隨著醫療科技的持續進步，人類平均壽命顯著延長，全球正面臨高齡化社會及超高齡社會的到來，而此種人口結構的轉變加劇了與高齡相關的健康挑戰，尤其是高齡者更容易受到多種慢性疾病的影響，包括心血管疾病、糖尿病及認知功能障礙等，這些疾病不僅對個體的生活質量造成嚴重影響，也給全球醫療系統帶來了巨大的壓力，再加上Covid-19疫情的爆發亦加速了高齡人口所造成的影響，醫療相關資源的匱乏早已成為需要迫切關注的議題，而在應對這些健康挑戰的過程中，握力作為一項重要的生理指標，正日益受到關注。握力數值不僅可以用來評估肌肉骨骼系統的健康狀態，更已被證實與心血管疾病、糖尿病、認知功能障礙和失智症等多種因老化常見的疾病之間存在顯著相關性，也因此握力在健康管理領域中，作為一種簡單、快速且低成本的健康指標逐漸被廣泛使用。然而，現有的握力測量與訓練方法存在一些明顯的限制，其中一個主要問題便是市面上握力相關設備多侷限於單一功能，僅能提供基礎的硬體測量，缺乏數位紀錄與追蹤之功能。此外，這些設備也無法針對等長收縮進行有效訓練，有別於等張訓練，等長訓練除了在手部功能改善、靈活性提升及生活質量提升之效果相同外，其較為靜態的訓練動作能夠提供高齡者更為安全的訓練方式。
而隨著資訊科技的發展與疫情的推波助瀾，智慧醫療的概念逐漸展露頭角，其不僅能夠有效降低醫療流程的成本和風險，提高醫療資源的利用效率，亦能降低因高齡化人口增長所帶來之醫療成本，最終推動遠距醫療的發展。也因此，為了因應此一全球性挑戰與趨勢，本研究旨在開發一套整合硬體握力訓練裝置和軟體視覺化數據紀錄平台的軟硬體整合系統，除了透過硬體不同觸覺紋理、阻力以及重量的變化提高高齡者在握力訓練時的趣味性和多元性外，亦搭配軟體的資訊視覺化應用以及訓練中的即時視覺回饋輔助，有效率的協助高齡者掌握自身健康狀況，並降低其在科技時代下的數位落差。

With the continuous advancement of medical technology, the average human lifespan is steadily increasing, accompanied by a global trend of population aging. The emergence of aged and super-aged societies has made the health challenges associated with aging more prominent. Older adults are susceptible to various chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cognitive impairments. These conditions not only severely affect individuals' quality of life but also place a substantial burden on healthcare systems. In addressing these health challenges, grip strength has increasingly gained attention as a physiological indicator. Grip strength measurement can be used to assess the health of the musculoskeletal system, and studies have demonstrated that grip strength data can predict the risk of multiple chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cognitive impairments. There is a significant correlation between grip strength and these conditions, and a decline in grip strength is also considered an important indicator of the onset of dementia in the elderly.
However, current methods of grip strength measurement and training have notable limitations. One major issue is the lack of systematic recording and tracking of grip strength data. Current approaches often fail to present grip strength measurements in a visual format, which can reduce motivation for older adults and limit healthcare professionals' ability to monitor their condition effectively. To address this global challenge, this study aims to develop an integrated system comprising a grip strength training device and a visualized data recording platform. Grip strength training and measurement can be easily conducted at home, which is particularly important for elderly who often face mobility or transportation challenges when traveling to hospitals for rehabilitation. This system helps elderly users better understand their health status and offers potential for remote rehabilitation. It allows them to carry out rehabilitation exercises at home while healthcare professionals can provide guidance and adjust training plans based on remote monitoring of grip strength data. This approach to remote rehabilitation can improve the quality of life for elderly and enhance the effectiveness of their rehabilitation.

Albarrak, Abdullah M. 2023. “Improving the Trustworthiness of Interactive Visualization Tools for Healthcare Data through a Medical Fuzzy Expert System.” Diagnostics 13(10). doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13101733.
