本研究探討青少年權威態度、偏差行為、創新行為之間關係，亦探討觀點取替、情緒調節、社會支持對以上關係之中介效果。本研究首先以質性調查探討臺灣青少年對權威的看法，以發展臺灣青少年權威態度量表，接著使用該量表測量青少年權威態度，並探討其與變項之間的關係。臺灣青少年權威態度量表共包含三個分量表：父親、母親、教師權威態度。每個分量表涵蓋了三個因素：專業與信服、友善與公平、自我與獨裁。個體量表作答分數越高，代表個體越認同生活中的權威角色。
　　本研究之樣本為1,498位臺灣青少年（710名男生、788名女生），其教育階段涵蓋國小至高中職。統計分析方法包含描述性統計（平均數、標準差、相關係數）、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、多元回歸，以及結構方程模式。研究結果如下：1. 除了國中階段女生的教師權威態度高於男生，其餘階段青少年對父親、母親與教師權威態度無性別差異。2. 青少年初期（國小）對父親、母親與教師權威態度高於青少年中期（國中、高中職）。3.父親、母親與教師權威態度各因素均與偏差行為呈顯著負相關；在父親、母親與教師權威態度中，「專業與信服、友善與公平」兩因素與創新行為呈顯著正相關。4.在權威態度與創新行為關係中，觀點取替與社會支持扮演著中介角色；但是在權威態度與偏差行為關係中，觀點取替與社會支持無中介效果。5.無論在權威態度與創新行為、權威態度與偏差行為的關係中，情緒調節均無中介效果。
　　本研究釐清臺灣青少年權威態度與其他變項之關係，在理論發展、研究方法與實務上均具貢獻性。本研究也對教育實踐與未來研究方向等面向提出具體建議。

The current study aims to investigate the relationship between attitude toward authority (AA), delinquency (DQ), and innovative behaviors (IB) in adolescents. Besides, the research examines the mediating effects of perspective taking (PT), emotion regulation (ER), and social support (SS) on the AA-DQ and AA-IB relationships. The study firstly conducted a qualitative inquiry to investigate Taiwanese adolescents’ definitions of AA. Afterward, based on the qualitative investigation, the researcher developed the Taiwanese Adolescents Attitude toward Authority Scale (TAAAS), which includes three subscales to measure adolescents’ attitude to father, mother, and teacher authority (AA-Father, AA-Mother, and AA-Teacher). Each subscale has three factors: “Professionalism and Convincement,” “Friendliness and Fairness,” and “Egotist and Autocracy.” A higher score in the TAAAS indicates that the respondents are likely to recognize authority figures in their lives. The study recruited 1,498 (710 boys and 788 girls) Taiwanese adolescents, and their educational stages range from primary schools to senior high schools.
Key findings are as follows: (a). Adolescents’ degrees of AA-Father, AA-Mother, and AA-Teachers do not differ in most educational stages regardless of boys and girls. The only exception is junior high school students; girls have higher AA-Teacher ratings than boys. (b). Students in early adolescence (elementary schools) have higher AA ratings than students in middle adolescence (junior high and senior/vocational high schools) do. (c). All factors of AA-Father, AA-Mother, and AA-Teacher are negatively correlated with DQ significantly; the factors “Professionalism and Convincement” and “Friendliness and Fairness” of AA-Father, AA-Mother, and AA-Teacher are positively correlated with IB significantly. Furthermore, (d). PT and SS have mediating effects on the AA-IB relationship but do not on the AA-DQ relationship. (e). ER does not play mediators in AA-DQ and AA-IB relationships.
　　The conduction of this study in Taiwan’s specific context helps contextualize the relationships among adolescents’ AA and other important variables, including DQ, IB, PT, ER, and SS. The study has theoretical, methodological, and practical contributions to the field and knowledge. Some educational implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Reference
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York, NY, USA: Harper & Brothers.
Agnew R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
Allgood, S. M., Beckert, T. E. & Peterson, C. (2012). The Role of Father Involvement in the Perceived Psychological Well-Being of Young Adult Daughters: A Retrospective Study. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 95-110.
Appu, A. V. & Sia, S. K. (2015). Organizational Social Support: A predictor of Employees Workplace Creativity. Annamalai International Journal of Business Studies & Research, 2015, 1-5.
Arendt, H. (1961). Between Past and Future. New York: The Viking Press, Inc.
Auyong, Z. G., Smith, S. & Ferguson, C. (2018). Girls in Gangs: Exploring Risk in a British Youth Context. Crime & Delinquency, 64(13), 1698-1717.
Baer, M. & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The Curvilinear Relation Between Experienced Creative Time Pressure and Creativity: Moderating Effects of Openness to Experience and Support for Creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 963-970.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Baron-Cohen, S & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175.
Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x
Berking, M., & Wupperman, P. (2012). Emotion regulation and mental health: Recent finding, current challenges, and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 128-134. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503669
Belacchi, C. & Farina, E. (2012). Feeling and Thinking of Others: Affective and Cognitive Empathy and Emotion Comprehension in prosocial/hostile Preschoolers. Aggressive Behavior, 38(2), 150-165.
Bieri, J. & Lobeck, R. (1959). Acceptance of authority and parental identification. Journal of Personality, 27, 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1959.tb01819.x
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W. & Deckard, K. D. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent-Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2187.
Blair, B. L., Gangle, M. R., Perry, N. B., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P. & Shanahan, L. (2016). Indirect Effects of Emotion Regulation on Peer Acceptance and Rejection:The Roles of Positive and Negative Social Behaviors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 62(4), 415-439.
Boele, S., Van der Graaff, J., de Wied, M., Van der Valk, I. E., Crocetti, E., & Branje, S. (2019). Linking Parent-Child and Peer Relationship Quality to Empathy in Adolescence: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(6), 1033-1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00993-5
Bentler, P. M. & Bonnet, D. C. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bosch, O. J. & Young, L. J. (2018). Oxytocin and Social Relationships: From Attachment to Bond Disruption. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 35, 97-117.
Bošnjaković, J., & Radionov, T. (2018). Empathy: Concepts, theories and neuroscientific basis. Alcoholism and Psychiatry Research, Journal on Psychiatric Research and Addictions, 54(2), 123-150. https://doi.org/10.20471/dec.2018.54.02.04
Bowlby, J., 1969. Attachment and loss. Attachment Vol. 1 Basic Books, New York, NY.
Boyar, S. L., Campbell, N. S., Mosley Jr, D.C. & Carson, C. M. (2014). Development of a work/family social support measure. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(7), 901-920.
Brady, C. M. (2017). Social Learning Theory. In C. J. Schreck (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Juvenile Delinquency and Justice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Bretherton, I. (1997). Bowlby's Legacy to Developmental Psychology. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025193002462
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136−162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Brumariu, L. E. (2015). Parent-Child Attachment and Emotion Regulation. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 148, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20098
Brummett, B. H., Babyak, M. A., Barefoot, J. C., Bosworth, H. B., Clapp-Channing, N. E.,…Mark, D. B. (1998). Social Support and Hostility as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Cardiac Patients One Month After Hospitalization: A Prospective Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(6), 707-713.
Burwen, L, S. & Campbell, D. T. (1957). The generality of attitudes toward authority and nonauthority figures. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54(1), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042663
Camodeca, M. & Coppola, G. (2019). Participant roles in preschool bullying: The impact of emotion regulation, social preference, and quality of the teacher-child relationship. Social Development, 28(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12320
Caron, J. (2013). A validation of the Social Provisions Scale: the SPS-5 items. Sante Ment Que, 38(1), 297-318.
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 228-249.
Cassidy, J., 2016. The nature of the child’s ties. In: Cassidy, J., Shaver, P.R. (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications, 3rd ed (pp. 3-24). The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
Catanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 546-563.
Chang, H. T., Chen, C. H. & Jeng, C. C. (2013). A Study of the Correlation among Attachment and Interpersonal Relationship of Immigrant Brides' Children. Tajen Journal, 42, 13-30.
Cho, S., & Lin, C.-Y. (2010). Influence of Family Processes, Motivation, and Beliefs About Intelligence on Creative Problem Solving of Scientifically Talented Individuals. Roeper Review, 33(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2011.530206
Choi, K. H., Lee, S. S. & Lee, J. R. (2017). Mobile Phone Technology and Online Sexual Harassment among Juveniles in South Korea: Effects of Self-control and Social Learning. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 11(1), 110-127.
Christie, D. & Viner, R. (2005). Adolescent development. BMJ, 330(7486), 301-304. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7486.301
Coleman, J., & Coleman, E. Z. (1984). Adolescent attitudes to authority. Journal of Adolescence, 7(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1971(84)90004-6
Cutrona, C.E., Russell, D.W. (1987). Advances in Personal Relationships (1st ed.). Greenwich (CT): JAI Press.
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 99-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x
Colder, C. R. & Stice, E. (1998). A Longitudinal Study of the Interactive Effects of Impulsivity and Anger on Adolescent Problem Behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 255-274.
Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E. & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75(2), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00673.x
Cortez, V. L. & Bugental, D. B. (1994). Children's Visual Avoidance of Threat: A Strategy Associated With Low Social Control. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40(1), 82-97.
Costello, B. J. & Costello, J. H. (2020). Social Control Theory: The Legacy of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency. Annual Review of Criminology, 3, 21-41. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041527
Côté, S. & Morgan, L. M. (2002). A longitudinal analysis of the association between emotion regulation, job satisfaction, and intentions to quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(8), 947-962.
