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研究生：	印緹卡 Indriani, Tika
論文名稱：	亞硝酸化-厭氧氨氧化程序應用於煉焦廢水生物除氮研究 Nitritation-Anammox as an Advanced Nitrogen Removal Process in Coke Wastewater Treatment
指導教授：	吳哲宏 Wu, Jer-Horng
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	104
外文關鍵詞：	nitritation-anammox, coke wastewater, start-up, real-time Q-PCR
相關次數：	點閱：165 下載：5
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Wastewaters generated from steel mill coking operation may contain high concentration of ammonia, sulfides, phenolic compounds, cyanide, and number of complexes hydrocarbons. Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) is a new technology for Nitrogen removal found in the late 20th century, which known for its sustainability and cost efficiency aspect. This biological process oxidizes ammonia into nitrogen gas with nitrite as the electron acceptor under anaerobic condition. Combined with nitritation process, the system is considered as a promising cost-effective and low energy alternative compare to nitrification-denitrification process.
In order to study the capability of nitritation-anammox system to adapt to and process the coke wastewater, two reactors of nitritation and anammox were used. To quickly start-up the system, both reactors were started-up separately using denitrification and nitrification sludge. The nitritation reactor has been started-up within 204 days with gradually increase nitrogen loading to successfully establish the partial nitrification process. While, the anammox reactor was operated for 326 days, with both synthetic wastewater and coke wastewater, in various nitrogen loadings to quickly bring-up the anammox population and observe its performance and adaptability to coke wastewater. PCR and Q-PCR analysis using different primers were done in order to quantify the specific 16S anammox and AOB genes in the systems and to establish performance parameter which could play important role in scaling-up the system.
Anammox bacteria population has successfully brought out within 6 months in the reactor. The highest total nitrogen loading achieved for nitritation and anammox reactors during their separate start-up are 1.5 kg-N m3 d-1 and 0.789 kg-N m3 d-1, respectively. The nitritation-anammox system was acclimated with coke wastewater and could achieve stable operation treating output of ozonation system with average nitrogen loading of 0.7 kg-N m3 d-1 and 0.2 kg-N m3 d-1 for nitritation and anammox reactor, respectively. Nitrosomonas europaea and a new group of anammox bacteria were dominate in the system. Anammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) population was also found in the nitritation reactor. The output of ozonation system is considered as a better wastewater input compare to output of biological treatment because it may contain more biodegradable organic compounds which could support the nitrogen removal process in the system by inducing small denitrification to occur.

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. i
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................iii
TABLES INDEX ...................................................................................................... vii
FIGURES INDEX ..................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1
1. Background ................................................................................................ 1
2. Objectives ................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 5
1. The Nitrogen Cycle .................................................................................... 5
2. Control of Biological Nitrogen Treatment Process .................................... 7
2.1. Nitrification ........................................................................................ 8
2.2. Denitrification .................................................................................. 12
2.3. Nitrate reduction to ammonium ....................................................... 13
2.4. Free Ammonia (NH3) ....................................................................... 15
3. Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ............................................................ 16
3.1. Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Bacteria ..................................... 16
3.2. Unique Features of Anammox Cell ................................................. 19
3.3. Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Molecular Mechanism .............. 23
3.4. Detection of Anammox Bacteria ..................................................... 27
3.5. Microbial Co-Existency in Anammox System ................................ 29
3.6. Anammox System Applications ...................................................... 31
4. Coke Wastewater ...................................................................................... 38
4.1. Characteristic ................................................................................... 38
iv
4.2. Coke Wastewater Treatment ............................................................ 38
5. Related Regulation in Taiwan .................................................................. 40
6. Microbial Analysis ................................................................................... 41
6.1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) .................................................. 41
6.2. Real-Time Q-PCR ............................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODS .............................................................. 51
1. CSC Wastewater Treatment System ........................................................ 51
2. Reactor Study ........................................................................................... 52
2.1. Nitritation Reactor ........................................................................... 53
2.2. Anammox Reactor ........................................................................... 54
2.3. Nitritation-Anammox System .......................................................... 57
3. Analytical Procedure ................................................................................ 59
4. DNA Extraction and PCR amplification .................................................. 59
5. Real-Time Q-PCR Analysis ..................................................................... 61
6. Free Ammonia Calculation ...................................................................... 62
7. Nitrogen Recovery Calculation ................................................................ 63
8. Research Framework ................................................................................ 63
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................... 65
1. Nitritation Reactor Start-Up ..................................................................... 65
2. Anammox Reactor Start-Up ..................................................................... 70
3. Nitritation-Anammox System .................................................................. 76
3.1. Feeding of Synthetic Wastewater .................................................... 76
3.2. Feeding of the Output Derived from Biological (MBR) Unit ......... 77
3.3. Feeding of the Output Derived from Ozonation Unit ...................... 78
4. Specific Bacteria Abundance in Each Reactor......................................... 84
v
4.1. AOB and AOA in Nitritation Reactor ............................................. 84
4.2. Anammox Bacteria in Anammox Reactor ....................................... 90
5. Effect of Loading to the Microbial Growth ............................................. 94
6. The Inhibitions in Anammox Reactor ...................................................... 97
6.1. During the Separated Operation ...................................................... 97
6.2. During the Parallel Operation with 2-Stage in Series ...................... 98
7. Summary of the Reactors Operation Condition ..................................... 100
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................... 103
1. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 103
2. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 104
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................xiii
Appendix 1. Gel Electrophoresis Results of Anammox Bacteria Detection ..... xxiii
Appendix 2. Anammox Reactor Inhibition during the Separated Operation ...... xxv
Appendix 3. Anammox Reactor Inhibition during the Parallel Operation ........ xxvii
Appendix 4. Total Nitrogen Recovery Analysis ................................................. xxix
                                    

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