背景：過去研究指出精神分裂症患者的知動表現比正常人差，且其慣用手眼不一致性的比例較一般正常人高，至於慣用手眼一致性與否對於知動表現有何影響，仍有待進一步探討。故本研究希望探討精神分裂症患者的手眼側化同側與否會不會造成其知動能力上的差異，並同時檢驗精神分裂症患者之人口學因子對其知動能力的影響。
方法：本研究之個案來源為南部某醫學中心精神部之病患，使用方便樣本取樣七十四位慣用手為右手的精神分裂症患者。依據受測者之慣用手及慣用眼的評量結果分成二組 (右手右眼組和右手左眼組)，並比較二組之知動能力表現。受測者的精神症狀由精神科醫師以簡短精神症狀量表評量，再由研究者依序施測知動表現，包括：普渡測驗、明尼蘇達手部靈巧度測驗、魏氏成人智力測驗第三版中文版的數字符號-替代測驗及符號尋找測驗。而慣用手及慣用眼的評量工具分別為愛丁堡手部側化量表和虎口測驗。本研究計畫已獲得成大醫院人體試驗委員會審核通過。
結果：為確保受測者的知動表現為常態分佈，排除偏離值個案一位，以七十三位受測者（32位男性和41位女性）進行研究分析。檢驗影響精神分裂症患者知動能力的人口學因子，結果發現不同的知動能力的預測因子有所不同。手指靈巧度的預測因子為精神症狀、年齡、病程與性別；手部靈巧度則為精神症狀與年齡；至於資料處理速度則並未發現人口學影響因子。本研究結果發現二組精神分裂症患者的知動表現並沒有任何顯著差異；進一步控制具影響性的人口學因子（包括：年紀、性別及精神症狀），所得結果仍相同。
結論：雖然本研究並未發現手眼側化一致性與知動表現間的關係，但研究結果卻指出精神症狀是一個影響知動表現的重要因子，特別是在手指與手部靈巧度和協調度方面。故職能治療師應考量個案精神症狀來設定適切的治療計畫，以祈獲得最佳的成效。

Background: Previous studies have indicated that schizophrenic patients have poor psychomotor performance than their normal controls, and the existence of laterality (eye dominance and hand preference) differences between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. However, the influence of eye-hand dominance to psychomotor performance is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether eye-hand dominance at the same side or not would differentiate the psychomotor performance of schizophrenic patients. The influence of patients’ demographic characteristics to their psychomotor performance was also analyzed.
Methods: A convenient sample of 74 schizophrenic patients was recruited at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital. All of them were right-handed. The subjects were classified into two groups (right-hand-right-eye and right-hand-left-eye) based on the results of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and the Hole-in-the-Hand Technique. Their symptom severity was rated by a psychiatrist using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. And their psychomotor performance was assessed by the Purdue Pegboard Manual Test, the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test, and the Digit Symbol-Coding and the Symbol Search subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. The study proposal was approved by the Ethical Committee for Human Research of the NCKUH.

Results: To ensure the psychomotor performance outcomes were normaly distributed, one outliner was excluded. The following analyses were conducted using the data of 73 subjects (32 men, 41 women). For the effects of demographic characters, results indicated different predictors for each of the three psychomotor assessments. Predictors for finger dexterity were identified as pychiatric symptom, age, duration of illness, and gender; for manual dexterity were psychiatric symptom and age; but none demographic variables were identified as predictors for processing speed. The results showed no significant differences on all psychomotor performance between the RHRE and RHLE groups. Additional analysis using gender, age and psychiatric symptom as covariances had showed the same results.
Conclusion: Though the relationship of eye-hand dominance consistency and psychomotor performance of schizophrenic patients was not found, there was a significant side-finding. Even very mild, psychiatric symptom was found to have impacts on the psychomotor performance of schizophrenic patients, especially on the finger and manual dexterity. Occupational therapists ought to consider patients’ symptoms while planning interventions in order to obtain optimal outcomes.

