成功大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	劉家全 Liu, Chia-Chuan
論文名稱：	台灣西南部泥火山泥漿及液體之生物地球化學特性及過程 Biogeochemical characters and processes of muds and liquids in the mud volcanoes of Southwestern Taiwan
指導教授：	簡錦樹 Jean, Jiin-Shuh
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	理學院 - 地球科學系 Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年：	2011
畢業學年度：	99
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	137
中文關鍵詞：	泥火山、砷、鐵、錳、嘉南平原、腐質物質、飽和指數、生物地球化學過程
外文關鍵詞：	Mud volcano, Arsenic, Iron, Manganese, Chianan plain, Humic substance, Saturation index, Biogeochemical processes
相關次數：	點閱：117 下載：10
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查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

本研究之目的為了解台灣西南部泥火山液體及固體之主要陰陽離子、微量元素及腐質酸濃度是否受到季節性降雨、水岩交互作用、微生物活動及區域地質構造之影響而有所變化。本研究採集了位於旗山斷層(烏山頂、新養女湖)、古亭坑背斜(小滾水、鹽水坑)及西部海岸平原(滾水坪、鯉魚山)等不同構造區泥火山包括泥火山之泥漿樣本，進行主要陰陽離子、腐質酸及微量元素之分析，結果顯示泥漿液體中高濃度之氯化鈉離子，顯示此區域為海洋沉積來源之環境。泥漿液體中主要陰陽離子及微量元素之分析結果顯示泥漿液體中砷之釋放可能與嘉南平原地下水中的砷有關聯。泥漿液體中大部分的微量元素濃度皆偏低，但是泥漿固體中砷、鐵、錳的濃度偏高，本研究推測腐質酸可能與這些微量元素結合而沉澱於泥漿固體中。而傅利葉轉換紅外線光譜儀(FT-IR)分析烏山頂及小滾水泥漿中腐質酸的可能官能基組成包括二級胺(secondary amines)、脲類(ureas)、氨基甲酸酯(urethanesm )、矽(silicon)等鍵結。經由泥火山泥漿液體的飽和指數(SI)計算台灣西南部泥火山液體中所有含砷礦物是未飽合狀態，而在鐵氧化礦物的分析上，所有泥火山液體中的針鐵礦都過飽和，而且碳酸鹽礦物的分析也顯示大部分泥火山泥漿液體中的白雲石都是過飽和的。包括碳酸鹽及鐵氧化礦物(FeOOH or Fe(OH)3)皆有可能為泥火山砷之潛在來源，由於泥火山液體中所有含砷礦物是未飽合狀態，而砷在脫水的液體及泥漿中懸浮，可能因為地下潛流及地表傳輸至嘉南平原的含水層而沉積下來。在還原環境下，砷可能自宿主礦物釋放出來(包括鐵及錳之氧化物/氫氧化物)，進而造成大面積的地下水污染。泥漿液體之地球化學分析顯示砷與鐵之濃度並沒有相關性(r=0.119, p=0.8485)，而液體中腐質酸及砷之濃度可以分成兩個群落，分別為含高濃度的砷及鐵(小滾水及滾水坪泥火山)及低濃度的砷及鐵(烏山頂、鹽水坑、新養女湖)。本研究的結果顯示影響泥火山的生物地球化學過程的因子可以分為(1)鈉離子的富集及鈣離子缺乏; (2)好氧菌及嗜鹽菌的存在; (3)厭氧菌的氧化還原作用。這些因子進一步影響了泥火山的地球化學變化，另外本研究也提出一概念模式(conceptual model)解釋泥火山區域砷的移動性過程。腐質物質可能與沉積物中微量元素的鍵結有重要作用。

The objectives of this study were to understand whether or not the major ions, trace elements, humic acids were affected by seasonal precipitations, water-rock interactions, microbial activity, and regional structural geology. In this study, fluid and mud samples collected from Chishan fault (Wushanting and Sinyangnyuhu mud volcanoes), Kutingkeng anticline (Hsiaokunshui and Yenshuikeng mud volcanoes), and coastal plain (Kunshuiping and Liyushan mud volcanoes) of southwestern Taiwan were characterized for major ions, humic substances (HS) and trace elements concentrations. High Na+ and Cl- concentrations in mud liquids indicated marine depositional source (rich in NaCl and MgCl). Concentrations of major ions and trace elements in mud volcanic fluids were analyzed to find out the possible linkage to elevated arsenic (As) concentrations in the Chianan plain groundwater. The trace element concentrations in the mud volcanic fluids were generally low, high concentrations of As, Fe, and Mn were observed in the mud samples. Humic substances may play an important role in binding with trace elements in muds. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra of HS from muds of Wushanting and Hsiaokunshui mud volcanoes showed the presence of possible functional groups of secondary amines, ureas, urethanesm, and silicon. Saturation index (SI) calculations indicated that both carbonates and oxide minerals acted as potential sinks for As in the mud volcanic muds. Arsenic in the dewatering fluids and muds may be transported by the subsurface flow and surface streams as suspended solids and eventually precipitated in the Chianan plain aquifers. Under reducing conditions, As may be released from the host minerals (such as Fe-and Mn-oxides/hydroxides), thereby causing widespread groundwater As pollution. The concentrations of As and ion in mud volcano fluids are not correlated (r=0.119, p=0.8485). The As and humic acid concentrations in mud volcano fluids can be divided two groups, they are high concentrations of As and iron in the Hsiaokunshui and Kunshuiping mud volcanoes, and low concentrations of As and iron in the Wushanting, Yenshuikeng and Sinyangnyuhu mud volcanoes.The biogeochemical process of mud volcanoes can be divided into (1) sodium enrichment and calcium deficiency; (2) the presence of aerobic and halophylic bacteria; (3) the redox role of anaerobic bacteria. These biogeochemical processes can affect the geochemical changes in the mud volcanoes. A conceptual model was proposed to explain the mobilization processes of As in the mud volcanoes.

                           目 錄                          頁數
封  面⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯I 考試合格證明⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯II摘  要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯III Abstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯IV  致  謝⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯V
目  錄⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯VI 表目錄⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯X圖目錄⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯XIII
第一章 緒論⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1 1-1 研究動機⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1  1-2 研究目的⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1  1-3 文獻回顧⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2 1-3-1 泥火山地質特性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2 1-3-2 台灣泥火山固、液、氣體之化學性質⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯3
1-3-3地 下水中砷的污染⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4  1-3-4 砷的吸附脫附行為⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5  1-3-5 微生物對於砷之氧化還原⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6
1-3-6 腐質酸之特性研究⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯6 1-4 研究範圍⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯8   1-5 研究區域之地質概述⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10  第二章 研究方法⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13
2-1 研究流程⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯13 2-2 泥漿樣本採集與各項化學分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14 
2-2-1 樣本採集及野外化學分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14
2-2-2 泥漿及液體之主要陰陽離子分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯15  2-2-3 氫氧同位素分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16
2-2-4 微量元素分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16
2-2-5 泥漿固體之吸附脫附試驗⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯17
2-2-6 泥漿液體之螢光強度與泥漿中腐質酸的萃取與分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯17
2-2-7 泥漿液體及固體之總有機碳分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯19
2-2-8 環境掃描式電子顯微鏡-能量分散X光光譜儀(ESEM-EDX)分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯19  2-3 微生物的培養與分離⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯20  2-3-1 光學及電子顯微鏡觀察⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯21 
2-3-2 分子生物學實驗所需器材、藥品及溶液之配製⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯21
2-3-3 菌種之DNA萃取、PCR(聚合酶連鎖反應)之16S rRNA 基因放大⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯22  2-3-4 膠電泳實驗⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯23
2-3-5 基因定序及細菌之親緣關係鑑定⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯23  2-3-6 菌種之生理特性測試⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯24  
2-4 各項軟體之應用及其分析結果代表之意義⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯24  