Crandall, A. A., Ghazarian, S. R., Day, R. D., & Riley, A. W. (2016). Maternal Emotion Regulation and Adolescent Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Family Functioning and Parenting. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(11), 2321-2335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0400-3
Curcio, A. L., Mak, A. S., & George, A. M. (2013). Do adolescent delinquency and problem drinking share psychosocial risk factors? A literature review. Addictive Behaviors, 38(4), 2003-2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.12.004
Davis, M. H. (1980). A Multidimensional Approach to Individual Differences in Empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
Dereli, D. D. (2015). Innovation Management in Global Competition and Competitive Advantage. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195(3), 1365-1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.323
Díaz-Galván, K. X, Ostrosk-Shejet, F. & Romero-Rebollar, C. (2015). Cognitive and affective empathy: The role in violent behavior and psychopathy. Revista Médica Del Hospital General De México, 78(1), 27-35.
Diliello, T. C., Houghton, J. D., & Dawley, D. (2011). Narrowing the Creativity Gap: The Moderating Effects of Perceived Support for Creativity. The Journal of Psychology, 145(3), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.548412
Egan, T. M. (2005). Creativity in the Context of Team Diversity: Team Leader Perspectives. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2), 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1523422305274526
Eisenberger, N. I. & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why Rejection Hurts: A Common Neural Alarm System for Physical and Social Pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(7), 294-300.
Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025-1034. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127100
Elliott, D. S. & Ageton, S. S. (1980). Reconciling Race and Class Differences in Self-Reported and Official Estimates of Delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45(1), 95-110.
Estévez, E. & Emler, N. (2009) Individual differences in attitude to school and social reputation among peers: Implications for behavioural adjustment in educational settings. Educational Psychology (Editor: Jonathon E. Larson). UK: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 342-365.
Estévez, E., Inglés, C.J, & Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C. (2013). School Aggression: Effects of classroom environment, attitude to authority and social reputation among peers. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 3(1), 15-28
Featherstone, R. & Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and Strain: Context and Consequences of Merton's Two Theories. Sociological Inquiry, 79(4), 471-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-682X.00067
Fernandes, A., Job, R.F.S., Hatfield, J. (2007) A challenge to the assumed generalizability of prediction and countermeasure for risky driving: Different factors predict different risky driving behaviors. Journal of Safety Research, 38 (2007), 59-70.
Fine, A., Mahler, A., Steinberg, L., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. (2016). Individual in Context: The Role of Impulse Control on the Association between the Home, School, and Neighborhood Developmental Contexts and Adolescent Delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(7), 1488-1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0565-4
Fitzgerald, D. P., & White, K. J. (2003). Linking children's social worlds: Perspective-taking in parent-child and peer contexts. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 509-522. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.509
Glaser, E. (2018, April 9). We went too far in toppling authority. Some is good for us. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/09/toppling-authority-populism
Garner, P. W. & Spears, F. M. (2000). Emotion Regulation in Low‐income Preschoolers. Social Development, 9(2), 246-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00122
Ghazarian, S. R. & Roche, K. M. (2010). Social Support and Low-Income, Urban Mothers: Longitudinal Associations With Adolescent Delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(9), 1097-1108.
Goldenberg, D., Telzer, E. H., Lieberman, M. D., Fuligni, A. & Galván, A. (2013). Neural mechanisms of impulse control in sexually risky adolescents. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 23-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dcn.2013.06.002
Van der Graaff, J., Branje, S., De Wied, M., & Meeus, W. (2012). The Moderating Role of Empathy in the Association Between Parental Support and Adolescent Aggressive and Delinquent Behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 38(5), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21435
Grant, A. M. & Berry, J. W. (2011). The Necessity of Others is the Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective Taking, and Creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 54(1), 73-96.
Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004) Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26 (1), 41-54.
Gross, J. J. & Muñoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion Regulation and Mental Health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2(2), 151-164.
Gross, J. J. & John, O. P. （2003）Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for Affect, Relationships, and Well-Being. Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362.
Guo, F. J., Tan, T. W. & Ying, T. Y. (2011). The interaction effect of ego-control and ego-resilience in different types of adolescent delinquency. Formosan Education and Society, 22, 1-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.6429%2fFES.201106.0001
Hagemeister, A. & Volmer, J. (2018). Do social conflicts at work affect employees’ job satisfaction? The moderating role of emotion regulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 29(2), 213-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-11-2016-0097
Hains, A. A. & Miller, D. J. (1980). Moral and Cognitive Development in Delinquent and Nondelinquent Children and Adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 137, 21-35.
Heaven, P. C. L. (1988). Locus of control and attitudes to authority among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(1), 181-183.
