簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 徐維鴻
Hsu, Wei-Hung
論文名稱: 兩搭配性產品之單期最佳訂價與訂購量
Optimal pricing and ordering policies in a single-period environment with staple and accessory products
指導教授: 張秀雲
Chang, Hsiu-Yun
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 管理學院 - 工業與資訊管理學系
Department of Industrial and Information Management
論文出版年: 2006
畢業學年度: 94
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 83
中文關鍵詞: 訂價與訂購策略單期問題搭配性產品互補性質
外文關鍵詞: complementary property, pricing and inventory policy, accessory product, single-period problem
相關次數: 點閱:206下載:5
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  •   本研究考慮當一零售商銷售一組具有搭配性質之產品,在面對不確定的產品需求,且需求是同時與產品存貨水準以及價格有關的情形下,零售商的最佳訂價與訂購量。零售商銷售一項與主產品有關之互補(complementary)搭配性產品,且消費者會最大化期望效用,來選擇拜訪零售商並購買產品或放棄拜訪零售商並獲得外部購買效用(outside option),而外部購買效用為當消費者選擇放棄拜訪零售商時,所獲得之效用。消費者在考慮是否拜訪零售商時,會優先考慮主產品,並且在購得主產品之後才會進一步考量是否購買搭配性產品。
      本研究以一般化的分配,來建立模式並求解,雖然無法得到解析解,但是仍可以進一步對模式進行分析並獲得管理方面的意涵。在模式分析與數值分析的部分發現以下幾點的結果:一、當零售商捨棄了產品搭配的銷售方式,則主要產品的最佳訂購量會降低,最佳價格會升高。二、產品的主觀價值變異是影響價格的主要因素。三、消費者購買搭配性產品的意願提升,則主要產品的最佳訂購量會上升,最佳價格會下降。四、當模式中的參數改變,兩種產品的最佳訂購量的變動方向是相同的。

      This paper considers a firm's optimal price and inventory policy which sells a pair of matching products and faces uncertain demand that depends on both price and inventory level. The firm sells a staple product associated with a complementary accessory product, and consumers maximize the expected utility to choose whether to visit the firm for buying the products or to consume an exogenous outside option. The outside option represents the utility that the consumer receives when he forgoes the visit. By considering the staple product first, the consumer decides whether to visit the firm or not, and then he think of the buying accessory product after receiving the staple product successfully.
      The model is constructed to fit non-specific distribution. Although we can't obtain the analytical solution, we can analysis the model and obtain the management perspective by simplifying the specific function. Based on the numerical analysis, we find the following results: First, the optimal price of staple product will decrease and the optimal inventory level will increase when the retailer sells the staple product without the accessory product. Second, the variance of valuation is the primary factor of price. Third, as consumers' will of buying the accessory product augment, the optimal inventory level of staple product will increase and the price of staple product will decrease, even if the amount of consumers does not increase. Fourth, the optimal inventory level of two products will both increase or decrease when the parameters change.

    摘要 I Abstract II 誌謝 III 目錄 IV 表目錄 VI 圖目錄 VII 符號表 VIII 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機 2 1.2 研究目的 3 1.3 研究限制與架構 3 第二章 文獻探討 5 2.1 單期模式問題 5 2.1.1 傳統單期問題(報僮問題)的特性 5 2.1.2 傳統單期(報僮)模式 6 2.1.3 單期問題(報僮問題)之相關研究回顧 7 2.2 訂購與訂價策略 10 2.3 服務水準 12 2.4 主觀價值 13 2.5 互補產品 15 2.6 小結 17 第三章 最佳訂價與訂購策略 18 3.1 問題與環境描述 18 3.2 假設與符號定義 20 3.2.1 模式假設 20 3.2.2 符號定義 22 3.3 模式建立 23 3.4 函數特性分析 31 3.4.1 利潤函數之最佳解分析 31 3.4.2 搭配性產品對於主要產品最佳訂價與訂購量之影響 38 3.5 小結 48 第四章 數值範例與分析 49 4.1 範例分析 49 4.1.1 參數設定 49 4.1.2 範例求解 50 4.2 參數敏感度分析 58 4.2.1 主觀價值對於最佳訂價與訂購價的影響 58 4.2.2 產品互補性對於最佳訂購量與訂價的影響 64 4.2.3 外部購買效用對於最佳訂購量與訂價的影響 66 4.3 小結 67 第五章 結論與未來研究方向 68 參考文獻 70 附錄A 各項函數推導過程與證明 74 附錄B 凸性判定與Hessian矩陣之定義 81 附錄C 參數敏感度分析數據列表 83

    Baker, R. C. and Urban, T. L., A deterministic inventory system with an inventory-level-dependent demand rate. Journal of the Operational Research Society, (39), 823-831, (1988).

    Balakrishnan, A. et al., “Stack them high, let ‘em fly”: Lot-sizing policies when inventories stimulate demand. Management Science, (50), 630-644, (2004).

    Bashyam, S. and Fu, M. C., Optimization of (s,S) inventory systems with random lead times and a service level constraint. Management Science, (44), S243-S256, (1998).

    Bhaskaran, S. R. and Gilbert, S. M., Selling and leasing strategies for durable goods with complementary products. Management Science, (51), 1278-1290, (2005).

