壬基酚及雙酚A廣泛使用於工業製程、農業和家庭消費性產品中，如造紙、紡織、塗料、農業用殺蟲劑、潤滑油、工業和家用清潔製品以及塑膠工業上的聚合物如聚碳酸酯和環氧樹脂等，許多研究證實雙酚A與壬基酚廣泛存在於環境介質、動物及人體組織中。由於雙酚A及壬基酚為已知的內分泌干擾物質，皆可累積於生物體，模擬正常的天然荷爾蒙進而干擾內分泌系統地正常運作，影響行為或性別分化等作用。因此本研究的目的為（一）針對台灣地區主要河川之水體、底泥及魚體中壬基酚及雙酚A之環境流布調查（二）評估環境中壬基酚和雙酚A與水質指標之相關性（三）建立環境中壬基酚和雙酚A之生物累積性和生物可利用性（四）依據壬基酚與雙酚A在環境中的生命週期，評估河川水體及底泥中壬基酚與雙酚A濃度與釋放源指標的相關性（五）分析工業、農業、家庭三方面對於河川水體及底泥中壬基酚與雙酚A濃度的貢獻度。
本研究於2009-2010年收集台灣16條主要河川中共98底泥樣本、48個魚體樣本以及43個水體樣本，並以液相層析串連式質譜儀檢測樣本中所含壬基酚與雙酚A的濃度。結果顯示所有底泥樣本皆可檢出壬基酚，其平均濃度（範圍）為3.40(0.01-27.26) mg/kg 乾重，其中以愛河最高；底泥樣本中雙酚A的平均濃度（範圍）為36.27 (0.68-156.90) μg/kg乾重，以二仁溪最高。至於魚體樣本中壬基酚的平均濃度（範圍）為304.7(108.8-700.1) μg/kg乾重，但魚體樣本中雙酚A檢出率僅47.9%，可檢出雙酚A之濃度範圍為2.60到110.65 μg/kg乾重。河川水體中壬基酚與雙酚A平均濃度(範圍)分別為0.43(0.02-3.94) μg/L和1.22(0.01-44.65) μg/L，皆以二仁溪最高。
本研究依據收集到的水質指標資料（水溫、酸鹼度、導電度、溶氧、生化需氧量、化學需氧量、懸浮微粒、大腸桿菌、氨氮、總有機碳、亞硝酸鹽氮…等）與環境中壬基酚與雙酚A濃度進行相關性分析，經以階段式複迴歸分析，顯示導電度、溶氧、懸浮微粒、大腸桿菌、總有機碳為顯著影響底泥中壬基酚濃度的因素且具高度相關(R2=0.757, P<0.001, N=82；YNP in all season of sediment=0.391X導電度-0.892XDO+1.429XTOC -0.358XSS+0.137XE. coli+3.839)；而底泥中雙酚A濃度則顯著與導電度、大腸桿菌、總有機碳具高度相關(R2=0.664, P<0.001, N=82；YBPA in all season of sediment=0.252X導電度+1.742XTOC+0.163XE. coli+2.170)。至於水體中壬基酚濃度經階段式複迴歸分析，顯示氨氮為顯著影響水體中壬基酚濃度的主要因素且為高度相關(R2=0.572, P<0.001, N=38；YNP in river water=0.478XNH3-N -0.650)；而水中雙酚A濃度亦顯示氨氮為顯著影響水體中雙酚A濃度的主要因素但為中度相關(R2=0.32, P<0.001, N=38；YBPA in river water=0.475XNH3-N -0.663)，依據本研究結果顯示台灣河川環境中壬基酚與雙酚A濃度偏高，可能受到某些河川水質指標之影響，而使壬基酚及雙酚A之分解程度降低。
進一步計算壬基酚及雙酚A生物累積性和生物-底泥累積係數，顯示不同魚種壬基酚BCF平均值(範圍)為2932(74-25992)，其中BCF最高的為石魚賓之25992，依魚類棲息特性區分底棲和浮游魚類，壬基酚其底棲之BCF(149.3-25992)高於浮游魚種(73.7-13914.7)；不同魚種雙酚A BCF平均值(範圍)為29(1-274)，但本研究41個魚體樣本雙酚A之BCF皆小於300，顯示雙酚A較不具有生物濃縮性，且浮游魚類與底棲魚類之BCF無統計上顯著差異。不同魚種壬基酚之BSAF平均值(範圍)為2.4(0.003-18.3)，其中BSAF最高的為苦花之18.3；不同魚種雙酚A BSAF平均值(範圍)為0.35(0.003-3.4)，其中BSAF最高的為吳郭魚之1.5，進一步以棲息特性(浮游魚類和底棲魚類)分組，比較兩者的BSAF差異，無論壬基酚和雙酚A底棲魚種之BSAF皆高於浮游魚種，顯示魚類棲息特性可能影響壬基酚與雙酚A在魚體內的累積情形。
全時期底泥中壬基酚濃度與流域人口數、河川流域垃圾產生量、河川流域塑膠垃圾產生量、和社區下水道許可排放量具有統計上顯著地中度正相關。此外，就工業污染的部分顯示底泥中壬基酚濃度與河川流域壬基酚正常使用量具有統計上顯著意義，呈現高度正相關。由以上可知，環境中壬基酚的釋放來源可能主要來自民生污染源和工業污染源之貢獻，但以工業污染源的貢獻較大。全時期底泥中雙酚A濃度與流域人口數、出生數、河川流域垃圾產生量、家庭現代化設備包括電腦擁有數、汽車擁有數和行動電話擁有數具有統計上顯著地中度正相關，僅河川流域塑膠垃圾產生量和社區下水道許可排放量具有高度正相關。此外，就工業污染的部分則是底泥中雙酚A濃度與列管之雙酚A相關產業之家數和廢水許可排放量具有統計上顯著意義，呈現中度正相關。由以上可知，環境中雙酚A的釋放來源可能主要來自民生污染源和工業污染源之貢獻。因此有必要加速規劃進行河川環境中壬基酚及雙酚A濃度調查，建立流布資料，以作為輔助毒性化學物質管制措施之依據。

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP) and Bisphenol A (BPA) are widely used in industrial, institutional, commercial, household applications and agricultural pesticides such as detergents, wetting and dispersing agents, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and flame retardants. Numerous researches reported that NP and BPA widely existed in different environmental media, animals and human tissues. Owing to endocrine disrupting characteristics, exposure of NP and BPA may disrupt female and male reproductive system, alter the development of the offspring and mimic the occurrence of natural hormones. The aims of this study are (1) to investigate the levels of NP and BPA in sediments and fishes and river water from sixteen principal rivers in Taiwan. (2) to evaluate a relationship between water quality index and the levels of NP and BPA in sediments and river water. (3) to calculate bioconcentration factor (BCF) and biota/sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of NP and BPA for fishes. (4) to evaluate a relationship between release sources and the levels of NP and BPA in sediments and river water of sixteen principal rivers via the fate and occurrence in different environment compartments. (5) to analyze contribution degree of NP and BPA release sources with industrial, agricultural and household applications.