Heaven, P. C. L. (1993). Personality predictors of self-reported delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90175-3
Heller, S. R., Robinson, L. C., Henry, C. S., & Plunkett, S. W. (2006). Gender Differences in Adolescent Perceptions of Parent-Adolescent Openness in Communication and Adolescent Empathy. Marriage & Family Review, 40(4), 103-122. https://doi.org/10.1300/j002v40n04_06
Hermundsdottir, F. & Aspelund, A. (2021). Sustainability innovations and firm competitiveness: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280, 124715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124715
Hoever, I. J., van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P. & Barkema, H. G. (2012). Fostering Team Creativity: Perspective Taking as Key to Unlocking Diversity's Potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 982-996.
Hoffmann, J., & Russ, S. (2012). Pretend play, creativity, and emotion regulation in children. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(2), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026299
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Hu, T., Zhang, D., Wang, J., Mistry, R., Ran, G & Wang, X. (2014). Relation between emotion regulation and mental health: a meta-analysis review. Psychological Reports, 114(2), 341-362.
Huang, N. T., Chang, Y. S. & Chou, C. H. (2020). Effects of creative thinking, psychomotor skills, and creative self-efficacy on engineering design creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37, 100695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100695
Institute of Medicine & National Research Council. (2011). The Science of Adolescent Risk-Taking: Workshop Report. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).
Ivcevic, Z., & Brackett, M. A. (2015). Predicting creativity: Interactive effects of openness to experience and emotion regulation ability. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(4), 480-487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039826
Ivcevic, Z., & Nusbaum, E. C. (2017). From having an idea to doing something with it: Self-regulation for creativity. In M. Karwowski & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Explorations in creativity research. The creative self: Effect of beliefs, self-efficacy, mindset, and identity (p. 343-365). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809790-8.00020-0
J. A. C. van der Zanden, P., Meijer, P. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2020). A review study about creativity in adolescence: Where is the social context? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38, 100702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100702
John, S., Joyal, C. C., Cisler, J. M. & Bai, S. (2017). Exploring Emotion Regulation in Juveniles Who Have Sexually Offended: An fMRI Study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(1), 40-57. 10.1080/10538712.2016.1259280
Johnson, J. A., Hogan, R., Zonderman, A. B., Collens, C. & Rogolsky, S. (1981). Moral judgment, personality, and attitude to authority in early and late adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 370-373. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.370
Jones, S., Joyal, C. C., Cisler, J. M. & Bai, S. (2017). Exploring Emotion Regulation in Juveniles Who Have Sexually Offended: An fMRI Study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(1), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1259280
Joo, J. (2008). Two Designer Skill Sets: Perspective Taking and Creativity. NA - Advances in Consumer Research, 35, 1022-1022.
Jug, V. (2015). Personality Traits, Social Intelligence, Social Support and Juvenile Delinquency. International Journal of Social Science & Human Behavior Study, 2(2), 227-231.
Katz, L. F., Maliken, A. C., & Stettler, N. M. (2012). Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy: A Review of Research and Theoretical Framework. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.x
Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2016). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): Validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 443-455. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3
Khodarahimi, S,. Hashim, I. H. M. & Mohd-Zaharim, N. (2016). Attachment Styles, Perceived Stress and Social Support in a Malaysian Young Adults Sample. Psychologica Belgica, 56(1), 65-79. http://doi.org/10.5334/pb.320
Knowles, A., Rinehart, J. K., Steinberg, L., Frick, R. J. & Cauffman, E. (2020). Risky Sexual Behavior among Arrested Adolescent Males: The Role of Future Expectations and Impulse Control. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(S2), 562-579. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12499
Kohn, P. M. & Mercer, G. W. (1971). Drug Use, Drug-Use Attitudes, and the Authoritarianism-Rebellion Dimension. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 12 (2), 125-131.
Kohn, P. M. (1972). The Authoritarianism-Rebellion Scale: A Balanced F Scale with Left-Wing Reversals. Sociometry, 35(1), 176-189.
Kokkinos, C. M. & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 15(1), 41-58.
Kokkinos, C. M. & Voulgaridou, I. (2017). Relational and cyber aggression among adolescents: Personality and emotion regulation as moderators. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 528-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.046
Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 4-41.
Kuo, H. C. (2014). An investigation of the perceived impact of the programme of creativity and imagining the futures in education. PhD thesis. Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, England UK.
Lapsley, D. K., Harwell, M. R., Olson, L. M., Flannery, D. & Quintana, S. M. (1984). Moral judgment, personality, and attitude to authority in early and late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 13(6), 527-542.
Leff, S. S., Tulleners, C. & Posner, J. C. (2009). AGGRESSION, VIOLENCE, AND DELINQUENCY. In Carey, W. B., Coleman, W. L., Feldman, H. M., Crocker, A. C. & Elias, E. R. (4th Ed.). Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics (pp. 389-396). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-3370-7.00040-7
Lehnert, K. L., Overholser, J. C., & Spirito, A. (1994). Internalized and externalized anger in adolescent suicide attempters. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9(1), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489491008
Levine, B. E. (2019) Curious “Anti-Authoritarian” Definitions and Divides. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from CounterPunch: https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/09/05/curious-anti-authoritarian-definitions-and-divides/
Levy, K. C. (2001) The Relationship between Adolescent Attitudes towards Authority, Self-concept, and Delinquency. Adolescence 36 (142), 333-46.