壹、中文部分
孔繁鍾、孔繁錦（1996）。DSM-IV精神疾病診斷準則手
冊。臺北市：合記圖書。（原著出版年：1994年）。
合記編輯部（1995）。合記醫學大辭典。臺北市：合記
圖書。
孟令夫、林幸台、林克忠（2002）。兒童手側化之發展。台灣醫學，7(3)，頁307-318。
邱皓政（2006）。量化研究與統計分析：SPSS中文視窗
版資料分析範例解析（第二版）， 頁5-8, 5-9。臺北 市：五南圖書。
胡海國（1999）。精神分裂症：描述性精神病理。臺北
市：橘井文化。
張本聖、洪志美（2003）。心理衡鑑大全。臺北市：雙
葉書廊。
張春興（1989）。張氏心理學辭典。臺北市：台灣東
華。
張達人、胡海國、魏芳婉（1986）。簡短精神症狀量表
的評分者間信度研究。中國神經精神醫學會會刊，12
(1)，頁29-35。
陳榮華、陳心怡（2002）。魏氏成人智力量表第三版
(中文版)。臺北市：中國行為科學社。
鄭若瑟、何海、張景瑞、藍先元、胡海國（1996）。活
性與負性症狀量表（PANSS）︰中文版本建立及信度研
究。Taiwanese J Psychiatry，10，頁251-258。
劉智民（1999）。精神分裂症。李明濱編，實用精神醫
學（第二版）。臺北市：國立臺灣大學醫學院。

貳、英文部分
Agostini, M. D., Khamis, A. H., Ahui, A. M., &
Dellatolas, G.. (1997). Environmental Ifluences in Hand Preference: An African Point of View. Brain and Cognition, 35(2), 151-167.
American Guidance Service (1969). Minnesota Rate
of Manipulation Test: Examiner’s Manual. Circle Pines, MN.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). DSM-IV:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (4th edition). Washington, DC: The
American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychistric Association (1997). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. American Jounal
of Psychiatry, 154, 1-63.
Annet, M. (1970). A classification of hand preference by association analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 61, 303-321.
Bourassa, D. C., McManus, I. C., & Bryden, M. P. (1996). Handedness and eye-dominance: A meta-analysis of their relationship. Laterality, 1(1), 5-34.
Brigman, S., & Cherry, K. E. (2002). Age and skilled performance： Contributions of working memory and processing speed. Brain and cognition, 50, 242-256.
Buijsrogge, J. J., Benali, K., Brazo, P., & Dollfus, S. (2002). Sinistrality in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 55(3), 303-306.
Burger, G. K., Yonker, R.D., Calsyn, R. J., Morse, G. A., & Klinkenberg, W. D. (2003). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in a homeless sample. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric
Research, 12(4), 192-196.
Byrne, M., Clafferty, R. A., Cosway, R., Grant, E., Hodges, A., Lawrie, S. M.,& Johnstone, E. C. (2004). Measurement of lateral preferences and
schizophrenia: results of the Edinburgh High-Risk Study and methodological issues. Psychiatry Research, 125, 205-217.
Cannon, M., Bryne, M., Cassidy, B., Larkin, C., Horgan, R., Sheppard, N. P., & O’Callaghan, E. (1995). Prevalence and correlates of mixed-handedness in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 59, 119-125.
Cannon, M., Jones, P., Murray, R. M., & Wadsworth, M. E. (1997). Childhood laterality and later risk of schizophrenia in the 1946 British birth cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 26, 117-120.
Chaiken, S. R., Kyllonen, P. C., & Tirre, W. C. (2000). Organization and components of psychomotor ability. Cognitive Psychology, 40, 198-226.
Classen, W., & Fritze, J. (1989). Ventricular size, cognitive and psychomotor performance, and laterality in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 29(3), 267-269.
Clementz, B. A., Iavono, W. G., & Beiser, M. (1994). Handedness in first-episode psychotic patients and their first-degree biological relatives. Journal of abnormal psychology, 103, 400-403.
Collinson, S. L., Phillips, T. J., James, A. C., Quested, D. J., & Crow, T. J. (2004). Is lateral bias anomalous in early-onset schizophrenia? Selected comparisons with normal populations. Psychiatry Research, 125, 219-224.
Coren, S. & Porac, C. (1977). Fifty centuries of right-handedness: The historical record. Science, 198(4317), 631-632.
Coren, S. (1999). Sensorimotor performance as a function of eye dominance and handedness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88(2), 424-426.
Corey, D. M., Hurley, M. M., & Foundas, A. L. (2001). Right and left handedness defined: A multivariate approach using hand preference and hand performance measures. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 14(3), 144-152.
Crow, T. J. (1990). Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 433-443.
Cuesta, M. J., Peralta, V., & Zarzuela, A.(1998). Illness duration and neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 33, 141–150.
