Background: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by motor clumsiness that significantly interferes with activities of daily living and academic achievement. While DCD affects approximately 6% of school-aged children globally, prevalence estimates and the impact of this disorder on health-related physical fitness in rural populations of low- and middle-income countries, such as Indonesia, remain under-researched. Children with DCD typically exhibit lower levels of physical activity, which may lead to secondary health consequences including poor physical fitness and obesity. However, the specific relationship between motor competence and health-related physical fitness components in the context of rural Indonesia is not well understood.
Purpose: This dissertation aimed to determine the proportion of children classified as being at risk for DCD among school-aged children (7–10 years) in rural Indonesia using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition (MABC-2) and to assess their general levels of physical activity. In addition, to compare motor skills and health-related physical fitness (body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and flexibility) between children at risk for DCD and typically developing (TD) peers. Additionally, this study also investigated the correlations between motor skills, physical fitness components, and environmental factors within both groups.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 240 elementary school children (aged 7-10 years) from Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The MABC-2 was utilized to identify children at risk for DCD (scores ≤ 15th percentile) and TD children (scores > 15th percentile). Physical activity levels were assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C). Health-related physical fitness was assessed using field-based measures: waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) for body composition; the 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) for cardiorespiratory fitness; the push-up test for muscle strength; and the sit-and-reach test for flexibility. Demographic data, including family income and parental education, were collected via questionnaires. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare differences between groups, and Spearman’s rank correlation was used to analyze relationships between variables. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests examined categorical group differences and whether two categorical variables are correlated.
Results: Forty-three children (17.9%) were classified as being at risk for DCD based on MABC-2 performance within this rural sample, which is higher than global estimates but consistent with other studies in low-resource settings using single-assessment criteria. This figure represents a screening-based proportion rather than the clinical prevalence of DCD. Significant between-group differences were observed in motor skills, physical activity levels, and muscle strength. Children at risk for DCD demonstrated significantly lower motor skills (p < .001), lower physical activity levels (p < .001), and poorer muscle strength (p < .001) compared to TD peers. Notably, while there was no significant difference in BMI (p = .115), children at risk for DCD had greater waist circumference than TD peers (p = .008). The larger waist circumference may suggest less favorable central body-fat distribution. No significant differences were found in cardiorespiratory fitness or flexibility. Correlation analysis indicated that in children at risk for DCD, motor skills were significantly positively correlated with muscle strength (rₛ = .310, p < .05), age (rₛ = .324, p < .05), family income (rₛ = .735, p < .001), and father education level (rₛ = .368, p < .05). In TD children, motor skills were significantly negatively correlated with age (rₛ = -.181, p < .05) and significantly positively correlated with family income (rₛ = .562, p < .001).
Conclusion: The findings indicated that 17.9% of the sample was classified as being at risk for DCD in the participating school communities in Sleman Regency, Indonesia and these children differed from their typically developing peers in motor performance, muscle strength, waist circumference, and physical activity. The lack of difference in cardiorespiratory fitness and flexibility may reflect the specific lifestyle factors of rural living. Furthermore, the strong correlation between socioeconomic factors and motor skills suggests that community-based programs in rural areas must consider environmental constraints to effectively support the health and development of children at risk for DCD. These findings underscore the need for school-based, low-cost interventions that simultaneously target motor skills, muscle strength, and waist circumference in rural settings.

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