Leybourn, E. (2016) Personal Authority vs Institutional Authority. Retrieved December 17, 2019, from The Agile Director: https://theagiledirector.com/article/2016/05/27/personal-authority-vs-institutional-authority/
Li, C. H. (2004). Emotion Regulation, Regulatory Focus, Optimism, and Creativity in College Students (Master's thesis). Available from National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan.
Li, S. & Liao, S. (2017). Help Others and Yourself Eventually: Exploring the Relationship Between Help-Giving and Employee Creativity Under the Model of Perspective Taking. Frontiers in Psychology, 23(8), 1030.
Lin, W. L., Shih, Y. L., Wang, S. W., & Tang, Y. W. (2018). Improving junior high students’ thinking and creative abilities with an executive function training program. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 29, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.06.007
Liu, X., Gong, S. Y., Zhang, H., Yu, Q. & Zhou, Z. (2021). Perceived teacher support and creative self-efficacy: The mediating roles of autonomous motivation and achievement emotions in Chinese junior high school students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39, 100752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100752
Lievaart, M., Veen, F. M., Huijding, J., Hovens, J. E., & Franken, I. H. A. (2018). The relation between trait anger and impulse control in forensic psychiatric patients: An EEG study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 43(2), 131-142. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10484-018-9393-5
Liu, Y. L. (2005). Adolescent Development: Crisis and Turning Point. Taiwan: Taipei: Yang-Chih.
Liu, L., Wang, N. W. & Tian, L. (2019). The Parent-Adolescent Relationship and Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Self-Control. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 542. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.00542
Liu, X., Gong, S. Y., Zhang, H., Yu, Q. & Zhou, Z. (2021). Perceived teacher support and creative self-efficacy: The mediating roles of autonomous motivation and achievement emotions in Chinese junior high school students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39, 100752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100752
Lorca-Mestre, A. Malonda-Vidal, E. & Samper-García, P. (2017). Prosocial reasoning and emotions in young offenders and non-offenders. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 9(2), 65-73.
MacNeil, G., Stewart, C. & Kaufman, A. V. (2000). Social Support as a Potential Moderator of Adolescent Delinquent Behaviors. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17, 361-379.
Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R. & Pratt, M. G. (2002). There's No Place like Home? The Contributions of Work and Nonwork Creativity Support to Employees' Creative Performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 757-767.
Madrid, H. P., Niven, K., & Vasquez, C. A. (2019). Leader interpersonal emotion regulation and innovation in teams. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(4), 787-805. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12292
Maggio, R. D., Zappulla, C. & Pace, U. (2016). The Relationship Between Emotion Knowledge, Emotion Regulation and Adjustment in Preschoolers: A Mediation Model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 2626-2635.
Marceau, K., Dorn, L. D. & Susman, E. J. (2012). Stress and puberty-related hormone reactivity, negative emotionality, and parent—adolescent relationships. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(8), 1286-1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.001
Marceau, K., Ram, N., & Susman, E. J. (2014). Development and Lability in the Parent-Child Relationship During Adolescence: Associations with Pubertal Timing and Tempo. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(3), 474-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12139
del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes, M., Gázquez-Linares, J. J., del Mar Molero-Jurado, M., Martos-Martinez, Á., Barragán-Martín, A. B., & del Mar Simón-Márquez, M. (2021). Student burnout and engagement: Relationship with adolescent use of alcohol and attitudes towards authority. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 21(2), 100225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100225
Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B. & Bredgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents’ friendships: Associations with mothers’ interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 24(4), 429-445. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0374
Markiewicz, D., Lawford, H., Doyle, A. B., & Haggart, N. (2006). Developmental Differences in Adolescents' and Young Adults' Use of Mothers, Fathers, Best Friends, and Romantic Partners to Fulfill Attachment Needs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9014-5
Martínez-Ferrer, B., Romero-Abrio, A., Moreno-Ruiz, D. & Musitu, G. (2018). Child-to-parent violence and parenting styles: Its relations to problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and attitude towards institutional authority in adolescence. Psychosocial Intervention, 27(3), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2018a24
Matud, M. P. (2019). Masculine/Instrumental and Feminine/Expressive Traits and Health, Well-Being, and Psychological Distress in Spanish Men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319832749
McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2007). Differential Parenting Between Mothers and Fathers. Journal of Family Issues, 29(6), 806-827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07311222
Meadows, S. O. (2007). Evidence of Parallel Pathways: Gender Similarity in the Impact of Social Support on Adolescent Depression and Delinquency. Social Forces, 85(3), 1143-1167.