Dahmen, R. & Fagard, J. (2005). The effect of explicit cultural bias on lateral preferences in Tunisia. Cortex, 41(6), 805-815.
Dargent-Pare, C., Agostini, M. D., Mesbah, M., & Dellatolas, G.. (1992). Foot and eye preference in adults: Relationship with handedness, sex and age. Cortex, 28, 343-351.
Dellatolas, G., Tubert, P., Castresana, A., Mesbah, M., Giallonardo, T., Lazaratou, H., & Lellouch, J. (1991). Age and cohort effects in adult handedness. Neuropsychologia, 29(3), 255-261.
Dragovic, M. & Hammond, G. (2005). Handedness in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of evidence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(6), 410-419.
Evans, J. D., Bond, G. R., Meyer, P.S., Kim, H. W., Lysaker, P. H., Gibson, P. J., Tunis, S. (2004). Cognitive and clinical predictors of success in vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 167-
176.
Fleishman, E. A. (1953). Testing for psychomotor abilities by means of apparatus tests. Psychological Bulletin, 50(4), 241-262.
Fleishman, E. A. (1954). Dimensional analysis of psychomotor abilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48(6), 437-454.
Fleishman, E. A. (1958). Dimensional analysis of movement reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55(5), 438-453.
Galoboardes, B., Bernstein, M. S., &. Morabia, A. (1999). The association between switching hand preference and declining prevalence of left-
handedness with age. American Journal of Public Health, 89(12), 1873-1875.
Gilbert, A. N., & Wysocki, C. J. (1992). Hand preference and age in the United States. Neuropsychologia, 30(7), 601-608.
Giotakos, O. (2002). Crossed hand-eye dominance in male psychiatric patients. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 728-732.
Gorynia, I. & Egenter, D. (2000). Intermanual coordination in relation to handedness, familial sinistrality and lateral preferences. Cortex, 36, 1-18.
Gorynia, I. & Müller, J. (2006). Hand skill and hand-eye preference in relation to verbal ability in healthy adults male and female right-handers. Laterality, 11(5), 415-435.
Gur, R. E. (1977). Motoric laterality imbalance in schizophrenia: A possible concomitant of left hemisphere dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 33-37.
Gureje, O. (1988). Sensorimotor laterality in schizophrenia: Which features transcend cultural influences? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 188-193.
Hatta, T. & Kawakami, A. (1994). Cohort effects in the lateral preference of Japanese people. Journal of General Psychology, 121(4), 377-380.
Hayden, J. L., Kern, R. S., Burdick, N. L., & Green, M. F. (1997). Neurocognitive impairments associated with ambiguous handedness in the
chronically mentally ill. Psychiatry Research, 72(1), 9-16.
Heydebrand, G., Weiser, M., Rabinowitz, J. Hoff, A. L., DeLisi, L. E., & Csernansky, J. G. (2004). Correlates of cognitive deficits in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 1– 9.
Ida, Y. & Mandal, M. K. (2003). Cultural difference in side bias: Evidence from Japan and India. Laterality, 8(2), 121-133.
Iwasaki, S., Kaiho, T., & Iseki, K. (1995). Handedness trends across age groups in a Japanese sample of 2316. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 979-994.
Jacobs, K. (1997). Quick reference dictionary for occupational therapy. Thorofare: Slack.
Jogems-Kosterman, B. J. M., Zitman, F. G., Van Hoof, J. J. M., & Hulstijn, W. (2001). Psychomotor slowing and planning deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 48, 317-333.
Judge, J. & Stirling, J. (2003). Fine motor skill performance in left- and right-handers: Evidence of an advantage for left-handers. Laterality, 8(4), 297-306.
Kameyama, T., Niwa, S. I., Hiramatsu, S. I., & Saitoh, O. (1983). Hand preference and eye dominance patterrns in Japanese schizophrenics. In P. Flor-Henry & J. Gruzelier (eds.), Laterality and psychopathology (pp. 181-194). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Kang, Y. & Harris, L. J. (2000). Handedness and footedness in Korean college students. Brain & Cognition, 43(1-3), 268-274.
Kaplan, H. I. & Sadock, B. J. (2003). Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
King, H. E. (1967). Trial, making performance as related to psychotic state, age, intelligence, education and fine psychomotor ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 25, 649-658.
Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (2003). Variations in cerebral asymmetry. In Fundamentals of human neuopsychology (5th ed., pp.251-254, 283-288). New York: W.H. Freeman.
