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研究生: 楊宗翰
Yang, Zong-Han
論文名稱: 地震引致河川基流量變化分析~以集集大地震為例
Analysis of Base Flow Anomalies Associated with Earthquake~ An Example from Chi-Chi earthquake
指導教授: 顏沛華
Yen, Pei-Hwa
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 水利及海洋工程學系
Department of Hydraulic & Ocean Engineering
論文出版年: 2003
畢業學年度: 91
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 92
中文關鍵詞: 濾波法基流分離集集大地震
外文關鍵詞: filter, base flow separation, Chi-Chi earthquake
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  • 台灣地理位置介於北緯21.9∘~25.3∘間,正位於全球地震發生機率超過70%的環太平洋地震帶上。地震為大自然之演變過程,非人力所能防止,惟有廣泛且深入瞭解地震活動及其影響水文變化機制,方能對台灣未來地震活動趨勢有所瞭解並得以預估地震發生機率,從而建立地震防災決策支援體系,使地震災害損失降到最低。
    地震導致水文量變化之定性研究與報導,國內外多有案例,然而對於水文量變化在定量方面的研究則多付之闕如。本文乃提供適切之步驟與方法,以退水曲線變化分析、河川枯水流量估計來鑑別地震前後河川基流量之變化,並以兩種基流分離方法(圖形法、改良濾波法)探討估算該基流變化之定量數值。
    本文以鄰近車籠埔斷層之大甲溪流域為研究案例,透過退水曲線分析,發現在921集集地震後,諸研究測站流量歷線之退水係數K值全數上升,整體K值上升5.76%,且K值明顯落在長期平均K值統計量的95%信賴區間外。又在地震後,枯水流量(相當程度反應基流)並未隨年雨量減少反而增加,與地震前10年的平均枯水流量相比較,平均增加45.20%,且利用統計分析鑑別之結果顯示,低水及枯水流量的確受到地震影響而有變異!另由基流分離方法估算計,在地震後一個月,德基壩至石岡壩間總流量增加約216.4百萬立方公尺,而德基壩上游總增加量約18.51百萬立方公尺(圖形法)及40.28百萬立方公尺(改良濾波法),二者顯有差異,惟圖形法分析結果係愈近車籠埔斷層帶,其單位長度基流增加量愈小,而改良濾波法分析則反之,愈近斷層帶其單位長度基流增加量愈大,再比對國內關於集集地震的相關文獻,本文提出之改良濾波法應較符合實際狀況。

    Taiwan is located on 21.9∘N~25.3∘N latitude between and situate in the circum-pacific seismic zone of geographic environment of the world. Earthquake occurrence probabilities were about 70% higher in such severe conditions. Tremendously casualty could happen in Taiwan surroundings once earthquake occurred. Hence, seismic activities and hydrologic variations associate with earthquake should be well studied in order to prevent the suffering of human life and properties from irresistible earthquakes.
    Hydrologic anomalies associate with earthquake have been well documented in characteristic aspect and deficiently studied in quantitatively. Recession curve properties of recession limb and flow duration analysis of hydrograph can be used as the quantitative tools to identify the anomalous phenomena of stream base flow influenced by earthquake. Graphical method and modified filter procedure are provided in this paper as well for separating base flow from hydrograph to estimate the local variations quantitatively before/after the specific earthquake.
    Stream flow data (1989~2000) of Dajia Chi (adjacent to Chelungpu fault) were collected as a case study to identify hydrologic anomalies associate with Chi-Chi earthquake occurred in 1999. Recession curve analysis results show that, after the earthquake, the recession coefficients k of all 6 stations picked up for case study in 1999 increased 5.76% compared with the average coefficient k calculated by long time period data and it failed in statistic confidence test with threshold level of 95%. By using flow duration curve approach, the dried stream discharge (respond base flow effect) in 1999 increased and appeared the vice versa trending for annual rainfall decreased. Comparing this specific value with the long time period of 10 years average dried stream discharge before the earthquake, 15.88% ~ 76.77% increasing discharge were found and discharge average raising range is about 45.20%. After analyzing the flow input data of Dajia Chi by graphical method and modified filter approach, the excess base flow between Deji and Shigang Dams were estimated about 226.8 million cubic meters within a month after 921 Chi-Chi earthquake and the excess discharge upper Deji Dam were estimated 18.51 and 40.28 million cubic meters respectively by using graphical and modified filter approaches. Reviewed the documentation regarding the hydrologic anomalies associate with 921 Chi-Chi earthquake and compared base flow separation results of excess discharge per unit length variation, modified filter approach proposed by this paper should be the reasonable algorism to identify and estimate the local flow variations quantitatively.

    中文摘要 ....................................................I 英文摘要 ....................................................II 致 謝 ....................................................III 目 錄 ....................................................V 表目錄 ....................................................VII 圖目錄 ....................................................VIII 第一章 緒 論 ...........................................1 1-1 研究動機與目的 ..................................1 1-2 本文組織 ...........................................4 第二章 文獻回顧 ...........................................5 2-1 地震引致水文現象變化案例 .........................5 2-1-1 西元1960年前之地震 ..................................5 2-1-2 西元1964年美國阿拉斯加地震 .........................5 2-1-3 西元1976年中國唐山大地震 .........................6 2-1-4 西元1993~94年日本北海道地震 .........................6 2-1-5 西元1997年日本歧阜縣地震 .........................6 2-1-6 西元1998年美國Pymatuning地震 ................6 2-1-7 西元1998年台灣921集集大地震 .........................7 2-2 地震與水文量變化量之相關研究 ................8 2-3 基流分離之相關研究 ..................................13 2-3-1 圖解法 ...........................................14 2-3-2 濾波法 ...........................................14 2-3-3 分析法 ...........................................16 第三章 研究方法 ...........................................17 3-1 地震前後基流變化之鑑別 .........................17 3-1-1 退水曲線分析 ..................................17 3-1-2 枯水流量分析 ..................................18 3-2 地震前後基流變化之定量分析 .........................24 3-2-1 傳統圖形基流分離法 ..................................24 3-2-2 具物理意義之基流分離濾波模式 ................27 3-3 地震引致基流變化分析方法比較 ................30 第四章 案例研究 ............................................31 4-1 研究區域說明 ...................................31 4-2 集集地震對本研究區域造成之影響 .................33 4-3 流量站歷年之退水曲線分析 ..........................38 4-4 流量站歷年之枯流分析 ..........................43 4-5 傳統圖形基流分離法(圖形法) ..........................53 4-6 具物理機制之濾波基流分離法(濾波法) .................60 4-7 改良濾波基流分離法 ...................................65 4-8 單位長度之基流量增加量 ..........................70 4-8-1 德基至石岡間之基流增加量 ..........................71 4-8-2 德基上游之基流增加量 ..........................73 第五章 結論與建議 ...................................79 5-1 結 論 ............................................79 5-2 建 議 ............................................82 參考文獻 ............................................83 附錄:88年大甲溪水庫放水操作紀錄 ..........................88

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