Milone, A., Cerniglia, L., Cristofani, C., Inguaggiato, E., Levantini, V., Masi, G.,…Muratori, P. (2019). Empathy in Youths with Conduct Disorder and Callous-Unemotional Traits. Neural Plasticity, 2019, Article ID 9638973. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9638973
Murray, C. & Thompson, F. (1985). The Representation of Authority: An Adolescent Viewpoint. Journal of Adolescent, 8(3), 217-229.
McAree, C. P., Steffenhagen, R. A. & Zheutlin, L. S. (1969). Personality factors in college drug users. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 15(2), 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/002076406901500204
McHale, S. M., Kim, J.-Y., Dotterer, A. M., Crouter, A. C., & Booth, A. (2009). The Development of Gendered Interests and Personality Qualities From Middle Childhood Through Adolescence: A Biosocial Analysis. Child Development, 80(2), 482-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01273.x
Mitrofan, N. & Ciuluvica, C. (2012). Anger and hostility as indicators of emotion regulation and of the life satisfaction at the beginning and the ending period of the adolescence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.084
Moral, G. D., Suárez-Relinque, C., Callejas, J. E. & Musitu, G. (2019) Child-to-Parent Violence: Attitude towards Authority, Social Reputation and School Climate. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2384.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myer, S. S. & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation. Social Development 16(2), 361-388. 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
Morselli, D. & Passini, S. (2012). Rights, democracy and values: A comparison between the representations of obedience and disobedience in Italian and Finnish students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(5), 682- 693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.008
Ochoa, G. M., Lopez, E. E. & Emler, N. P. (2007). Adjustment problems in the family and school contexts, attitude towards authority, and violent behavior at school in adolescence. Adolescence, 42(168), 779-794.
Olsen, M, E. (1965). Durkheim's Two Concepts of Anomie. The Sociological Quarterly, 6(1), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1965.tb02260.x

Orpana, H. M., Lang, J. J. & Yurkowski, K. (2019). Original quantitative research - Validation of a brief version of the Social Provisions Scale using Canadian national survey data. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice, 39(12), 323-332.
Ortega-Barón. J., Buelga, S., Cava, M. J. & Torralba, E. (2017). School Violence and Attitude Toward Authority of Student Perpetrators of Cyberbullying. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 22(1), 23-28.
Oztop, P., Katsikopoulos, K. & Gummerum, M. (2018). Creativity through Connectedness: The Role of Closeness and Perspective Taking in Group Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 30(3), 266-275.
Passini, S. & Morselli, D. (2009). Authority relationships between obedience and disobedience. New Ideas in Psychology, 27(1) 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2008.06.001
Payne, T. J., Andrew, M., Butler, K. R., Wyatt, S. B., Dubbert, P. M. & Mosley, T. H. (2012). Psychometric Evaluation of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-Short Form in the ARIC Study Cohort. SAGE Open, 2(3), 1-8.
Peach, H. D. & Gaultney, J. F. (2013). Sleep, impulse control, and sensation-seeking predict delinquent behavior in adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(2), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.012
Pechorro, P., Kahn, R. E., Gonçalves, R., A. & Ray, J. V. (2017). Psychometric properties of Basic Empathy Scale among female juvenile delinquents and school youths. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 55, 29-36.
Pickhardt, C. E. (2009) Rebel with a Cause: Rebellion in Adolescence. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/surviving-your-childs-adolescence/200912/rebel-cause-rebellion-in-adolescence
Presley, S. L. (1985). Moral judgment and attitudes toward authority of political resisters. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90024-8
Fernandes, R., Job, R. F. S. & Hatfield, J. (2007). A challenge to the assumed generalizability of prediction and countermeasure for risky driving: Different factors predict different risky driving behaviors. Journal of Safety Research, 38(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2006.09.003
Ray, J. J. (1971) An " Attitude to Authority " scale. Australian Psychologist, 6 (1), 31-50
Ray, J.J. & Jones, J.M. (1983) Attitude to authority and authoritarianism among schoolchildren. Journal of Social Psychology, 119, 199-203.
Rigby, K. & Rump, E. E. (1979) The Generality of Attitude to Authority. Human Relations, 32 (6), 469-487.
Rigby, K. & Rump, E. E. (1981). Attitudes Toward Parents and Institutional Authorities During Adolescence. The Journal of Psychology, 109, 109-118.
Rigby, K. & Rump, E. E. (1982). Attitudes Toward Authority and Authoritarian Personality Characteristics. The Journal of Social Psychology, 116, 61-72.
Rigby, K. (1982). A concise scale for the assessment of attitudes towards institutional authority. Australian Journal of Psychology, 34 (2), 195-204.
Rigby, K. (1982). Acceptance of Authority and Directiveness as Indicators of Authoritarianism: A New Framework. The Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 171-180.
Rigby, K. (1984). Acceptance of Authority and Directiveness as Indicators of Authoritarianism: A New Framework. The Journal of Social Psychology, 122(2), 171-180.