Lehoux, C., Everett, J., Laplante, L., Émond, C., Trépanier, J., & Brassard, A., et al. (2003). Fine motor dexterity is correlated to social functioning in schizophrenia. schizophrenia Research, 62, 269-273.
Lewine, R. R. J., Walker, E. F, Shurett, R., Caudle, J., & Haden, C. (1996). Sex differences in neuropsychological functioning among schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1178-1184.
Liu, Y. C., Yang, Y. K., Lin, K. C., Lee, I. H., Jeffries, K. J., & Lee, L. C. (2004). Eye-hand preference in schizophrenia: Gender differences and significance for hand function. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 699-702.
Lysaker, P. H., Bryson, G. J., Davis, L. W., & Bell, M. D. (2005). Relationship of impaired processing speed and flexibility of abstract
thought to improvements in work performance over time in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 75, 211-218.
Medland, S. E., Perelle, I., De Monte, V., & Ehrman, L. (2004). Effects of culture, sex, and age on the distribution of handedness: An evaluation of the sensitivity of three measures of handedness. Laterality, 9(3), 287-297.
Mirabile, C. S., & Teicher, M. H. (2002). Hand preference and diagnosis in major mental illness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 875-876.
Oddy, H. C., & Lobstein, T. J. (1972). Hand and eye dominance in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 331-332.
Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113.
Orr, K. G. D., Cannon, M., Gilvarry, C. M., Jones, P. B., & Murray, R. M. (1999). Schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives show an excess of mixed-handedness. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 167-176.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799-812.
Perelle, I. B. & Ehrman, L. (1994). An international study of human handedness. Behavior Genetics, 24, 217-227.
Piran, N., Bigler, E. D., & Cohen, D. (1982). Motoric laterality and eye dominance suggest unique pattern of cerebral organization in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1006-1010.
Porac, C., & Coren, S. (1976). The dominant eye. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 880-897.
Purdue Pegboard Foundation (1948). Examiner’s manual for the Purdue Pegboard. Chicago, Illinois: Science Research Associates.
Robison, S. E., Block, S. S., Boudreaux, J. D., & Flora, R. J. (1999). Hand-eye dominance in population with mental handicaps: Prevalence and a comparison of methods. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 70, 563-570.
Rosofsky, I., Levin, S., & Holzman, P. S. (1982). Psychomotility in the functional psychoses. Journal of abnormal psychology, 91(1), 71-74.
Schiffman, J., Pestle, S., Mednick, S., Ekstrom, M., Sorensen, H., & Mednick, S. (2005). Childhood laterality and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a prospective investigation. Schizophrenia Research, 72(2-3), 151-160.
Seisdedos, R. T., Arias, J. S., Gomez-Beneyto, M., Cercos, C. L. (1999). Early age of onset, brain morphological changes and non-consistent motor asymmetry in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research, 37, 225-231.
Stellman, S. D., Wynder, E. L., DeRose D. J.,& Muscat J. E. (1997). The epidemiology of left-handedness in a hospital population. Annals of
Epidemiology, 7(3), 167-171.
Straube, E. R., & Oades, R. D. (1992). Asymmetric hemispheric function. In Schizophrenia: empirical research and findings (pp.308). San Diego: Academic Press.
Teng, E. L., Lee, P. H., & Chang, P. C. (1976). Handedness in Chinese population: Biological, social, and pathological factors. Science, 193
(4258), 1148-1150.
Tiffin, J., & Asher, E. J. (1948). The Purdue Pegboard: Norms and studies of reliability and validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 234-247.
van Hoof, J. J. M., Jogems-Kosterman, B. J. M., Sabbe, B. G. C., Zitman, F. G., & Hulstijn, W. (1998). Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the Digit Symbol Test: differences between depression and schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 32, 99-103.
Verdino, M. & Dingman, S. (1998). Two measures of laterality in handedness: the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and the Purdue Pegboard test of manual dexterity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86(2), 476-478.
World Health Organization (2001, December). Media centre. Message posted to http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs265/en/
Yan, S. M., Flor-Henry, P., Chen, D. Y., Li, T. G., Qi, S. G., & Ma, Z. X. (1985). Imbalance of hemispheric functions in the major psychoses: A study of handedness in the People’s Republic of China. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 906-917.
Yeh, E. K., Hwu, H. G., & Lin, T.Y. (1995). Mental disorders in Taiwan: Epidemiological studies of community population. Chinese societies and mental health. Hong Kong : Oxford University Press.