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研究生： 林晏平
Lin, Yan-Ping
論文名稱： 酚醛樹脂化學活化製備之多孔性碳材在電雙層電容器之應用
Preparation of Porous Carbons from Chemical Activation of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins for Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
指導教授： 鄧熙聖
Teng, Hsi-Sheng
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 化學工程學系
Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年： 2014
畢業學年度： 102
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 115
中文關鍵詞： 電雙層電容器 、電化學電容器 、活性碳 、酚醛樹脂 、化學活化
外文關鍵詞： EDLC, activated carbon, phenol-formaldehyde resins, KOH activation, neutral solution
相關次數： 點閱：115  下載：6 
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    • 本研究利用氫氧化鉀化學活化之酚醛樹脂碳材來製備超級電容器，並探討化學活化條件對碳材結構及電容行為的影響。我們透過前氧化酚醛樹脂的步驟增加其交聯性，除了能提高活化後的碳材產率及孔隙度外，碳材產物上的氧官能基含量也有增加的跡象。在中性硫酸鈉電解液中，酚醛樹脂碳材PFR-140-800的電容值可高達236 F g-1，此高電容值主要是因為碳材的高表面積（2960 m2 g-1）及表面氧官能所能提供部份擬電容所致，此外，前氧化酚醛樹脂在碳材上產生的官能基並不僅限於碳材表面，也出現在深部的孔洞之中，此孔洞內部的氧官能基能改善碳電極的浸潤性(wettability)，降低電解質於孔洞內部的質傳阻力(Red)，使電解質更容易進入內部的微孔之中，提高表面積的使用率並進一步地提升電容器的能量密度。
    　　組成對稱性二極式超級電容器，在工作電位1.6 V下，最大比能量可高達21 kW kg-1 ; 在比功率為10 kW kg-1下，比能量可達12 Wh kg-1，且經20000圈的穩定性測試後，電容維持率仍保有92％，表示此酚醛樹脂碳材在超級電容器碳電極材料上的高適用性。

    Due to the low ion conductivity, neutral solutions applied in supercapacitors trend to show lower capacitances compared to other aqueous electrolytes, restricting its advantage of higher working voltage. In this work, porous carbons with high porosities prepared from phenol-formaldehyde resins with a sequence step of pre-oxidation followed by chemical activation method were tested in 1 M Na2SO4. The as prepared carbon showed a superior capacitive performance which is comparable to cells working under acidic and base electrolytes.

    The pre-oxidation step can reform the resins properties, favors the pore formations during the high temperature activation step, and enhances the containment of oxygen functionalities on carbon products. The oxidized functionalities on carbon surface not only provide parts of pseudocapacitance, but more importantly reform the wettability of inner-pore carbon surface, making electrolyte ions penetrate into inner pores easily and promote the utilization of charge storage surface. As a result, when assembled to symmetric cells, the carbon specimen PFR-140-800 reaches a high capacitance value of 236 F g-1, delivering a high energy density of 21 kW kg-1 with superior stability of 92 % capacitance retention after 20000 cycles of galvanostatic charge-discharge.

