研究目的: 本研究目的為藉由兩歸因派典，觀察注意力缺失/過動症(ADHD)兒童母親對兒童行為的歸因傾向，包含Johnston的書面腳本問卷與Kelly的多次觀察機會派典。前者對行為進行所在處、控制性、全面性和穩定性四向度的歸因；後者主張歸因根據同意度、區辨度以及一致性三項訊息去推論而做內在或外在歸因判斷。本研究在兩歸因派典上探討母親對兒童行為的管教歸因風格。
方法: 研究對象為64位ADHD兒童的母親(ADHD組)和64位非ADHD兒童的母親(非ADHD組)。ADHD組和非ADHD組各被隨機分派至兩種情境中，其中一情境為令母親對ADHD兒童的行為做歸因(被歸因對象為ADHD兒童)，另一情境則是令母親對正常發展兒童的行為做歸因(被歸因對象為正常發展兒童)。兩派典施測順序經對抗平衡。所有母親對利社會、不注意以及過動衝動三種行為類型的語句進行歸因，而語句的安排則經拉丁方格設計。所有的母親在簽署知前同意書後參與研究。
結果: 觀察組和控制組的人口統計變項未達顯著差異(p > .05)。其研究結果包含(1)在WAQ派典中，被歸因對象影響母親對兒童行為控制性的歸因，而組別則影響對兒童利社會行為的歸因，然而在控制組別的焦慮程度後，組別差異未達顯著。(2)在多次觀察機會派典中，資訊情境具顯著主要效果，而組別和被歸因對象則皆不具主要效果和交互作用。(3)兩歸因派典皆仿造自然情境下的歸因狀況，比較「ADHD組歸因ADHD兒童」和「控制組歸因正常發展兒童」。結果顯示ADHD組傾向對ADHD兒童的利社會做外歸因，並歸因所有行為類型皆較不受控制。
結論: 本研究發現歸因者焦慮程度和被歸因對象在歸因認知中的重要角色，且提供額外資訊能降低被歸因對象驅動的負向歸因效果。值得注意的是，本研究證實即便排除了ADHD母親的高焦慮情緒影響，相較於非ADHD組母親對正常發展兒童的行為歸因，ADHD組母親對ADHD兒童的行為歸因傾向進行負向歸因風格。再者，即使提供額外資訊ADHD兒童母親仍傾向對ADHD兒童的正向行為做外歸因。

The objective of this study was to investigate the attribution process to positive and negative children behavior for mothers of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by two paradigms. The first paradigm involves multidimensional attribution of positive and negative behavior of children. The second paradigm concerns making attribution to identical children behavior basing on information, such as consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. The results showed that mothers of typically developing children exhibited positive attribution styles or person attributions, whereas mothers of children with ADHD exhibited negative attribution styles. Mothers of children with ADHD tended to make person attributions to negative children behavior (e.g., inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity; HI), but concluded situational attributions to prosocial behaviors. Furthermore, mothers of children with ADHD strongly maintained that typical children should exhibit self-control over HI behavior, whereas mothers of typical children adopted a tolerant attitude and perceived children with ADHD as incapable of self-control. The results of this study can be used by future studies on the effects of intervention for children with ADHD or studies related to neurophysiology.

Highlights: A multidimensional questionnaire and information-attribution questionnaires were administered to investigate (a) the positive attribution styles exhibited by mothers of typical children and these mothers’ tendencies to make person attributions to positive and negative children behavior and (b) the negative attribution styles exhibited by mothers of children with ADHD and these mothers’ tendencies to make situational attributions to prosocial behaviors.

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