Background: Depression is increasing among adolescents in Indonesia. Adverse childhood experiences have been recognized having direct relationship with depression in individuals’ later life, but growing evidence support that positive childhood experiences may to reduce risk for poor mental health. Knowledge about adverse childhood experiences, positive childhood experiences and depression among early adolescents is scarce.
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationships of adverse childhood experiences, positive childhood experiences and depression among early adolescents in Indonesia.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design with a sample of 355 junior high school students from three suburban schools in East Java, Indonesia was conducted from August 2020 to March 2021. Indonesia version questionnaires were online collected, including Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs-10), Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale (BCEs), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) Scale, and sociodemographic data.
Results: Participant is aged range from 12 to 15 (14.46±0.78). Most were girl (60.28%) and in the grade 9th (76.62%) with response rate was 90.55%. The mean total score of ACEs was 0.55 (SD±1.36), BCEs was 9.00 (SD± 1.70), and depression was 11.58 (SD± 10.82). The percentages of those with any kind of ACE (>0), less BCEs (<9), and having tendency of depression (BDI-II>17) were 18.3%, 23.4%, and 21.97%. The prevalence of ACEs-10 type was emotional neglected (10.99%), emotional abused (10.14%), physical abused (8.45%), sexual abused (3.66%), physical neglected (2.82%), parent’s divorce/separation (6.20%), witnessing domestic abuse (4.23%), having family with mental illness (4.23%), having family member incarcerated (2.54%) and having family member with alcohol abuse (2.25%). Spearman's rho correlation revealed that the higher adverse childhood experiences, the higher of depression (r = 0.40, p <0.01). Positive childhood experiences were negatively associated both with adverse childhood experience (r = -0.39, p <0.01) and depression (r=0.46, p <0.01). Logistic regression showed that students with any kind of ACE will be 8.79 times higher risk having depression (B= 2.17, p <0.001, OR=8.79) than those without any ACE. It also showed the participants with higher BCEs score ≥ 9, will be 0.14 times lower risk having depression than those with less BCEs score < 9(B= -1.98, p <0.001, OR= 0.14).
Conclusion: This study indicated that adolescents’ depression was concurrently associated with adverse and positive childhood experiences. Further, those with any kind of ACEs were at higher risk to become depression; relatively, those with more BCE may lessen that risk. Interventions to enhance the awareness about the value of positive childhood experience in early adolescents are advocated to be equally emphasized as deterring the adverse childhood experience.

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