本研究旨在探討關係資本（包括信任、同理心和忠誠）對股權聯盟與非股權聯盟選擇的影響。我們的研究分別對 124 名台灣受訪者和 89 名日本受訪者進行調查。這些受訪者需要回憶最近與他人合作的活動並回答我們的調查。 以二元邏輯回歸進行統計分析，本研究發現關係資本都不會對策略聯盟中的股權聯盟與非股權聯盟選擇産生統計學影響。

Our study aims to investigate the impact of relational capital, including Trust, Empathy, and Loyalty, on the governance structure of strategic alliances. Our research consists of survey-based data with 124 Taiwanese respondents and 89 Japanese respondents. Those respondents were required to recall the most recent activities of working with others and answer our survey. By using binary logistic regression, we found that none of the three relational capital significantly influences the governance structure in strategic alliances.

Beer, A., & Watson, D. (2009). The individual and group loyalty scales (IGLS): Construction and preliminary validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902794341
Bromiley, P., & Cummings, L. L. (1995). Transaction costs in organizations with trust. Research on Negotiation in Organizations, 5, 219–247. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235979693_Transaction_Costs_in_Organizations_with_Trust
Byram, M., Kühlmann, T., & Jacquier, B. M. (2004). Intercultural Competence Assessment (INCA). INCA THE THEORY Intercultural Competence Assessment (INCA). https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/sites/default/files/2009 08/docl_9372_394918047.pdf
Casciaro, T. (2003). Determinants of governance structure in alliances: The role of strategic, task and partner uncertainties. Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(6), 1223–1251. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/12.6.1223
Chathoth, P. K., & Olsen, M. D. (2003). Strategic alliances: A hospitality industry perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(4), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2003.07.001
Chen, H., & Chen, T.-J. (2002). Asymmetric strategic alliances: A network view. Journal of Business Research, 55(12), 1007–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0148 2963(02)00284-9
Ching, L. T. (2002). Becoming “Japanese”: Colonial Taiwan and the politics of identity formation. Journal of Japanese Studies, 28(2), 420. https://doi.org/10.2307/4126818
Choi, J., & Contractor, F. J. (2015). Choosing an appropriate alliance governance mode: The role of institutional, cultural and geographical distance in International Research & Development (R&D) collaborations. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(2), 210–232. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2015.28
Christopher, M., & Jüttner, U. (2000). Developing strategic partnerships in the supply chain: A practitioner perspective. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 6(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-7012(99)00038-6
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? an examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Collins, J. D., & Hitt, M. A. (2006). Leveraging tacit knowledge in alliances: The importance of using relational capabilities to build and leverage relational capital. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 23(3), 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2006.06.007
Cullen, J. B., Johnson, J. L., & Sakano, T. (2000). Success through commitment and trust: The soft side of strategic alliance management. Journal of World Business, 35(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-9516(00)00036-5
Das, T. K., & Rahman, N. (2001). Partner misbehaviour in strategic alliances: Guidelines for effective deterrence. Journal of General Management, 27(1), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630700102700103
Das, T. K., & Teng, B.-S. (1996). Risk types and inter-firm alliance structures. Journal of Management Studies, 33(6), 827–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467 6486.1996.tb00174.x
Das, T. K., & Teng, B.-S. (2001). Trust, control, and risk in strategic alliances: An integrated framework. Organization Studies, 22(2), 251–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840601222004
Delios, A., & Beamish, P. W. (1999). Ownership strategy of Japanese firms: Transactional, institutional, and Experience Influences. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 195–933. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00251740810873482/full/html
Deng, X., & Wang, Y. (2019). Analysis on Financial Value of Relationship Capital A Case Study of SAIC Motor. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 96, 680–683. https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125918227.pdf
Dong, L., & Glaister, K. W. (2007). National and corporate culture differences in international strategic alliances: Perceptions of Chinese partners. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-9010-7
Dooley, R. S., & Fryxell, G. E. (1999). Attaining decision quality and commitment from dissent: The moderating effects of loyalty and competence in strategic decision-making teams. The Academy of Management Journal , 42(4), 389–402. https://www.jstor.org/stable/257010
Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660–679. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.1255632
Elfenbein, D. W., & Zenger, T. R. (2014). What is a relationship worth? repeated exchange and the development and deployment of relational capital. Organization Science, 25(1), 222–244. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0824
Evangelista, F., & Hau, L. N. (2009). Organizational context and knowledge acquisition in ijvs: An empirical study. Journal of World Business, 44(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2008.03.016
Fadol, Y., & Sandhu, M. A. (2013). The role of trust on the performance of strategic Alliances in a cross‐cultural context: A study of the UAE. An International Journal, 20(1), 106–128. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635771311299515
Fletcher, G. (1994). Loyalty. An essay on the morality of relationships. Philosophical Books, 35(4), 276–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0149.1994.tb02901.x Globerman, S., & Nielsen, B. B. (2007). Equity versus non-equity international strategic alliances involving Danish firms: An empirical investigation of the relative importance of partner and host country determinants. Journal of International Management, 13(4), 449–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2007.03.005
Globerman, S., & Nielsen, B. B. (2007). Equity versus Non-Equity International Strategic Alliances: The role of Host Country Governance Management. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.985888
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than
IQ. Bloomsbury. Retrieved May 14, 2023, from https://www.academia.edu/37329006/Emotional_Intelligence_Why_it_Can_Matter_More_Than_IQ_by_Daniel_Goleman.