Alencar, Mariana A., João Dias, Luisa C. Figueiredo, and Rosângela C. Dias. 2012. “Handgrip Strength in Elderly with Dementia: Study of Reliability.” Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 16:510–14.
Al-Turjman, Fadi, Muhammad Hassan Nawaz, and Umit Deniz Ulusar. 2020. “Intelligence in the Internet of Medical Things Era: A Systematic Review of Current and Future Trends.” Computer Communications 150:644–60. doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2019.12.030.
Ancker, Jessica S., Holly O. Witteman, Baria Hafeez, Thierry Provencher, Mary Van de Graaf, and Esther Wei. 2015. “The Invisible Work of Personal Health Information Management Among People With Multiple Chronic Conditions: Qualitative Interview Study Among Patients and Providers.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 17(6):e4381. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4381.
Arthur, Jay. 2018. “Epilogue.” in Lean Six Sigma for Hospitals: Improving Patient Safety, Patient Flow and the Bottom Line. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Arulkumar, A., and P. Babu. 2021. “Selective Activation of Forearm Muscles for Improving Wrist Joint Stability.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1084(1):012025. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1084/1/012025.
Ballegaard, Stinne Aaløkke, Thomas Riisgaard Hansen, and Morten Kyng. 2008. “Healthcare in Everyday Life: Designing Healthcare Services for Daily Life.” Pp. 1807–16 in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’08. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery.
Balogh, Erin P., Bryan T. Miller, and John R. Ball, eds. 2015. Improving Diagnosis in Health Care. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Bangor, Aaron, Philip T. Kortum, and James T. Miller. 2008. “An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale.” International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 24(6):574–94. doi: 10.1080/10447310802205776.
Barnard, Yvonne, Mike D. Bradley, Frances Hodgson, and Ashley D. Lloyd. 2013. “Learning to Use New Technologies by Older Adults: Perceived Difficulties, Experimentation Behaviour and Usability.” Computers in Human Behavior 29(4):1715–24. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.006.
Bashshur, Rashid L., Gary W. Shannon, Brian R. Smith, Dale C. Alverson, Nina Antoniotti, William G. Barsan, Noura Bashshur, Edward M. Brown, Molly J. Coye, Charles R. Doarn, Stewart Ferguson, Jim Grigsby, Elizabeth A. Krupinski, Joseph C. Kvedar, Jonathan Linkous, Ronald C. Merrell, Thomas Nesbitt, Ronald Poropatich, Karen S. Rheuban, Jay H. Sanders, Andrew R. Watson, Ronald S. Weinstein, and Peter Yellowlees. 2014. “The Empirical Foundations of Telemedicine Interventions for Chronic Disease Management.” TELEMEDICINE AND E-HEALTH 20(9):769–800. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2014.9981.
Belen Gamez, Ana, Juan Jose Hernandez Morante, Jose Luis Martinez Gil, Francisco Esparza, and Carlos Manuel Martinez. 2019. “The Effect of Surface Electromyography Biofeedback on the Activity of Extensor and Dorsiflexor Muscles in Elderly Adults: A Randomized Trial.” SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 9:13153. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49720-x.
Bergstrom, Jennifer C. Romano, Erica L. Olmsted-Hawala, and Matt E. Jans. 2013. “Age-Related Differences in Eye Tracking and Usability Performance: Website Usability for Older Adults.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 29(8):541–48. doi: 10.1080/10447318.2012.728493.
Blanquet, Marie, Guillaume Ducher, Anaïs Sauvage, Sylvain Dadet, Vincent Guiyedi, Nicolas Farigon, Candy Guiguet-Auclair, Pauline Berland, Jérôme Bohatier, Yves Boirie, and Laurent Gerbaud. 2022a. “Handgrip Strength as a Valid Practical Tool to Screen Early-Onset Sarcopenia in Acute Care Wards: A First Evaluation.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76(1):56–64. doi: 10.1038/s41430-021-00906-5.
Blanquet, Marie, Guillaume Ducher, Anaïs Sauvage, Sylvain Dadet, Vincent Guiyedi, Nicolas Farigon, Candy Guiguet-Auclair, Pauline Berland, Jérôme Bohatier, Yves Boirie, and Laurent Gerbaud. 2022b. “Handgrip Strength as a Valid Practical Tool to Screen Early-Onset Sarcopenia in Acute Care Wards: A First Evaluation.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76(1):56–64. doi: 10.1038/s41430-021-00906-5.
