目的：鑑於當前青少年使用網路的可近性及普遍性，網路成癮(Internet Addiction, IA)議題日益受到重視，具先天脆弱性的青少年更容易沈迷於網路世界。過往研究顯示ADHD與網路成癮呈現高度共病，且共病個案在接受治療的恢復率較低，復發率更高。敵意則被視為青少年發展網路成癮的重要風險因素。本研究旨在透過討論注意力不足/過動特質青少年的多向度敵意與網路成癮之間的關聯，探討執行功能在其中扮演的角色。
方法：本研究納入61位具醫師診斷、家長填寫SNAP-IV任一子症狀達切截分數或自填日常生活注意力問卷達建議分數，且魏氏智力測驗FSIQ大於70分之10-23歲青少年。以「短式華人敵意量表」評估青少年之多向度敵意，「廣泛性非語文注意力測驗(Comprehensive Nonverbal Attention Test Battery, CNAT)」、「威斯康辛卡片分類測驗(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST)」、「叫色作業(Stroop task)」及「倫敦塔(Tower of London, ToL)」評估執行功能。網路成癮則以Chen Internet Addiction Scale 進行評估。運用SPSS 26.0統計程式，以相關與卡方檢定檢驗多向度敵意對網路成癮之影響，並以二因子變異數分析探討多向度敵意與執行功能對網路成癮的影響。
結果：(1) 注意力不足/過動特質青少年之敵意認知、敵意情感及表達敵意皆顯著高於常模組。(2) 除表達敵意外，注意力不足/過動特質青少年之敵意認知、敵意情感及壓抑敵意與網路成癮呈現顯著正相關。(3) 敵意認知、敵意情感及壓抑敵意與執行功能對網路成癮的交互作用達顯著。
討論：據研究結果顯示，執行功能表現愈佳，敵意對網路成癮的影響顯著趨緩，即個體出現較高程度的敵意，若擁有良好的執行功能，仍然有能力適當地監控自己對媒體與網路的使用，進而減少網路成癮的風險，表明執行功能可作為敵意與網路成癮關係中重要的保護因子，具負向調節效果，以減少敵意對網路成癮的影響，反映於臨床介入上執行功能的訓練，將有助於減少高敵意青少年網路成癮的風險，上述結果可用於神經心理復健計畫之設定。

Adolescents with inherent vulnerabilities are more susceptible to becoming immersed in the online world. Past research has indicated that comorbid ADHD and internet addiction (IA) cases have lower recovery rates and higher relapse rates in treatment, with hostility identified as a vulnerability factor for adolescents with IA. This study aims to examine the association between hostility dimensions and IA among adolescents with ADHD traits and explore the role of executive function.
This study recruited 61 adolescents with ADHD traits to assess their levels of multi-dimensional hostility, IA , and executive function. Hostility cognition, hostility affect, and suppressed hostility behavior, excluding expressed hostility behavior, were significantly positively correlated with IA. A two-way ANOVA showed that the interaction effects of hostility cognition, hostility affect, and suppressed hostility behavior with executive function on IA were significant. Improved executive function lessens the influence of hostility on IA , highlighting its role as a protective factor.
These findings suggest that enhancing executive function through clinical interventions could reduce IA risk among adolescents with high hostility, guiding future neuropsychological rehabilitation programs.

林宜美. (2000). 冠狀動脈心臟病與頭痛的敵意型態比較. 135 頁.