    中文摘要 .......................................... I 英文摘要 ............................................ II 誌 謝 ............................................ VII 本文目錄 ............................................. IX 表目錄 ........................................... XIV 圖目錄 ..................................... XV 本文目錄 第一章 緒論 1-1 超高電容器的介紹 ............................. 1 1-1-1 前言………………………………………………………… 1 1-1-2 超高電容器的發展與應用………………………………… 2 1-2 超高電容器的構成原件 ........................... 5 1-2-1 電化學電容器的電極材料……………………………………5 1-2-2 電化學電容器的電解液種類級隔離膜的選用………………7 1-3 多孔性活性碳的簡介與製備 ..................... 9 1-3-1 碳電極材料的特性…………………………………………9 1-3-2 碳前驅物的影響………………………………………………11 1-3-3 活性碳製造……………………………………………………12 1-3-3-1 碳化………………………………………………………12 1-3-3-2 物理活化…………………………………………………13 1-3-3-3 化學活化…………………………………………………13 1-4 研究動機 ...................................... 14 第二章 文獻回顧與理論說明 2-1 酚醛樹脂的介紹…………………………………………… 16 2-2 碳材的活化理論..................................19 2-2-1 化學活化 ................................... 19 2-2-2 前氧化處理 ................................... 21 2-3 酚醛樹脂碳材運用於超級電容器 ......................... 22 2-3-1 酚醛樹脂的改良 ............................. 22 2-3-2 傳統活化方式的探討 ............................ 24 2-3-3 混合型活化劑與基板的使用 ................... 25 2-4 碳材物性的分析 .................................. 27 2-4-1 吸附基本理論 ............................. 27 2-4-1.1 等溫吸附曲線 ............................ 27 2-4-1.2 BET等溫吸附模式 ......................... 30 2-4-1.3 D-R 等溫吸附模式 ................. 31 2-4-1.4 BJH理論 ......................... 31 2-4-1.5 密度泛函理論 ............................. 33 2-4-2 化學分析電子光譜儀 ........................ 34 2-4-3 掃描式電子顯微鏡 ......................... 35 2-5 電雙層電容器(EDLC) ………..................... 37 2-5-1 電容器簡介 ……….................... 37 2-5-2 平行板電容器 ............................ 38 2-5-3 電容器串聯 .................................. 40 2-5-4 電容器並聯 .................................. 41 2-5-5 二極式及三極式電容器 ....................... 43 2-6 電雙層的概念與結構 ................................. 45 2-6-1 電雙層原理 ............................. 45 2-6-2 Helmholtz電雙層模型 ..................... 45 2-6-3 Stern電雙層模型 ............................. 47 2-6-4 電雙層結構 .................................. 49 2-7 電化學測試方法 ................................... 50 2-7-1 循環伏安法 ................................ 50 2-7-2 電化學充放電 ............................. 52 2-7-3 交流阻抗理論 .............................. 53 2-7-3.1 電阻 ........................ 54 2-7-3.2 電容 ................................ 55 2-7-3.3 電阻電容串聯 ...................... 56 2-7-3.4 電阻電容並聯 ………………………..………………….57 第三章 實驗方法與設備 3-1 藥品、材料與儀器設備 .................... 59 3-1-1 藥品與材料 ............................. 59 3-1-2 儀器與實驗設備 .............................. 60 3-2 酚醛樹脂碳材的製備 ............................ 61 3-2-1 酚甲醛樹脂的製備 ............................. 61 3-2-2 酚醛樹脂的活化 ......................... 63 3-2-3 製備活化酚醛樹脂碳材複合奈米碳管 ............ 65 3-2-4 熱處理PFR-mt步驟 ........................ 65 3-3 樣品鑑定 ....................................... 66 3-3-1 SEM結構分析 ................................. 66 3-3-2 氮氣物裡吸脫附實驗 .......................... 66 3-3-3 XPS元素化學態分析 ........................... 67 3-3-4 四點探針導電度測試 ........................... 67 3-4 電容器組裝及電性測試 ......................... 68 3-4-1 電容器組裝 ........................... 68 3-4-2 循環伏安法 ................................ 69 3-4-3 定電流充放電 ........................... 69 3-4-4 交流阻抗分析 ............................... 69 第四章 結果與討論 4-1 化學活化酚醛樹脂碳材之物理性質分析 ……………....... 70 4-1-1 SEM外觀分析 .............................. 70 4-1-2 氮氣吸脫附結果分析 ......................... 74 4-1-3 XPS分析 ................................... 81 4-1-4 四點探針導電度分析.............................. 85 4-2 酚醛樹脂複合電極材料儲存電荷之行為 .................. 88 4-2-1 循環伏安法測試之分析與討論 ................... 88 4-2-2 三極式循環伏安測試 ........................... 88 4-2-3 二極式循環伏安測試 .......................... 91 4-2-4 定電流充放電分析 ………….............. 93 4-2-5 交流阻抗分析及討論 ....................... 97 4-3 超級電容器電化學行為表現 ......................... 100 4-4 文獻比較 .................................................................................. 103 第五章 結論 ................................. 105 參考文獻 .................................... 107

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