Rigby, K. (1986). Acceptance of Authority, Self, and Others. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126(4), 493-501.
Rigby, K. (1987). "Faking good" with self-reported pro-authority attitudes and behaviours among schoolchildren. Personality and Individual Differences, 8(3), 445-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87)90049-3
Rigby, K., Schofield. P. & Slee, P. T. (1987). The similarity of attitudes towards personal and impersonal types of authority among adolescent schoolchildren. Journal of Adolescence, 10(3), 241-253.
Rigby, K. & Slee, P. T. (1993). Psychoticism and attitude toward authority among pre-adolescent boys. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(6), 845-847. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90099-O
Righy, K. (1985). Are There Behavioral Implications Attitudes to Authority? The High School Journal, 68(4), 365-373. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40364953
Roberts, W., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67(2), 449-470. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131826
Rodriguez, C. M., Tucker, M. C. & Palmer, K. (2016). Emotion Regulation in Relation to Emerging Adults’ Mental Health and Delinquency: A Multi-informant Approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1916-1925.
Roeder, M. & Mueller, A. R. (2019). Anger Expression, Emotion Regulation and Mindfulness as Predictors of Conduct Problems in Children. European Scientific Journal, 15(22), 1. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n22p1
Rump, E. E., Rigby, K. & Waters, L. (1984). The Generality of Attitudes toward Authority: Cross-Cultural Comparisons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 125(3), 307-312.
Rigby, E. E, Mak, A. S. & Slee, P. T. (1989). Impulsiveness, orientation to institutional authority, and gender as factors in self-reported delinquency among Australian adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(6), 689-692.
Rimkus, V. (2010). Social Support Networks among Delinquent Youth: An 8-Year Follow-up Study. Bridges / Tiltai, 50(1), 1-21.
Runco, M. A. (2014). Creativity [Second Edition]. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-0-06920-7
Sagone, E., & Caroli, M. E. D. (2013). The Influence of Creative Personality Factors on Interpersonal Adjustment in Adolescents: What’s the Relationship? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.236
Sagone, E. & Caroli, M. E. D. (2014). Emotion Comprehension and Divergent Thinking: What's their Relationship in Developmental Age? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(21), 585-589.
Sallery, R. D. H. & Lindgren, H. C. (1966). Arab Attitudes toward Authority: A Cross-Cultural Study. The Journal of Social Psychology, 69(1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1966.9919702
Sampaio, L. R. (2017). A cross-cultural study: Empathy and role-taking in Brazilian and American children. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1), 1-10.
Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B. & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 127-139.
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R. Shearin, E.N. & Pierce, G. R. (1987). A Brief Measure of Social Support: Practical and Theoretical Implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(4), 497-510.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607. https://doi.org/10.2307/256701
Seidel, E.-M., Pfabigan, D. M., Keckeis, K., Wucherer, A. M., Jahn, T., Lamm, C., & Derntl, B. (2013). Empathic competencies in violent offenders. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1168-1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.027
Seyidov, S. (2013). Phenomenology of Creativity: History, Paradoxes, Personality. UK: AuthorHouse.
Liu, S., Yu, C., Zhen, S., Zhang, W., Su, P., & Xu, Y. (2016). Influence of inter-parental conflict on adolescent delinquency via school connectedness: Is impulsivity a vulnerability or plasticity factor? Journal of Adolescence, 52, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.07.001
Lu, K., Yu, T., & Hao, N. (2020). Creating while taking turns, the choice to unlocking group creative potential. NeuroImage, 219, 117025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117025
Seker, S., Habersaat, S., Boonmann, C., Palix, J., Jenkel, N., Fischer, S., …Schmid, M. (2021). Substance-use disorders among child welfare and juvenile justice adolescents in residential care: The role of childhood adversities and impulsive behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105825
Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2009). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Smith, S., Auyong, Z.G. & Ferguson, C. (2019). Social Learning, Social Disorganization, and Psychological Risk Factors for Criminal Gangs in a British Youth Context. Deviant Behavior, 40(6), 722-731.
Somerville, L. H. (2016). Searching for Signatures of Brain Maturity: What Are We Searching For? Neuron, 92(6), 1164-1167.
Song, S., Graham, J. E., Susman, E. J. & Sohn, Y. W. (2012). The Role of Ineffective Emotion Regulation in Problem Drinking Varies by Emotional Disposition, Delinquency, and Gender of South Korean Adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 21(4), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2012.710029
Strüber , D., Lück, M. & Roth, G. (2008). Sex, aggression and impulse control: An integrative account. The Neural Basis of Cognition, 14(1), 93-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790801992743
Susman, E. J., Inoff-Germain, G., Nottelmann, E. D., Loriaux, D. L., Cutler Jr, B. B. & Chrousos, G. P. (1987). Hormones, Emotional Dispositions, and Aggressive Attributes in Young Adolescents. Child Development, 58(4), 1114-1134.