林源欽. (2015). 神經心理取向之團體治療於增強抑制控制與情緒調節之成效研究─ 以高憤怒情緒青少年為例
施妤蓁(2009)。探討國中校園注意力缺陷/過動症三級預防模式之建立—從篩 檢到治療。成功大學行為醫學研究所學位論文，1-88。
郭乃文(2002)。非語文性注意力與記憶力測驗指導手冊。臺北: 國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育中心。
郭乃文、鄭中平(2005)。非語文注意力與記憶力測驗之修訂與應用。台北:教 育部社教司研究報告。
詹雅雯、陳信昭及郭乃文(2006)。注意力缺失∕過動疾患不注意型與合併型之多面向注意力功能分析。臨床心理學刊，3(2), 85-92。
陳榮華與陳心怡(2007)。魏氏兒童智力測驗第四版指導手冊。台北，中國行為 科學社。
陳心怡、陳榮華及花茂棽(2007)。魏氏成人智力量表第四版中文版指導手冊。 台北，中國行為科學社。
陳淑惠、翁儷禎、蘇逸人、吳和懋及楊品鳳(2003)。中文網路成癮量表之編製 與心理計量特性研究。中華心理學刊，45(3)，279-294。
劉昱志、劉士愷、商志雍、林健禾、杜長齡及高淑芬(2006)。注意力缺陷過症 中文版 Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV (SNAP-IV) 量表之常模及信 效度。臺灣精神醫學，20(4)，290-304。
廖御圻、郭乃文、陳信昭、蔡幸芳及蘇倍儀(2015)。以神經生理回饋為主之神經心理治療對改善注意力監控之療效研究-以注意力缺陷/過動疾患兒童為例。教育心理學報, 47(2)，281-304。
顏郡慧(2021)。神經心理治療為基礎之神經回饋訓練之療效—以網路成癮與注意力功能不足高危險群青少年為例。成功大學行為醫學研究所學位論文， 1-91。
蔡雨璇. (2023). 探討低自我覺察之網路成癮高風險青少年合併注意力不足/過動症特質於神經回饋訓練之療效研究
劉昱志, 劉士愷, 商志雍, 林健禾, 杜長齡, & 高淑芬. (2006). 注意力缺陷過動症中文版 Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV (SNAP-IV) 量表之常模及信效度. 台灣精神醫學, 20(4), 290-304.
Alavi, S. S., Maracy, M. R., Jannatifard, F., & Eslami, M. (2011). The effect of psychiatric symptoms on the internet addiction disorder in Isfahan's University students. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 16(6), 793.
American Psychiatric Association, D., & Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5). American psychiatric association Washington, DC.
Andrade, B. F., Waschbusch, D. A., Doucet, A., King, S., MacKinnon, M., McGrath, P. J., Stewart, S. H., & Corkum, P. (2012). Social information processing of positive and negative hypothetical events in children with ADHD and conduct problems and controls. J Atten Disord, 16(6), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711401346
Barefoot, J. C. (1992). Developments in the measurement of hostility.
Barkley, R. A. (2010). DEFICIENT EMOTIONAL SELFREGULATION IS A CORE COMPONENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.
Barkley, R. A. (2014). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Guilford Publications.
Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2010). The unique contribution of emotional impulsiveness to impairment in major life activities in hyperactive children as adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(5), 503-513.
Beaudry, G., Yu, R., Långström, N., & Fazel, S. (2021). An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis: Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(1), 46-60.
Berggren, S., Engström, A. C., & Bölte, S. (2016). Facial affect recognition in autism, ADHD and typical development. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 21(3), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2016.1171205
Bickham, D. S. (2021). Current research and viewpoints on internet addiction in adolescents. Current pediatrics reports, 9, 1-10.
Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Lagerspetz, K. M. (1994). Sex differences in covert aggression among adults. Aggressive behavior, 20(1), 27-33.
Brand, M., Laier, C., & Young, K. S. (2014). Internet addiction: coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 116455.
Breslau, J., Miller, E., Chung, W.-J. J., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2011). Childhood and adolescent onset psychiatric disorders, substance use, and failure to graduate high school on time. Journal of psychiatric research, 45(3), 295-301.
Brown, T. E. (2009). ADD/ADHD and impaired executive function in clinical practice. Current Attention Disorders Reports, 1(1), 37-41.
Browne, K. D., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2005). The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach. The Lancet, 365(9460), 702-710.
Busch, R. M., McBride, A., Curtiss, G., & Vanderploeg, R. D. (2005). The components of executive functioning in traumatic brain injury. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 27(8), 1022-1032.
