moea.tw/e-03.php
The UK Met Office, https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/
The World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/
UNPD, http://hdr.undp.org/
Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia
WUP, https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/