Blaszczyk, Janusz Wieslaw. 2023. “Pathogenesis of Dementia.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES 24(1):543. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010543.
Bohannon, Richard W. 2019. “Grip Strength: An Indispensable Biomarker for Older Adults.” Clinical Interventions in Aging 1681–91.
Bonow, Robert O., Douglas L. Mann, Douglas P. Zipes, and Peter Libby. 2011. Braunwald’s Heart Disease E-Book: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Brands, Martijn R., Samantha C. Gouw, Molly Beestrum, Robert M. Cronin, Karin Fijnvandraat, and Sherif M. Badawy. 2022. “Patient-Centered Digital Health Records and Their Effects on Health Outcomes: Systematic Review.” JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH 24(12):e43086. doi: 10.2196/43086.
Carmien, Stefan, and Ainara Garzo Manzanares. 2014. “Elders Using Smartphones – A Set of Research Based Heuristic Guidelines for Designers.” Pp. 26–37 in Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Universal Access to Information and Knowledge, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, edited by C. Stephanidis and M. Antona. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Caspi, Dafna, and Daniela Cojocaru. 2021. “Intervention of a Physical Movement Program ‘Body Management in Safe Ranges’ Enhances Self-Management in Aging.” REVISTA DE CERCETARE SI INTERVENTIE SOCIALA 72:248–73. doi: 10.33788/rcis.72.16.
Celis-Morales, Carlos A., Fanny Petermann, Li Hui, Donald M. Lyall, Stamatina Iliodromiti, James McLaren, Jana Anderson, Paul Welsh, Daniel F. Mackay, Jill P. Pell, Naveed Sattar, Jason M. R. Gill, and Stuart R. Gray. 2017. “Associations Between Diabetes and Both Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality Are Modified by Grip Strength: Evidence From UK Biobank, a Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study.” Diabetes Care 40(12):1710–18. doi: 10.2337/dc17-0921.
Chang, Sarah, Lucy Gray, Noy Alon, and John Torous. 2023. “Patient and Clinician Experiences with Sharing Data Visualizations Integrated into Mental Health Treatment.” SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 12(12):648. doi: 10.3390/socsci12120648.
Clarkson, P. John, and Roger Coleman. 2015. “History of Inclusive Design in the UK.” APPLIED ERGONOMICS 46:235–47. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.03.002.
Coldham, Fiona, Jeremy Lewis, and Hoe Lee. 2006. “The Reliability of One vs. Three Grip Trials in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Subjects.” JOURNAL OF HAND THERAPY 19(3):318–27. doi: 10.1197/j.jht.2006.04.002.
Cole, Kj. 1991. “Grasp Force Control in Older Adults.” JOURNAL OF MOTOR BEHAVIOR 23(4):251–58. doi: 10.1080/00222895.1991.9942036.
Cronin, John, Trent Lawton, Nigel Harris, Andrew Kilding, and Daniel T. McMaster. 2017. “A Brief Review of Handgrip Strength and Sport Performance.” The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 31(11):3187. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002149.
Crosby, Carla A., and Marwan A. Wehbé. 1994. “Hand Strength: Normative Values.” The Journal of Hand Surgery 19(4):665–70. doi: 10.1016/0363-5023(94)90280-1.
Dai, Chenyun, and Xiaogang Hu. 2019. “Extracting and Classifying Spatial Muscle Activation Patterns in Forearm Flexor Muscles Using High-Density Electromyogram Recordings.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEURAL SYSTEMS 29(1):1850025. doi: 10.1142/S0129065718500259.
Damaceno, Rafael Jeferson Pezzuto, Juliana Cristina Braga, and Jesús Pascual Mena-Chalco. 2018. “Mobile Device Accessibility for the Visually Impaired: Problems Mapping and Recommendations.” Universal Access in the Information Society 17(2):421–35. doi: 10.1007/s10209-017-0540-1.