Buss, A. H. (1962). The psychology of aggression. In: LWW.
Cappell, H. (1987). Alcohol and tension reduction: An update on research and theory. Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism.
Carli, V., Durkee, T., Wasserman, D., Hadlaczky, G., Despalins, R., Kramarz, E., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C. W., & Brunner, R. (2012). The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review. Psychopathology, 46(1), 1-13.
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 617-628.
Chaplin, J. P. (1968). Dictionary of psychology.
Chiu, Y.-C., Pan, Y.-C., & Lin, Y.-H. (2018). Chinese adaptation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test and prevalence estimate of Internet gaming disorder among adolescents in Taiwan. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 719-726.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological bulletin, 115(1), 74.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social‐psychological adjustment. Child development, 66(3), 710-722.
Danforth, J. S., Anderson, L., Barkley, R. A., & Stokes, T. F. (1991). Observations of parent-child interactions with hyperactive children: Research and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 11(6), 703-727.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual review of psychology, 64, 135-168.
Dodge, K. A. (2006). Translational science in action: Hostile attributional style and the development of aggressive behavior problems. Development and psychopathology, 18(3), 791-814.
Dodge, K. A. (2014). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In Cognitive perspectives on children's social and behavioral development (pp. 85-134). Psychology Press.
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(6), 1146.
Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Youth. In Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development, Vol. 3, 6th ed. (pp. 719-788). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dong, G., Huang, J., & Du, X. (2011). Enhanced reward sensitivity and decreased loss sensitivity in Internet addicts: an fMRI study during a guessing task. Journal of psychiatric research, 45(11), 1525-1529.
Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2019). Relationships of Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder symptom severities with probable attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, aggression and negative affect among university students. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11(4), 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-019-00305-8
Fam, J. Y. (2018). Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: A meta‐analysis across three decades. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 59(5), 524-531.
Ferretti, N. M., King, S. L., Hilton, D. C., Rondon, A. T., & Jarrett, M. A. (2019). Social Functioning in Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. Yale J Biol Med, 92(1), 29-35.
Gating, A., & versus Exploration, E. A Systems-Level Perspective on Attention and Cognitive Control.
Gau, S. S., Chong, M. Y., Chen, T. H., & Cheng, A. T. (2005). A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Am J Psychiatry, 162(7), 1344-1350. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1344
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2011). Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(11), 652-669.
Granic, I., & Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development: a dynamic systems approach. Psychological review, 113(1), 101.
Graziano, P. A., & Garcia, A. (2016). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children's emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 106-123.
Hahn, C., & Kim, D.-J. (2014). Is there a shared neurobiology between aggression and Internet addiction disorder? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(1), 12-20.
Han, D. H., Yoo, M., Renshaw, P. F., & Petry, N. M. (2018). A cohort study of patients seeking Internet gaming disorder treatment. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 930-938.
Hawes, S. W., Perlman, S. B., Byrd, A. L., Raine, A., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. A. (2016). Chronic anger as a precursor to adult antisocial personality features: The moderating influence of cognitive control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(1), 64.
Hinshaw, S. P. (1987). On the distinction between attentional deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/aggression in child psychopathology. Psychological bulletin, 101(3), 443.
Hinshaw, S. P., Henker, B., Whalen, C. K., Erhardt, D., & Dunnington Jr, R. E. (1989). Aggressive, prosocial, and nonsocial behavior in hyperactive boys: dose effects of methylphenidate in naturalistic settings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(5), 636.
Hsieh, Y.-P., Shen, A. C.-T., Wei, H.-S., Feng, J.-Y., Huang, S. C.-Y., & Hwa, H.-L. (2016). Associations between child maltreatment, PTSD, and internet addiction among Taiwanese students. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 209-214.
Huang, Y., Xu, L., Mei, Y., Wei, Z., Wen, H., & Liu, D. (2020). Problematic Internet use and the risk of suicide ideation in Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis. Psychiatry research, 290, 112963.
Huesmann, L. R. (1998). The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. In Human aggression (pp. 73-109). Elsevier.
Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (2001). Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical child and family psychology review, 4, 183-207.
Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865-878.
King, S. (2007). Social information processing and subtypes of aggressive behaviour in elementary-age children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Chen, C.-S., Chen, C.-C., & Yen, C.-F. (2008). Psychiatric comorbidity of internet addiction in college students: an interview study. CNS spectrums, 13(2), 147-153.
Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Chen, C.-S., Yeh, Y.-C., & Yen, C.-F. (2009). Predictive Values of Psychiatric Symptoms for Internet Addiction in Adolescents: A 2-Year Prospective Study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(10), 937-943. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.159
Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Yen, C. N., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. C., & Chen, S. H. (2005). Screening for Internet addiction: An empirical study on cut‐off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences, 21(12), 545-551.
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. S., Yeh, Y. C., & Yen, C. F. (2009). Predictive values of psychiatric symptoms for internet addiction in adolescents: a 2-year prospective study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 163(10), 937-943. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.159
Kuo, S. Y., Chen, Y. T., Chang, Y. K., Lee, P. H., Liu, M. J., & Chen, S. R. (2018). Influence of internet addiction on executive function and learning attention in Taiwanese school‐aged children. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 54(4), 495-500.
Kuss, D. J., Kristensen, A. M., & Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2021). Internet addictions outside of Europe: A systematic literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106621.
Lee, J., Bae, S., Kim, B. N., & Han, D. H. (2021). Impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity on longitudinal course in Internet gaming disorder: a 3-year clinical cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(9), 1110-1119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13380
Lezak, M. (1995). Executive functions and motor performance. Neuropsychological assessment, 650-685.
MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological methods, 7(1), 19.
Makris, N., Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., & Seidman, L. J. (2009). Towards conceptualizing a neural systems-based anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Developmental neuroscience, 31(1-2), 36-49.
Martel, M. M., Roberts, B., Gremillion, M., Von Eye, A., & Nigg, J. T. (2011). External validation of bifactor model of ADHD: Explaining heterogeneity in psychiatric comorbidity, cognitive control, and personality trait profiles within DSM-IV ADHD. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 39, 1111-1123.
Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological reports, 76(2), 623-626.
Mathews, C. L., Morrell, H. E., & Molle, J. E. (2019). Video game addiction, ADHD symptomatology, and video game reinforcement. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 45(1), 67-76.
Milich, R., & Dodge, K. A. (1984). Social information processing in child psychiatric populations. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 12(3), 471-489.
Miller, P. H., & Bigi, L. (1979). The development of children's understanding of attention. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 25(4), 235-250.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive psychology, 41(1), 49-100.
Monuteaux, M. C., Biederman, J., Doyle, A. E., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2009). Genetic risk for conduct disorder symptom subtypes in an ADHD sample: specificity to aggressive symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(7), 757-764.
Nie, J., Zhang, W., Chen, J., & Li, W. (2016). Impaired inhibition and working memory in response to internet-related words among adolescents with internet addiction: A comparison with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry research, 236, 28-34.
Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S. (2012). Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 241-268.
Nijmeijer, J. S., Minderaa, R. B., Buitelaar, J. K., Mulligan, A., Hartman, C. A., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2008). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 692-708.
Park, S., Jeon, H. J., Bae, J. N., Seong, S. J., & Hong, J. P. (2017). Prevalence and psychiatric comorbidities of Internet addiction in a nationwide sample of Korean adults. Psychiatry investigation, 14(6), 879.
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. (No Title).
Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., Von Gontard, A., & Popow, C. (2018). Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(7), 645-659.
Pawlikowski, M., & Brand, M. (2011). Excessive Internet gaming and decision making: do excessive World of Warcraft players have problems in decision making under risky conditions? Psychiatry research, 188(3), 428-433.
Pelham, W. E., Milich, R., Cummings, E. M., Murphy, D. A., Schaughency, E. A., & Greiner, A. R. (1991). Effects of background anger, provocation, and methylphenidate on emotional arousal and aggressive responding in attention-deficit hyperactivity disordered boys with and without concurrent aggressiveness. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 19, 407-426.
