國內淨水廠主要水源為蓄水庫，而依據環保署監測資料顯示，主要水庫普遍有優養化現象。優養化現象造成藻類及其衍生性問題，已嚴重干擾淨水程序與飲用水水質。藻類會造成濾床阻塞，混凝劑量增加，餘氯衰減，生成異臭味，產生消毒副產物前質，增加配水管網後生長潛能等問題。這些問題同時因季節性優勢藻之大量繁殖而更形嚴重。傳統淨水程序對於藻類之控制，以添加前氧化劑，配合混凝沉澱程序為主。可利用之前氧化劑有氯、二氧化氯、臭氧與高錳酸鉀等，但前加氯有生成消毒副產物潛在危害。而使用前氧化劑應儘可能避免破壞藻體細胞，以降低釋出藻體內具毒性或臭味之有機物質之機會。因此，如何有效而安全地去除藻類，便值得深入探討。

　　本研究以臭氧及高錳酸鉀作為替代前氧化劑，進行模型廠與實驗室除藻試驗，主要目的在於探討此兩種前氧化劑對混凝除藻類之作用，及其對混凝除藻之影響。模型廠試驗以澄清湖原水為對象，利用兩套平行模型設備，進行前氧化劑對混凝除藻影嚮之試驗。實驗室則以含純藻之人工原水，分別進行臭氧與高錳酸鉀之氧化與混凝試驗，進一步探討臭氧與高錳酸鉀氧化去除藻體細胞之機制，同時期望實驗室結果與模型廠試驗結果，能相互驗證。

　　模型廠試驗結果，顯示臭氧與高錳酸鉀具有幫助混凝去除藻類之作用，兩種前氧化劑並存在有最適劑量。在前氧化作用下，三種觀察藻種中，以矽藻混凝去除率較高。另外，前臭氧作用對於混凝沉澱去除濁度與溶解性有機物，並未有明顯幫助，且前臭氧加量過大，藻類會釋出有機物而干擾混凝，以實驗設計法進行研究，亦有相同結果。然而前臭氧作用仍可降低水中THMFP及A254含量。而高錳酸鉀對混凝沉澱去除濁度與THMFP，同樣具有幫助，但對去除NPDOC，則無明顯助益。模型廠試驗平行比較前臭氧與高錳酸鉀混凝除藻之表現，發現以高錳酸鉀表現較優。

　　實驗室部分，結果顯示綠藻細胞隨臭氧加量之增加，表面界達電位絕對值變小。由電子顯微鏡觀察，表面細胞璧結構有破壞現象，而且臭氧加量增加，水中有機物及鉀離子釋出程度愈大。另外，單獨前臭氧對藻體沉降性之幫助有限，但臭氧對混凝去除藻體有明顯幫助，其間亦存有最適臭氧劑量。在前臭氧作用下，由藻體表面性質之改變及釋出胞外物之情況，推測對於藻體之混凝作用，應以吸附及電性中和為主要機制。

　　高錳酸鉀試驗方面，綠藻細胞表面界達電位絕對值，並不隨高錳酸鉀加量之增加而有太大變化。高錳酸鉀加量增加，水中有機物及鉀離子釋出程度亦不明顯。由釋出胞外物之分析及電子顯微鏡觀察，高錳酸鉀可促使藻體細胞沉降率提高，主要係由於高錳酸鉀誘導出之胞外物提供細胞凝聚，加上胞外物促使更多之MnO2膠體吸附，使藻體細胞比重增加，利於沉降所致。高錳酸鉀對混凝去除藻體，同樣有明顯幫助，其間亦存有最適加量。而添加高錳酸鉀後混凝之藻體細胞界達電位值，並無明顯變化，因此高錳酸鉀幫助混凝除藻機制，推測應以胞外物進行之吸附及架橋作用為主。

　　另外，於實驗室試驗中，發現當藻液中未有鈣離子存在時，臭氧混凝除藻之表現優於高錳酸鉀，但有鈣離子存在時，高錳酸鉀混凝除藻效益則優於臭氧。未有鈣離子時，臭氧因使細胞穩定性降低，因此臭氧混凝除藻效果優於高錳酸鉀。而後者之結果正驗證模型廠之試驗結果，亦即在硬水情況下，高錳酸鉀混凝除藻，係由於鈣離子在胞外物與MnO2膠體間進行架橋作用，而有較好混凝效果。

Abstract
　Reservoirs are the main source of drinking water in Taiwan. However, most reservoirs are eutrophic because of pollution by domestic sewage, farming and industrial wastewater. A continuing problem for Taiwan’s water treatment plant is the presence of algae in source water. Algae in drinking water supply can cause significant problems, such as tastes and odours, production of disinfection by-products (DBPs), obstruction to coagulation, and clogging of filter.
　
　Algae removal by conventional treatment is more difficult than removal of inorganic particle, due to their low specific density, motility, morphological characteristics, and negative surface charge. Pretreatment with oxidants are commonly used in drinking water treatment process to enhance algae removal. Numerous studies have showed that preoxidants such as ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, or permanganate can improve algae removal by coagulation and filtration processes. However, prechlorination may increase the alum dosage required for algae coagulation, and there are also problems of trihalomethanes (THMs) and other chlorinated organics.

　In this study, pilot and laboratory scale experiments were conducted to understand the effects of ozone and permanganate preoxidation on enhancing the coagulation of algae. Initial efforts were focused on comparing the effects on algae coagulation in pilot scale test. The observations in the pilot plant were further verified in the laboratory, and special attention was then paid to understand (1) the change and damage of algal cell surface by preoxidation, (2) the interactions between the algal cell and the preoxidants, and (3) the effect of preoxidation and calcium on algae coagulation.

　Initial results from pilot scale tests showed that both ozone and permanganate were capable of enhancing the coagulation removal of algae. Both preoxidants had an optimal dosage for algae coagulation. Although ozone preoxidation is beneficial to THMFP and A254 removal, the NPDOC in water was increased with increasing ozone dosages. This released NPDOC could inhibit the coagulation removal of algae and particulate. In contract, no significant NPDOC release was observed for permanganate preoxidation. Permanganate preoxidation was found to enhance the coagulation removal of turbidity and THMFP. On the parallel comparison in pilot test, permanganate preoxidation had a better performance than ozone in algae coagulation removal.

　Results from laboratory experiments showed that ozone was prone to cause the release of extracellular organic matter (EOM) into the bulk water and alter the cell wall structure. These may have detrimental effect on algae flocculation. While permanganate stressed cells to secrete EOM, which mainly remained on cell surface, and could facilitate the inclusion of MnO2 into algae floc, and improve its removal. In the presence of calcium, algae flocculation after permanganate preoxidation was more significant than the absence of calcium. However, algae flocculation was not enhanced in the presence of calcium after ozone preoxidation. This may be explained by the function of Ca2+ as a bridge between MnO2 and EOM. Generally speaking, permanganate preoxidation had a better performance than ozone on algae removal, similar to the finding of pilot scale tests.

　Based on the overall observations from this study, it is proposed that the effect of ozone preoxidation on algae coagulation is through cell surface charge neutralization, while permanagante is via EOM adsorption and bridging mechanism.

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