過去已經有許多研究表明有氧運動對於認知功能有促進效果。根據近期提出的適應能力模型，在有氧運動過程中若同時涉及認知刺激與環境豐富性則可能對認知功能帶來更大的運動增益效果。然而，關於此模型所提出的假設目前仍缺乏實徵研究證據，與此同時，過去研究對於有氧運動功能在健康年輕人族群是否有認知促進效果仍未臻一致。有鑑於此，本研究旨在檢驗環境豐富性是否能促進有氧運動的神經認知功能改變。本研究將四十二位參與者隨機分派至戶外運動組（n = 21, 年齡21.14 ± 1.01 歲）與室內運動組（n = 21, 年齡21.43 ± 1.33 歲）進行為期四週、每週三次、每次五公里的中高強度的跑步介入訓練，並在介入訓練前後採用漸進式折返跑測驗與旁側抑制作業同時紀錄腦電波訊號，觀察有氧適能與認知神經功能的改變。研究結果顯示，在介入訓練後，兩組提升相似程度的有氧適能，而行為表現上則觀察到戶外運動組加快了旁側抑制作業的反應時間但降低了反應正確率，而室內運動組則維持與前測相似程度的行為表現。此外，電生理的證據發現，在介入訓練後，戶外運動組產生較大的P3d振幅，表示能投入更多作業相關的注意力資源分配；而室內運動組則有較快的P3d潛時，表示具有較快的作業相關的刺激物評估速度。更有趣的是，時頻分析結果發現戶外運動組在四週介入運動後仍保持作業相關的額葉中線theta波；室內運動組則沒有觀察到這樣的效果，表示室內運動組在介入運動後降低作業相關的認知控制需求，但仍能維持相等程度的行為表現。再者，組別比較顯示在旁側抑制作業中的不一致情境時，室內運動組誘發較戶外運動組大的額葉中線theta波，表示戶外運動組產生較小且有效率的認知控制需求。綜上所論，本研究揭示了運動環境豐富性對有氧運動認知促進效果的重要性，且運動過程中涉及不同的環境刺激會影響運動帶來的認知神經功能改變。

The Adaptive Capacity Model suggests that simultaneous environmental enrichment (EE) enlarges aerobic exercise (AE)-induced cognitive benefits, highlighting the importance of cognitive engagement during AE. However, little is known about how EE modulates AE-induced cognitive benefits. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of EE on exercise-induced neurocognitive changes. Forty-two participants were recruited and randomly assigned to either an outdoor exercise group (OE) (n = 21, aged 21.14 ± 1.01 years) or an indoor exercise (IE) group (n = 21, aged 21.43 ± 1.33 years). The exercise program consisted of a 5-km run at moderate-to-vigorous intensity three times per week over 4 weeks. During each running session, the IE group ran on a treadmill, whereas the OE group ran outdoors concurrently with route manipulation to induce cognitive engagement during exercise. This thesis used a progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run test and a flanker task with concurrent electroencephalography recording to evaluate exercise-induced changes. Results showed that (1) after exercise intervention, the OE group exhibited faster processing speed but decreased response accuracy regardless of the congruency effect, whereas such an effect was not evident for the IE group, suggesting that EE in exercise might be related to the change in the speed-accuracy tradeoff. (2) The findings of event-related potentials (ERP) showed that the OE group exhibited increased P3d amplitude while the IE group had an accelerated P3d latency following the exercise intervention, which might be the underlying mechanisms in supporting the changes in the speed-accuracy tradeoff. (3) The congruency effect on frontal midline theta (FM theta) activity was still observed for the OE group after the exercise intervention, while such an effect was relatively weaker for the IE group, supporting the exercise-induced reduction of task-related activity on the anterior cingulate cortex and the neural adaption in the attentional network for the IE group. Furthermore, group comparison analyses revealed that the IE group exhibited stronger FM theta oscillation during the condition requiring higher cognitive control than the OE group after the exercise intervention, indicating that the OE group might adopt a lower degree of cognitive control to process conflicting information. These findings suggest that an exercise environment can result in differential patterns of exercise-induced neurocognitive changes, potentially through additional cognitive engagement during exercise to navigate an outdoor environment. This thesis provides a novel perspective on the cognitive gains of exercise and an innovative strategy to maximize exercise-induced neurocognitive benefits.

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