Peng, C., Guo, T., Cheng, J., Wang, M., Rong, F., Zhang, S., Tan, Y., Ding, H., Wang, Y., & Yu, Y. (2022). Sex differences in association between Internet addiction and aggression among adolescents aged 12 to 18 in mainland of China. Journal of affective disorders, 312, 198-207.
Pfiffner, L. J., McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Green, S., Frick, P. J., & Rathouz, P. J. (1999). Association of parental psychopathology to the comorbid disorders of boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 881.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.
Ros, R., & Graziano, P. A. (2018). Social functioning in children with or at risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(2), 213-235.
Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., Toone, B., & Taylor, E. (2005). Abnormal brain activation during inhibition and error detection in medication-naive adolescents with ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1067-1075.
Seki, T., Hamazaki, K., Natori, T., & Inadera, H. (2019). Relationship between internet addiction and depression among Japanese university students. Journal of affective disorders, 256, 668-672.
Shen, Y., Meng, F., Xu, H., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, C., Luo, X., & Zhang, X. Y. (2020). Internet addiction among college students in a Chinese population: Prevalence, correlates, and its relationship with suicide attempts. Depression and anxiety, 37(8), 812-821.
Smith, T. W. (1992). Hostility and health: current status of a psychosomatic hypothesis. Health psychology, 11(3), 139.
Song, H. (2022). Longitudinal Investigations of Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Path Models Among Internet Use, Executive Function Problems, and Maternal Control in Young Korean Children. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 846995.
Spielberger, C. D. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. Anger and hostility in cardiovascular behavioral disorder, 5-30.
Spielberger, C. D., Reheiser, E. C., & Sydeman, S. J. (1995). Measuring the experience, expression, and control of anger. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 18(3), 207-232.
van Teffelen, M. W., Lobbestael, J., Voncken, M. J., & Peeters, F. (2020). Uncovering the hierarchical structure of self-reported hostility. Plos one, 15(9), e0239631.
Wang, L. J., Lee, S. Y., Yuan, S. S., Yang, C. J., Yang, K. C., Huang, T. S., Chou, W. J., Chou, M. C., Lee, M. J., Lee, T. L., & Shyu, Y. C. (2017). Prevalence rates of youths diagnosed with and medicated for ADHD in a nationwide survey in Taiwan from 2000 to 2011. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 26(6), 624-634. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000500
Waschbusch, D. A. (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychological bulletin, 128(1), 118.
Waschbusch, D. A., & Willoughby, M. T. (2008). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and callous‐unemotional traits as moderators of conduct problems when examining impairment and aggression in elementary school children. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 34(2), 139-153.
Wehmeier, P. M., Schacht, A., & Barkley, R. A. (2010). Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact on quality of life. Journal of Adolescent health, 46(3), 209-217.
Willcutt, E. G. (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological psychiatry, 57(11), 1336-1346.
Yen, J.-Y., Ko, C.-H., Yen, C.-F., Wu, H.-Y., & Yang, M.-J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. Journal of Adolescent health, 41(1), 93-98.
Yoo, H. J., Han, J. M., Kim, K., Song, G., Yee, J., Chung, J. E., Lee, K. E., & Gwak, H. S. (2021). Association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and aggression subscales in adolescents. Brain and behavior, 11(3), e02030.
Young, K. S. (1996). Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological reports, 79(3), 899-902.
Yuill, N., & Lyon, J. (2007). Selective difficulty in recognising facial expressions of emotion in boys with ADHD. General performance impairments or specific problems in social cognition? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 16(6), 398-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0612-5
Zelazo, P. D., & Cunningham, W. A. (2007). Executive function: mechanisms underlying emotion regulation.
Zhou, Z., Zhou, H., & Zhu, H. (2016). Working memory, executive function and impulsivity in Internet-addictive disorders: a comparison with pathological gambling. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 28(2), 92-100.