98 sediments, 48 fish and 43 river water samples from sixteen principal rivers in Taiwan were collected during 2009-2010. NP and BPA in sediments, fishes and river water were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The mean (range) of NP in sediments were 3.40 (0.01 to 27.26) mg/kg dry weight. The highest NP levels were found in sediments samples collected from Love River. The mean (range) of BPA in sediments were 36.27(0.68-156.90) μg/kg dry weight. The highest BPA levels were found in sediments samples collected from the Erren River. The mean (range) of NP in all fish samples were 304.7 (108.8-700.1) μg/kg dry weight. In addition, the BPA were detected in 47.9% fish samples only, and raged from 2.60 to 110.65 μg/kg dry weight. The mean (range) of NP in river water samples were 0.43(0.02-3.94) μg/L. The mean (range) of BPA in river waters were 1.22(0.01-44.65) μg/L. The highest NP and BPA levels were found in sediments samples collected from Erren River. Water quality parameters including water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolvable oxygen(DO), biological oxygen demand(BOD), chemical oxygen demand(COD), suspended solids(SS), Escherichia coli(E. coli), Ammonia-nitrogen(NH3-N), total organic carbon(TOC), etc. were obtained from the water quality monitoring network. Stepwise multivariate analysis was used to assess their relationship. Five parameters , electrical conductivity, DO, SS, E. coli and TOC, were identified as significant factors affecting the NP levels in sediment.(R2=0.757, P<0.001, N=82；YNP in all season of sediment=0.391Xelectrical conductivity-0.892XDO+1.429XTOC-0.358XSS+ 0.137XE. coli+3.839)，Three parameters, electrical conductivity, E. coli and TOC, were identified as significant factors affecting the BPA levels in sediment.(R2=0.664, P<0.001, N=82；YBPA in all season of sediment=0.252Xelectrical conductivity+1.742XTOC+0.163XE. coli+2.170)，NH3-N were identified as significant factors affecting the NP and BPA levels in river water.(R2=0.572, P<0.001, N=38；YNP in river water=0.478XNH3-N-0.650；R2=0.32, P<0.001, N=38；YBPA in river water=0.475XNH3-N-0.663).
The BCF of NP in different fishes was ranged from 74 to 25992, and the highest BCF was found in Acrossocheilus paradoxus. Highest BCF of NP were found in demersal fish (149.3-25991.9) than pelagic fish (73.7-13914.7). The BCF of BPA in different fishes was ranged from 1 to 274, and the highest BCF was found in Megalops cyprinoides. The BSAF of NP in different fishes was ranged from 0.003 to 18.34 and the higher BSAF was found in Varicorhinus barbatulus. The BSAF of BPA in different fishes was ranged from 0.003 to 1.46, and the highest BSAF was found in Oreochromis niloticus niloticus.
NP in all sediments were moderately associated with population, waste output, plastics waste output, discharge amount of community’s sewer. Furthermore, NP in all sediments were highly associated with amount for industrial usage. On the other hand, BPA in all sediments were moderately or highly associated with population, number of births, waste output, plastics waste output, electronic equipment (car, computer and mobile phone), amount of community’s sewer discharge. BPA in all sediments were moderately associated with amount of BPA-related industry and theirs discharge amount. It is concluded that pollution sources are NP and BPA of domestic and industrial activities and not by agricultural activities.
According to the higher level of NP and BPA in sediments, fishes and river waters in sixteen principal rivers were found, the further pollution control and continuous investigation of NP and BPA in other principal rivers is needed.

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