Damen, Debby J., Guus G. Schoonman, Barbara Maat, Mirela Habibovic, Emiel Krahmer, and Steffen Pauws. 2022. “Patients Managing Their Medical Data in Personal Electronic Health Records: Scoping Review.” JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH 24(12):e37783. doi: 10.2196/37783.
Darwish, Ashraf, Aboul Ella Hassanien, Mohamed Elhoseny, Arun Kumar Sangaiah, and Khan Muhammad. 2019. “The Impact of the Hybrid Platform of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing on Healthcare Systems: Opportunities, Challenges, and Open Problems.” Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 10(10):4151–66. doi: 10.1007/s12652-017-0659-1.
De la Rosa, Adrian, Gloria Olaso-Gonzalez, Coralie Arc-Chagnaud, Fernando Millan, Andrea Salvador-Pascual, Consolacion García-Lucerga, Cristina Blasco-Lafarga, Esther Garcia-Dominguez, Aitor Carretero, Angela G. Correas, Jose Viña, and Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera. 2020. “Physical Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Journal of Sport and Health Science 9(5):394–404. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.004.
Deserres, Sj, and Te Milner. 1991. “Wrist Muscle Activation Patterns and Stiffness Associated with Stable and Unstable Mechanical Loads.” EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 86(2):451–58. doi: 10.1007/BF00228972.
Dogra, Shilpa, David W. Dunstan, Takemi Sugiyama, Afroditi Stathi, Paul A. Gardiner, and Neville Owen. 2022. “Active Aging and Public Health: Evidence, Implications, and Opportunities.” ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH 43:439–59. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620-091107.
Dogu, Beril, Hulya Sirzai, Figen Yilmaz, Basak Polat, and Banu Kuran. 2013. “Effects of Isotonic and Isometric Hand Exercises on Pain, Hand Functions, Dexterity and Quality of Life in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Rheumatology International 33(10):2625–30. doi: 10.1007/s00296-013-2787-z.
Dong-Mei, Hao, Yang Yi, and Wan Zheng. 2009. “Measurement System for Surface Electromyogram and Handgrip Force Based on LabVIEW.” Pp. 67–70 in World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany, edited by O. Dössel and W. C. Schlegel. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Elsais, Walaa, and Walaa Mohammad. 2015. “INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TESTING POSTURES ON HAND GRIP STRENGTH.” European Scientific Journal 10:1857–7881.
Eraktas, Irem, Cigdem Ayhan, Mutlu Hayran, and Abdullah Ruhi Soylu. 2021. “Alterations in Forearm Muscle Activation Patterns after Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Injury: A Dynamic Electromyography Study.” JOURNAL OF HAND THERAPY 34(3):384–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2020.03.018.
Faisal, Sarah, Ann Blandford, and Henry WW Potts. 2013. “Making Sense of Personal Health Information: Challenges for Information Visualization.” Health Informatics Journal 19(3):198–217. doi: 10.1177/1460458212465213.
Forman, Davis A., Garrick N. Forman, and Michael W. R. Holmes. 2021. “Wrist Extensor Muscle Activity Is Less Task-Dependent than Wrist Flexor Muscle Activity While Simultaneously Performing Moderate-to-High Handgrip and Wrist Forces.” ERGONOMICS 64(12):1595–1605. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1934564.
FRANSSON, CHARLOTTE, and JØRGEN WINKEL. 1991. “Hand Strength: The Influence of Grip Span and Grip Type.” Ergonomics 34(7):881–92. doi: 10.1080/00140139108964832.
Freund, Jeff, Jon Meiman, and Connie Kraus. 2013. “Using Electronic Medical Record Data to Characterize the Level of Medication Use by Age-Groups in a Network of Primary Care Clinics.” Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 4(4):286–93. doi: 10.1177/2150131913495243.
Ghorbel, Fatma, Elisabeth Métais, Nebrasse Ellouze, Fayçal Hamdi, and Faiez Gargouri. 2017. “Towards Accessibility Guidelines of Interaction and User Interface Design for Alzheimer’s Disease Patients.” in Tenth International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions.