Gomes, E., Barnes, B. R., & Mahmood, T. (2016). A 22 year review of strategic alliance research in the leading management journals. International Business Review, 25(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.03.005
Gulati, R., & Singh, H. (1998). The architecture of cooperation: Managing coordination costs and appropriation concerns in strategic alliances. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(4), 781. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393616
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., ans Anderson, R. E. (1998). Exploratory Factor Analysis. In W.
C. Black (Ed.), Overview of Multivariate Methods (7th ed., p. 116). essay, Prentice-Hall.
Huff, L., & Kelley, L. (2003). Levels of organizational trust in individualist versus
Collectivist Societies: A seven-nation study. Organization Science, 14(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.1.81.12807
International Monetary Fund. (2019). Real GDP growth Annual percent change.
International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/TWN?zoom=TWN&highlight=TWN
Ioannidou, F., & Konstantikaki, V. (2008). Empathy and emotional intelligence: What is it really about? International Journal of Caring Sciences, 1(3), 118–123. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47374425_Empathy_and_Emotional_intelligence_What_is_it_really_about
Jiang, X., Li, Y., & Gao, S. (2008). The stability of strategic alliances: Characteristics, factors and stages. Journal of International Management, 14(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2007.09.002
Jones, S. L., Fawcett, S. E., Fawcett, A. M., & Wallin, C. (2010). Benchmarking trust signals in supply chain alliances: moving toward a robust measure of trust. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 17(5), 705–727. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635771011076452
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291575
Kale, P., & Singh, H. (2009). Managing strategic alliances: What do we know now, and where do we go from here? Academy of Management, 23(3), 45–62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27747525
Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H. (2000). Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200003)21:3<217::aid-smj95>3.0.co;2-y
Kang, J. (2014). Understanding the roles of trust at different stages in strategic alliances: A theoretical review. Business Management Dynamics, 4(3), 1–14. https://www.bmdynamics.com/issue_pdf/bmd110501-%2001-14.pdf
Kauser, S., & Shaw, V. (2004). International strategic alliances. Journal of Global Marketing, 17(2–3), 7–43. https://doi.org/10.1300/j042v17n02_02
Kumar, N. (1996). The power of trust in manufacturer-retailer relationships.
Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 92–106. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lkcsb_research/5179/
Kyriacou, A. P. (2016). Individualism–collectivism, governance and Economic Development. European Journal of Political Economy, 42, 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.11.005
Lee, C., & Beamish, P. W. (1995). The characteristics and performance of Korean joint ventures in ldcs. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(3), 637–654. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490190
Lin, H. (2012). Strategic alliances for environmental improvements. Business & Society, 51(2), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650312437918
Liu, X., Wang, W., & Su, Y. (2022). Leveraging complementary resources through
relational capital to improve alliance performance under an uncertain environment: A moderated mediation analysis. Sustainability, 15(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010310
Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999). The effect of the performance
appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 123–136. https://fdp.hse.ru/data/808/479/1225/Oct%2012%20The%20Effect%20of%20the%20Performance%20App..gement%20A%20field%20quasi-experiment.pdf
Moore, K. R. (1998). Trust and relationship commitment in logistics Alliances: A buyer perspective. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 34(4), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493x.1998.tb00039.x
NHS Leadership Academy. (n.d.). (EI) Emotional intelligence questionnaire.
https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26776/1/Emotional_intelligence_questionnaire-LAL1.pdf
Ongsakul, V., Parameswar, N., & Dhir, S. (2019). Factors affecting the nature of
alliance governance and competitiveness. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 13, 9–23.
Pangarkar, N., & Klein, S. (2001). The impacts of alliance purpose and partner
similarity on alliance governance. British Journal of Management, 12(4), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00214
Park, J., Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., & Norasakkunkit, V. (2015). Empathy, culture and
self-humanising: Empathising reduces the attribution of greater humanness to the self more in Japan than Australia. International Journal of Psychology, 51(4), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12164
Ramírez-Solis, E. R., Llonch-Andreu, J., and Malpica-Romero, A. D. (2022). Relational
capital and strategic orientations as antecedents of innovation: Evidence from Mexican Smes. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-022-00235-2
Riess, H. (2017). The science of empathy. Journal of Patient Experience, 4(2), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373517699267
Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous , A. G. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: an integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 599–627. https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/256461
Sarkar, M., Echambadi, R., Cavusgil, S. T., & Aulakh, P. S. (2001). The influence of complementarity, compatibility, and relationship capital alliance performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science., 29(4), 358–373. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1177/03079450094216
Shah, R. H., & Swaminathan, V. (2008). Factors influencing partner selection in strategic alliances: The moderating role of alliance context. Strategic Management Journal, 29(5), 471–494. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.656
Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family Business Review , 9(2), 199–208. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1996.00199.x
Teng, B., & Das, T. K. (2008). Governance structure choice in strategic alliances, The roles of alliance objectives, alliance management experience, and international partners. Management Decision, 46(5), 725–742. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810873482
Todeva, E., & Knoke, D. (2005). Strategic alliances and models ofcollaboration. Management Decision, 43(1).
Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27(3–4), 155–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939719302700301
Tseng, C.-Y., & Goo, Y.-J. J. (2005). Intellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy: empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturers. R&D Management, 35(2).
Uddin, M. B., & Akhter, B. (2011). Strategic Alliance and Competitiveness : Theoretical Framework. International Refereed Research Journal, 2(1), 43–53.
Wang, S., & Tamis-Lemonda, C. S. (2003). Do child-rearing values in Taiwan and the United States reflect cultural values of collectivism and individualism? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103255498
Weinhofer, M. (2007). The role of trust in strategic alliances, 1–62. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:934/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Zdaniuk, B., & Levine, J. M. (2001). Group loyalty: Impact of members' identification and contributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(6), 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2000.1474