中文摘要

生物的分布限制代表著生物對物理環境的適應以及與其他生物間的交互作用等複雜的機制在空間上的表現，並且一直是生態、演化、以及保育等研究中非常重要的議題之一。過去達爾文和MacArthur的經典理論認為山區生物分佈，上界由於物種數量較少且環境較嚴峻，因此生物分布大多受非生物因子所限制；而下界由於物種數量較多且物種間交互作用頻繁，因此生物分布大多受生物因子所限制。然而，此假說長久以來頗有爭議，直接藉由操作性實驗驗證亦相對缺乏。本研究以台灣中部山區的尼泊爾埋葬蟲(Nicrophorus nepalensis)為實驗物種，利用一系列的野外操作實驗直接調控多項非生物與生物因子，觀察各項因子對埋葬蟲繁殖表現之影響，探討其於海拔梯度上所受的限制與限制背後的機制。我們分別在不同海拔：(1)以控制埋葬蟲數量並排除競爭者的方式檢驗埋葬蟲生理限制因素；(2)提供額外的腐屍氣味，加快埋葬蟲找到屍體的速度；(3)在屍體下鋪落葉，加快埋葬蟲處理屍體的速度；與(4)屍體加熱或冷卻操控競爭者(麗蠅)的發育速率。結果顯示，排除競爭者後，埋葬蟲在分布範圍外仍可成功繁殖，故其海拔分布並不單純受生理限制。在高海拔地區，加快埋葬蟲找到屍體的速度可顯著提高埋葬蟲的繁殖成功率；而在低海拔地區，加快埋葬蟲處理屍體的速度能顯著提高埋葬蟲的繁殖成功率。此結果顯示尼泊爾埋葬蟲在海拔上、下界的繁殖限制都是受限於種間競爭，但是競爭的機制卻不完全相同。高海拔地區的競爭是在找尋資源的階段，為爭奪型競爭(Scramble competition)；而低海拔地區的競爭則在處理資源的階段，為獨佔型競爭(Contest competition)。本研究利用操作實驗證實種間競爭對生物分布的重要性，往後的研究進行生物分布移動的預測時應該更加慎重考慮生物間的交互作用帶來的影響。

關鍵字：分布限制、種間競爭、尼泊爾埋葬蟲、操作性實驗、爭奪型競爭、獨佔型競爭。

SUMMARY

In this research, we assessed elevational range limits of burying beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis) at both upper and lower range limits by experimentally manipulating abiotic and biotic factors. We transplanted beetles beyond their range edges to test effects of temperature and competition from flies. Then, we manipulated competitive pressures, resources searching time and resources handling time at both upper and lower range edge of the burying beetle. Results of transplant experiments showed that interspecific competition was the major limiting factor. Manipulation experiments showed that at upper range limits, competition occurs mainly at resource searching stage where decreasing searching time significantly increased breeding success of burying beetles. At lower range limits, competition occurs mainly at resource handling stage where decreasing handling time significantly increased breeding success of burying beetles. The results showed that biotic interaction sets range limits of burying beetles but mechanisms differ between upper and lower edges, where scramble and contest competition dominant respectively. Interspecific competition is crucial to determine species range limit. Through investigating burying beetle’s range limits by examining effects of limiting factors on breeding success, I emphasize the importance of interspecific competition on determining species range limit.

Key words: elevational range limits, interspecific competition, burying beetles, manipulations, scramble competition, contest competition

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