Guinet, Anne-Laure, Guillaume Bouyer, Samir Otmane, and Eric Desailly. 2022. “Visual Feedback in Augmented Reality to Walk at Predefined Speed Cross-Sectional Study Including Children With Cerebral Palsy.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING 30:2322–31. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2022.3198243.
Gunasekeran, Dinesh Visva, Rachel Marjorie Wei Wen Tseng, Yih-Chung Tham, and Tien Yin Wong. 2021. “Applications of Digital Health for Public Health Responses to COVID-19: A Systematic Scoping Review of Artificial Intelligence, Telehealth and Related Technologies.” NPJ DIGITAL MEDICINE 4(1):40. doi: 10.1038/s41746-021-00412-9.
Habenicht, R., G. Ebenbichler, P. Bonato, J. Kollmitzer, S. Ziegelbecker, L. Unterlerchner, P. Mair, and T. Kienbacher. 2020. “Age-Specific Differences in the Time-Frequency Representation of Surface Electromyographic Data Recorded during a Submaximal Cyclic Back Extension Exercise: A Promising Biomarker to Detect Early Signs of Sarcopenia.” JOURNAL OF NEUROENGINEERING AND REHABILITATION 17(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s12984-020-0645-2.
Hagedorn, D. K., and E. Holm. 2010. “Effects of Traditional Physical Training and Visual Computer Feedback Training in Frail Elderly Patients. A Randomized Intervention Study.” EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE 46(2):159–68.
Harahap, Nabila Clydea, Putu Wuri Handayani, and Achmad Nizar Hidayanto. 2021. “Functionalities and Issues in the Implementation of Personal Health Records: Systematic Review.” JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH 23(7):e26236. doi: 10.2196/26236.
Hatabe, Yozo, Mao Shibata, Tomoyuki Ohara, Emi Oishi, Daigo Yoshida, Takanori Honda, Jun Hata, Shigenobu Kanba, Takanari Kitazono, and Toshiharu Ninomiya. 2020. “Decline in Handgrip Strength From Midlife to Late-Life Is Associated With Dementia in a Japanese Community: The Hisayama Study.” JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 30(1):15–23. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20180137.
Househam, E., J. McAuley, T. Charles, T. Lightfoot, and M. Swash. 2004. “Analysis of Force Profile during a Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction Task.” MUSCLE & NERVE 29(3):401–8. doi: 10.1002/mus.10564.
Huelsmann, Felix, Jan Philip Goepfert, Barbara Hammer, Stefan Kopp, and Mario Botsch. 2018. “Classification of Motor Errors to Provide Real-Time Feedback for Sports Coaching in Virtual Reality - A Case Study in Squats and Tai Chi Pushes.” COMPUTERS & GRAPHICS-UK 76:47–59. doi: 10.1016/j.cag.2018.08.003.
Hughes, Charmayne Mary Lee, Paolo Tommasino, Aamani Budhota, and Domenico Campolo. 2015. “Upper Extremity Proprioception in Healthy Aging and Stroke Populations, and the Effects of Therapist- and Robot-Based Rehabilitation Therapies on Proprioceptive Function.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00120.
Innes, Ev. 1999. “Handgrip Strength Testing: A Review of the Literature.” Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 46(3):120–40. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1630.1999.00182.x.
Irizarry, Taya, Annette DeVito Dabbs, and Christine R. Curran. 2015. “Patient Portals and Patient Engagement: A State of the Science Review.” JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH 17(6):e148. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4255.
Ismail, Leila, Huned Materwala, Achim P. Karduck, and Abdu Adem. 2020. “Requirements of Health Data Management Systems for Biomedical Care and Research: Scoping Review.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(7):e17508. doi: 10.2196/17508.
Ismail, Leila, Huned Materwala, Achim P Karduck, and Abdu Adem. 2020. “Requirements of Health Data Management Systems for Biomedical Care and Research: Scoping Review.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(7):e17508. doi: 10.2196/17508.
Kalimullah, Khan, and Donthula Sushmitha. 2017. “Influence of Design Elements in Mobile Applications on User Experience of Elderly People.” Procedia Computer Science 113:352–59. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.344.