Taiwan’s National Police Agency (2019). National Police Agency Report (week 15) [table and text description]. Retrieved from https://www.npa.gov.tw/NPAGip/wSite/lp?ctNode=12594&xq_xCat=28&nowPage=3&pagesize=15
Taiwan’s National Police Agency (2020). National Police Agency Report (week 14) [table and text description]. Retrieved from https://www.npa.gov.tw/NPAGip/wSite/lp?ctNode=12594&xq_xCat=29&nowPage=2&pagesize=15
Tarry, H. & Emler, N. (2007) Attitudes, values and moral reasoning as predictors of delinquency. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25 (2007), 169-183.
Tan, T. W. & Tung, Y. Y. (2010). The Impacts of Parenting and Senior High School Students’ Self-Concepts on Delinquency in Taiwan Metropolitan Areas. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 55(3), 203-233.
Tan, T. W. & Chang, F. M. (2013). The Study of Relationships among Attachment, Low Self-control, and Juvenile Delinquency. Chinese Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 36, 67-90.
Tam, H. L. (2011). “Delinquent behaviour as a kind of body politics” against adult regulations — Young people's discourses in Hong Kong. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(6), 878-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.12.013
Tamnes, C.K., Ostby, Y., Fjell, A.M., Westlye, L. T., Tønnessen, P. D. & Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Brain Maturation in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Regional Age-Related Changes in Cortical Thickness and White Matter Volume and Microstructure. Cerebral Cortex, 20(3), 534-548.
Thomassin, K., Quint, E., Sezlik, S., & Shaffer, A. (2017). Profiles of emotion deficits and adolescent nonsuicidal self‐injury in an inpatient sample. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(4), 752-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12312
Tolle, H. (2017). Gang Affiliation as a Measure of Social Structure in Social Structure Social Learning Theory Heather Tolle. Deviant Behavior, 38(8), 870-878.
Tomită, M. (2013). Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Delinquency and Non Delinquency. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1138-1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.715
Toyama, H. & Mauno, S. (2017). Associations of Trait Emotional Intelligence with Social Support, Work Engagement, and Creativity in Japanese Eldercare Nurses. Japanese Psychological Association, 59(1), 14-25.
Trentacosta, C. J. & Shaw, D. S. (2009). Emotional Self-Regulation, Peer Rejection, and Antisocial Behavior: Developmental Associations from Early Childhood to Early Adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 356-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.016
Tu, Y. & Wu, W. (2021). How does green innovation improve enterprises’ competitive advantage? The role of organizational learning. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 504-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.031
Twenge, J. M. (2017). IGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us. New York: Atria Books.
Ulger, K. (2016). The creative training in the visual arts education. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 19, 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007
Van Lissa, C. J., Hawk, S. T., Branje, S., Koot, H. M., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2016). Common and unique associations of adolescents’ affective and cognitive empathy development with conflict behavior towards parents. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.005
Veselá, D. & Klimová, K. (2014). Knowledge-based Economy vs. Creative Economy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 413-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.072
WHO (2020). Adolescent health [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health/#tab=tab_1
Williams, J. R. & Gold, M. (1972). From Delinquent Behavior to Official Delinquency. Social Problems, 20(2), 209-229.
Williams, M. (2012). Perspective Taking Building Positive Interpersonal Connections and Trustworthiness One Interaction at a Time. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Wolska-Długosz, M. (2015). Stimulating the Development of Creativity and Passion in Children and Teenagers in Family and School Environment - Inhibitors and Opportunities to Overcome them. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 2905-2911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1027
Yaffe, Y. (2020). Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current Psychology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01014-6
Yang, H. & Yang, S. (2016). Sympathy fuels creativity: The beneficial effects of sympathy on originality. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 21, 132-143.
Yeh, Y. C. & Li, M. L. (2008). Age, Emotion Regulation Strategies, Temperament, Creative Drama, and Preschoolers' Creativity. Journal of Innovative behavior, 42(2), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2008.tb01291.x
Yu, M. J. & Wu, J. J. (2016). Prosocial Motivation and Social Entrepreneurial Alertness: A Moderated Mediation Model of Perspective Taking and Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Technology Management, 21(3), 53-80.
Zafar, H., Nabeel, T. & Khalily, M. (2013). Adolescents' Self-Concept and Their Attitudes towards Parents, Teachers, and Police Authority. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 44(1), 15-35.
Zeman, J. & Garber, J. (1996). Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: it depends on who is watching. Child Development, 67(3), 957-973. Social Forces, 88(3), 1209-1229. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0312
Zhao, R. & Cao, L. (2010). Social Change and Anomie: A Cross-National Study.
Zwecker, N. A., Harrison, A. J., Welty, L. J., Teplin, L. A. & Abram, K. M. (2018). Social Support Networks among Delinquent Youth: An 8-Year Follow-up Study. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 57(7), 459-480.
Zimet, G., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.