2-4-1 Statistica及Sigma plot之分析及其分析意義⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯24  2-4-2 Piper diagram之分析及其分析意義⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25  2-4-3 PHREEQC之分析及其分析意義⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25   2-4-4 KnowItAll之分析及其意義⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25
2-4-5 Spectrum之分析及其意義⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25 第三章 結果⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26  3-1 泥漿樣本之化學分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26
3-1-1 泥漿液體之主要陰陽離子及微量元素⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26
3-1-2 泥火山泥漿固體之化學成分分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯32  3-1-3 泥漿液體之同位素分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯41
3-1-4 泥漿氣體之主要成分分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯44
3-1-5 泥漿固體及液體之微量元素比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯45  3-1-6 泥漿固體之腐質酸及其官能基分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯47  3-2 微生物之分析鑑定⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55
3-2-1 好氧菌之鑑定⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55
3-2-2 好氧菌對於鹽度、pH、溫度之耐受性實驗⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯58  3-2-3 厭氧環境細菌之培養分離鑑定⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯62
3-2-4 硫酸還原速率分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯63
3-2-5 微生物硫酸還原反應下之產物分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯66
第四章 討論⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯68  4-1 泥火山泥漿液體之化學成分比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯68
4-2 泥火山泥漿液體之空間差異性比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯76
4-3 利用PHREEQC計算泥漿液體之礦物飽和指數⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯78  4-4 泥漿液體之化學成分對於泥火山環境之影響⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯79  
4-5 泥火山泥漿固體之時空差異性分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯83
4-6 泥火山泥漿固體微量元素之相關性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯89  4-7 泥火山泥漿液體中陰陽離子之吸附脫附效應⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯92
4-8 泥火山泥漿固體及液體中砷、鐵、腐質酸之相關性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯94
4-9 泥火山泥漿之生物地球化學過程⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯95
4-9-1 鈉離子的富集及鈣離子缺乏⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯97
4-9-2 好氧菌及嗜鹽菌的存在⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯98
4-9-3 厭氧菌的氧化還原作用⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯98
4-10 砷於泥火山泥漿傳輸至嘉南平原的可能傳輸模式⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯102
第五章 結論⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯105
參考文獻⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯108
附錄 表A. 2004年10月至2005年6月期間烏山頂及小滾水泥火山固體之主要陰陽離子、微量元素含量比較(a)烏山頂,(b)小滾水⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯123
附錄 表B. 2004年10月至2005年6月期間烏山頂及小滾水泥火山固體釋放於純水及自來水之主要陰陽離子含量比較(a)烏山頂, (b)小滾水⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯125
附錄 表C. 烏山頂泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸官能基組成(2007年WST1樣本)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯128
附錄 表D. 烏山頂泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸官能基組成(2007年     WST2樣本)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯131
附錄 表E.小滾水泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸官能基組成(2007年     HKS1,HKS2樣本) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯135
自述⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯136

                             表目錄                       頁數
表3-1-1 2004年10月至2005年6月期間烏山頂及小滾水泥火山液體之指標化學成分及主要陰陽離子、微量元素濃度比較 (a)烏山頂, (b)小滾水⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯27
表 3-1-2 2007年烏山頂及小滾水泥火山液體及崁頂地下水之指標化學成分及主要陰陽離子濃度比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯28
