老樹是我們自然界中無形的資產，不僅有著重要的生物功能，同時也存在著許多重要的歷史意義。根據林務局對台灣老樹的調查當中，數量最多的老樹樹種為榕樹，多達1421棵。在台灣各地的老榕樹究竟是自然分布?還是有人為的影響? 在國立成功大學校園內，有多達150棵符合台南市老樹標準的珍貴老樹，所以本實驗希望以成大為老榕樹為一個特定區域老榕樹親緣關係的調查，再加上台灣各地區所取得的老榕樹樣本，透過遺傳分子標誌的技術，來探討台灣老榕樹間的親緣關係。微衛星序列是目前常用來建立物種親緣關係的分子標誌，本實驗利用已開發於榕屬植物的微衛星分子標誌(microsatellites)，篩選出具有可擴增性且穩定度高的分子標誌，將其引子進行螢光標定，配合自動化核酸片段分析技術，以獲得各個樣本的基因型資訊。實驗結果顯示，其中有10個高度辨別的微衛星標記能夠有效地分辨各個樣本，並且以不加權平均重方式(Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean, UPGMA)進行親緣關係圖分析，可將老榕樹分為兩組區域分布，分別位於台灣東北和西部。結果顯示人類的影響和自然屏障可能是老榕樹的基因流和遺傳分群結果的主要原因。本篇研究不僅幫助我們了解台灣老榕樹的遺傳親緣，也說明地理分布可能受人為的影響。未來若能在更多地區收集更多的樣品，可以更清楚地了解台灣老榕樹的遺傳親緣和地理分布的關係。

Old trees are intangible assets in our nature, not only have important biological functions, but also there are many important historical significances. According to the old tree survey of Forestry Bureau Council of Agriculture, the most number of old trees in Taiwan is banyan tree (Ficus microcarpa), which is up to 1421. The old banyan trees in Taiwan are of a natural distribution or a human impact?
In the National Cheng Kung University campuses, there are as many as 150 old banyan trees, which have reached the standard of precious old trees in Tainan City. It is hoped that through the technology of molecular genetic markers to verify the phylogenetic relationship among old banyan trees in Taiwan from the various regions including the campuses of National Cheng Kung University. Microsatellites are the common molecular markers used to establish a phylogenetic relationship of species. In this study, we used microsatellite markers previously developed in the Ficus genus to screen molecular markers with high transferability and high stability. Then, the analyses were performed using the primers labeled with fluorescent dyes and automated genetic analyzer to generate a unique genotypic profile for each sample. The results showed that the 10 highly discriminative microsatellite markers were able to distinguish the samples effectively, and the phylogenetic analysis was carried out by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) to divide the old banyan trees into 2 groups in the northeastern and western regions of Taiwan. The results also imply that human influence and natural barrier may be the main reason for gene flow and genetic clustering of old banyan trees. This study not only helps us to understand the genetic relatives of Taiwan banyan tree, but also shows that geographical distribution may be affected by human. In the future, if more areas to collect more samples, we can more clearly understand the genetic relationship between Taiwan's old banyan trees and their geographical distribution.

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Website:
Cultural Affairs of Taipei City Government (http://www.culture.gov.taipei/frontsite/tree/; accessed on 01/09/2016)

Agriculture Bureau of Taichung City Government (http://www.agriculture.taichung.gov.tw/; accessed on 01/09/2016)

Agriculture Bureau of Tainan City Government (http://oldtree.tainan.gov.tw/; accessed on 01/09/2016)

Agriculture Bureau of Hualien County Government (http://nature.hl.gov.tw/; accessed on 01/09/2016)