    Bitran, G. R. and Mondschein, S. V. Periodic pricing of seasonal products in retailing. Management Science, (43), 64-79, (1997).
    Carlton, D. W., . Market behavior with demand uncertainty and price inflexibility. American Economic Review, (68), 571-587, (1978).

    Chen, M. and Chen, Y., Production inventory problem with random point demand. Yugoslav Journal of operations research, (4), 35-44, (1994).

    Chien, T. W., Determining profit-maximizing production shipping policies in a one-to-one direct shipping, stochastic demand environment. European Journal of Operational Research, (64), 83-102, (1993).

    Dana, J. D., Competition in price and availability when availability is unobservable. RAND Journal of Economics, (32), 497-513, (2001).

    Dana, J. D. and Petruzzi, N. C., Note: The newsvendor model with endogenous demand. Management Science, (47), 1488-1497, (2001).

    Datta, T. K. and Pal, A. K, A note on an inventory model with inventory - level-dependent demand rate. Journal of the Operational Research Society, (41), 971-975, (1990).

    Deneckere, R. and Peck, J., Competition over price and service rate when demand is stochastic: A strategic analysis. RAND Journal of Economics, (26), 148-162, (1995).

    Ernst, R. and Powell, S. G., Optimal inventory policies under service-sensitive demand. European Journal of Operational Research, (87), 316-327, (1992).

    Emmons, H. and Gilbert, S. M., Note: The role of returns policies in pricing and inventory decision for catalogue goods. Management Science, (44), 276-283, (1998).

    Gabszewicz, J. et al., On price competition with complementary goods. Economics Letters, (70), 431-437, (2001).

    Hall, J.M. and Porteus, E. L., Customer service competition in capacitated systems. Manufacturing & Service operations management, (2), 144-165, (2000).

    Hillier, M. S., Component commonality in a multiple-period inventory model with service level constraints. International Journal of Production Research, (37), 2665-2683, (1999).

    Karmarkar, U. S., The multiperiod multilocation inventory problem. Operations Research, (29), 215-228, (1981).

    Karmarkar, U. S., The multi-location multi-period inventory problem: Bounds and Approximations. Management Science, (33), 86-94, (1987).

    Khouja, M., The newsboy problem under progressive multiple discounts. European Journal of Operational Research, (84), 458-466, (1995).

    Khouja, M., The single-period (news-vendor) problem: literature review and suggestions for future research. Omega, (27), 537-553, (1999).

    Lau, H. S. and Lau, H. L., The Newsboy Problem With Price-Dependent Demand Distribution. IIE Transaction, (20), 168-175, (1988).

    Lau, H. S. and Lau, H. L., A semi-analytical solution for a newsboy problem with mid-period replenishment. Journal of the Operational Research Society, (48), 1245-1253, (1997).

    Lau, H. S. and Lau, H. L., Decision models for single-period products with two ordering opportunities. International Journal of production economics, (55), 57-70, (1998).

    Lazear, E. P., Retailing pricing and clearance sales. American Economic Review, March, 14-32, (1986).

    Li, L., The role of inventory in delivery-time competition. Management Science, (38), 182-197, (1992).

    Lippman, S. A. and McCardle, K. F., The competitive newsboy. Operations Research, (45), 54-65, (1997).

    Mahajan, S. and Ryzin, G. V., Stocking under dynamic choice. Columbia University, New York, NY, (1999).

    Nambisan, S., Complementary product integration by high-technology new ventures: The role of initial technology strategy. Management Science, (48), 382-398, (2002).

    Petruzzi, N. C. and Dada, M., Pricing and the newsvendor problem: A review with extensions. Operations Research, (47), 183-194, (1999).

    Rogers, D. and Tsubakitani, S., Newsboy-style results for multi-echelon inventory problems: Backorders optimization with intermediate delays. Journal of the Operational Research Society, (42), 57-68, (1991).

    Rosenbaoum, B. A., Service level relationship in a multi-echelon inventory system. Management Science, (27), 926-945, (1981).

    Schwartz, B. L., A new approach to stockout penalties. Management Science, (12), 533-544, (1966).

    Schwartz, B. L., Optimal inventory policies in perturbed demand models. Management Science, (16), 509-518, (1970).

    Sengupta, S., Some approaches to complementary product strategy. Journal of Product Innovation Management, (15), 352-367, (1998).

    Smith, S. A. and Achabal, D. D., Clearance pricing and inventory policies for retail chain. Management Science, (44), 285-300, (1998).

    Smith, S. A. and Agrawal, N., Management of multi-item retail inventory systems with demand substitution. Operations Research, (48), 50-64, (2000).

    Shore, H., General approximate solutions for some common inventory models. Journal of the Operational Research Society, (37), 619-629, (1986).

    Stephen, G. N and Ariela, S., Linear and nonlinear programming. McGraw-Hill, (1996).

    Wang, Y. and Gerchak, Y., Supply chain coordination when demand is shelf-space dependent. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, (3), 82-87, (2001).

    Zhao, W. and Zheng Y. S., Optimal dynamic pricing for perishable assets with nonhomogeneous demand. Management Science, (46), 375-388, (2000).

    Zhang, C. and Mahajan, V., Development of optimal salesforce compensation plans for independent, complementary and substitutable products. International Journal of Research in Marketing, (12), 355-362, (1995).

    下載圖示 校內:立即公開
    校外:2006-07-11公開
    QR CODE