表3-1-3 2008年2月及2009年2至4月期間鹽水坑、鯉魚山、新養女湖、烏山頂、小滾水及滾水坪等泥火山泥漿液體之指標化學成分及主要陰陽離子濃度比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯30
表3-1-4 2008年2月及2009年2至4月期間鹽水坑、鯉魚山、新養女湖、烏山頂、小滾水及滾水坪等泥火山泥漿固體經微波消化後之總微量元素含量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯37
表3-1-5 2008及2009年2至4月期間鹽水坑、鯉魚山、新養女湖、烏山頂、小滾水及滾水坪等泥火山泥漿固體可淋溶之微量元素含量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯38
表3-1-6 2008及2009年2至4月期間鹽水坑、鯉魚山、新養女湖、烏山頂、小滾水及滾水坪等泥火山泥漿固體砷之分佈含量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯39   表3-1-7 2008及2009年2至4月期間鹽水坑、鯉魚山、新養女湖、烏山頂、小滾水及滾水坪等泥火山泥漿流體及固體之總有機碳含量比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯40
3-1-8 泥火山、溫泉泥漿液體及崁頂地下水之氫氧同位素濃度比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯42
表3-1-9 2007年3月烏山頂及小滾水泥火山之氣體成分組成比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯44
表3-1-10 2007年3月烏山頂及小滾水泥火山泥漿液體及固體可淋溶微量元素含量比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯46
表3-1-11 烏山頂泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸官能基組成(2007年WST1樣本)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯50
表3-1-12 烏山頂泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸官能基組成(2007年WST2樣本) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯52
表3-1-13 小滾水泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸官能基組成(2007年HKS1,HKS2樣本)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯54
表3-1-14 烏山頂與小滾水腐質酸官能基之異同比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯54
表3-2-1 於不同pH、鹽度、溫度實驗開始前，小滾水及烏山頂泥火山泥漿樣本原始加入之細菌量⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯59
表3-2-2 小滾水及烏山頂泥火山泥漿樣本於不同鹽度下培養三天後之細菌量(CFU/mL)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯60
表3-2-3 小滾水及烏山頂泥火山泥漿樣本於不同pH值下培養三天後之細菌量(CFU/mL)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯61
表3-2-4 小滾水與烏山頂泥火山泥漿樣本於不同溫度值下培養三天後之細菌量(CFU/mL)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯62
表3-2-5 利用硫酸還原培養基厭氧培養烏山頂泥火山Shewanella putrefaciens之硫酸根、亞硫酸根、硫化物、硝酸根、亞硝酸根等濃度之變化⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯64
表3-2-6 利用硫酸還原培養基厭氧培養烏山頂泥火山泥漿中Shewanella putrefaciens的硫酸根、亞硫酸根、硫化物、硝酸根、亞硝酸根之氧化還原速率⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯65
表4-1-1 台灣西南部泥火山泥漿液體及嘉南平原地下水之各項陰陽離子及微量元素濃度比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯71  表4-2-1 鹽水坑(YSK)、鯉魚山(LYS)、新養女湖(SYNH)、烏山頂(WST)、小滾水(HKS)、滾水坪(KSP)等泥火山之泥漿液體化學成分之空間差異性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯76
表4-3-1 利用PHREEQC計算泥漿液體之礦物飽和指數⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯79  表4-4-1 台灣西南部泥火山液體之各項指標化學成分及主要陰陽離子、微量元素濃度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯81
表4-4-2 台灣西南部泥火山泥漿液體之化學成分對於泥火山環境之影響⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯82  表4-4-3 泥火山泥漿液體中砷與指標化學成分之相關性分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯82  
表4-5-1 烏山頂及小滾水泥火山泥漿固體化學成分含量在2004年10月至2005年6月之時間差異性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯85
表4-5-2 烏山頂及小滾水泥火山泥漿固體化學成分含量在2004年10月至2005年6月之空間差異性⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯87
表4-8-1 泥火山泥漿固體及液體中的砷、鐵、腐質酸濃度比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯94
表4-9-1 本研究區域泥火山與泥漿溫泉之物理化學特性比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯96
表4-9-2 油氣演化階段劃分(修改自王將克等,2000)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯97
表4-9-3 利用硫酸還原培養基於好氧及厭養環境所培養鑑定之好氧及厭氧菌種名稱及形態⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯99
表4-9-4 利用硫酸還原培養基於好氧及厭養環境所培養鑑定之好氧及厭氧菌種的序列號碼⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯100


                         圖目錄                           頁數
圖1-1 研究區域--台灣西南部泥火山樣本之採樣區域⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯9
圖1-2 (a)烏山頂泥火山之泥漿錐, (b)泥漿噴口, (c)小滾水泥火山泥漿噴口⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯9
圖1-3 泥火山泥漿樣本的採樣方式(a)烏山頂,(b)小滾水⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10
圖1-4 旗山斷層沿線泥火山地表地質圖 (耿文溥, 1981) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11  圖1-5 旗山斷層沿線烏山頂泥火山地下岩層之地層電性探勘(Sung et al., 2010)⋯⋯12
圖2-1 本研究流程與架構⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14
圖3-1-1 烏山頂、小滾水泥火山泥漿液體及崁頂地下水之主要陰陽離子的水化趨勢(2007年)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯29
圖3-1-2 2008年2月及2009年2~4月鹽水坑、鯉魚山、新養女湖、烏山頂、小滾水、滾水坪等泥火山泥漿之主要陰陽離子的水化趨勢⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯31
圖3-1-3 烏山頂泥火山泥漿固體中鈉、銨、鉀、鎂、鈣、氯、硝酸、硫酸根離子濃度於不同季節中各採樣點之空間變化(2004~2005年)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯33
圖3-1-4 小滾水泥火山泥漿固體中鈉、銨、鉀、鎂、鈣、氯、硝酸、硫酸根離子濃度於不同季節中各採樣點之空間變化(2004~2005年)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯34
圖3-1-5 泥火山、溫泉泥漿液體及崁頂地下水之氫氧同位素分佈(2005年及2011年)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯43圖3-1-6 2007年3月烏山頂及小滾水泥火山之主要氣體成分分佈⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯44  圖3-1-7 烏山頂泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸與腐質酸標準品(Aldrich)之比較⋯⋯⋯47
圖3-1-8 小滾水泥火山泥漿固體萃取之腐質酸與腐質酸標準品(Aldrich)之比較⋯⋯⋯⋯47  圖3-2-1 格蘭氏染色之菌種型態(於1000倍光學顯微鏡下觀察) (a)格蘭氏陰性桿菌; (b) 格蘭氏陽性桿菌⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55
圖3-2-2 不同季節烏山頂泥火山泥漿固體微生物含量之比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯56
圖3-2-3 不同季節小滾水泥火山泥漿固體微生物含量之比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯56
圖3-2-4 小滾水及烏山頂泥火山泥漿菌種比對之親緣關係(好氧培養)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯57
圖3-2-5 烏山頂、小滾水、新養女湖泥火山泥漿微生物之親緣關係(厭氧培養)⋯⋯⋯⋯63  圖3-2-6 Shewanella putrefaciens於硫酸還原培養基中厭氧培養後之硫酸根、亞硫酸根、硫化物、硝酸根、亞硝酸根等濃度比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯64
圖3-2-7 利用硫酸還原培養基厭氧培養烏山頂泥火山泥漿中之Shewanella putrefaciens之硫酸根、亞硫酸根、硫化物、硝酸根、亞硝酸根等氧化還原速率⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯66
圖3-2-8 ESEM-EDX分析經過硫酸還原培養基厭氧培養Shewanella putrefaciens後之砷、鐵、硫沉澱物:(a)培養試管之黑色沉澱物; (b)環境掃描式電子顯微鏡影像; (c)經由EDX分析的元素含量(樣本經過鍍金處理)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯67    圖4-1-1 烏山頂及小滾水泥火山泥漿液體中Na/Cl之相關性(2004-2005年)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯70    圖4-1-2 台灣地區泥火山泥漿液體、嘉南平原、及全世界泥火山液體中陰陽離子之水化趨勢⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯72
圖4-1-3 台灣南部烏山頂、小滾水、滾水坪、鹽水坑泥火山及關子嶺泥漿液體主要陰陽離子之相關性(a) Na+ vs. Cl-, (b) 2Ca2+ vs. Cl-, (c) (Na++Ca2+) vs. Cl-、及(d) Total cations vs. Cl-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯72
圖4-1-4 鹽水坑、小滾水、烏山頂、滾水坪等泥火山泥漿液體及關子嶺泥漿液體砷、鐵、錳、鍶、硒離子之相關性 (a) As vs. Fe, (b) As vs. Mn, (c) As vs. Sr、及(d) As vs. Se⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯73
圖4-1-5 台灣泥火山液體氫氧同位素之比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯74
圖4-1-6 世界泥火山液體氫氧同位素之比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯75
圖4-6-1 泥火山泥漿固體之砷、錳、鋅、銅含量(mg/kgw)之相關性(2004至2005年)(a) 烏山頂, (b) 小滾水⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯90
圖4-6-2 2008年2月及2009年2至4月期間鹽水坑、鯉魚山、新養女湖、烏山頂、小滾水及滾水坪等泥火山泥漿經連續萃取試驗後之固體砷的分佈含量比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯91
圖4-7-1 不同季節下烏山頂泥火山泥漿液體原始所含之氯、鈉離子及泥漿固體釋放氯,鈉離子之比較(a)Na+, (b)Cl-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯92
圖4-7-2 不同季節下小滾水泥火山泥漿液體原始所含之氯,鈉離子及泥漿固體釋放氯,鈉離子之比較(a)Na+, (b)Cl-⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯93
圖4-8-1 泥火山泥漿液體中砷、鐵、腐質酸之相關性(a)砷-腐質酸;(b)砷-鐵⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯95
圖4-10-1 泥火山至嘉南平原地下水流流網圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯103
圖4-10-2 泥火山泥漿砷移動性的概念模式⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯104

                                    

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