Kalisch, Tobias, Martin Tegenthoff, and Hubert R. Dinse. 2008. “Improvement of Sensorimotor Functions in Old Age by Passive Sensory Stimulation.” Clinical Interventions in Aging 3(4):673–90. doi: 10.2147/cia.s3174.
Kim, Ellen, Samuel M. Rubinstein, Kevin T. Nead, Andrzej P. Wojcieszynski, Peter E. Gabriel, and Jeremy L. Warner. 2019. “The Evolving Use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) for Research.” Seminars in Radiation Oncology 29(4):354–61. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.05.010.
Kim, Sung-Hee. 2022. “A Systematic Review on Visualizations for Self-Generated Health Data for Daily Activities.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19(18):11166. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811166.
Komninos, Andreas, Emma Nicol, and Mark D. Dunlop. 2015. “Designed with Older Adults to SupportBetter Error Correction in SmartPhone Text Entry: The MaxieKeyboard.” Pp. 797–802 in Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct, MobileHCI ’15. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery.
Kurtzman, Ellen T., and Jessica Greene. 2016. “Effective Presentation of Health Care Performance Information for Consumer Decision Making: A Systematic Review.” Patient Education and Counseling 99(1):36–43. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.030.
Labott, Berit Kristin, Heidi Bucht, Mareike Morat, Tobias Morat, and Lars Donath. 2019. “Effects of Exercise Training on Handgrip Strength in Older Adults: A Meta-Analytical Review.” Gerontology 65(6):686–98. doi: 10.1159/000501203.
Ledesma, Andres, Mohammed Al-Musawi, and Hannu Nieminen. 2016. “Health Figures: An Open Source JavaScript Library for Health Data Visualization.” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 16(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s12911-016-0275-6.
Lee, Sabrina Eun Kyung, Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira, Viviane Louise Andree Nouailhetas, Rodrigo Luiz Vancini, and Marilia Santos Andrade. 2018. “Do Isometric, Isotonic and/or Isokinetic Strength Trainings Produce Different Strength Outcomes?” Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 22(2):430–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.08.001.
Lee, Seung Hoo, and Hyun Sik Gong. 2020. “Measurement and Interpretation of Handgrip Strength for Research on Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis.” Journal of Bone Metabolism 27(2):85–96. doi: 10.11005/jbm.2020.27.2.85.
Lim, Seong Hoon, Yeo Hyung Kim, and Jung Soo Lee. 2019. “Normative Data on Grip Strength in a Population-Based Study with Adjusting Confounding Factors: Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2015).” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 16(12):2235. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16122235.
Limonta, Eloisa, Susanna Rampichini, Emiliano Cè, and Fabio Esposito. 2015. “Effects of Visual Feedback Absence on Force Control during Isometric Contraction.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 115(3):507–19. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-3036-1.
Liu, Na, Jiamin Yin, S. Tan, K. Ngiam, and H. Teo. 2021. “Mobile Health Applications for Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Interface and Persuasive Feature Design.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocab151.
Luck, Rachael, Hans Haenlein, and Keith Bright. 2001. “Project Briefing for Accessible Design.” Design Studies 22(3):297–315. doi: 10.1016/S0142-694X(00)00031-4.
Lumsden, Jim, Elizabeth A. Edwards, Natalia S. Lawrence, David Coyle, and Marcus R. Munafo. 2016. “Gamification of Cognitive Assessment and Cognitive Training: A Systematic Review of Applications and Efficacy.” JMIR SERIOUS GAMES 4(2):e11. doi: 10.2196/games.5888.
Mace, Michael, Paul Rinne, Jean-Luc Liardon, Catherine Uhomoibhi, Paul Bentley, and Etienne Burdet. 2017. “Elasticity Improves Handgrip Performance and User Experience during Visuomotor Control.” ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 4(2):160961. doi: 10.1098/rsos.160961.
Maramba, Inocencio, Arunangsu Chatterjee, and Craig Newman. 2019. “Methods of Usability Testing in the Development of eHealth Applications: A Scoping Review.” International Journal of Medical Informatics 126:95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.03.018.
Martins Van Jaarsveld, Gabrielle. 2020. “The Effects of COVID-19 Among the Elderly Population: A Case for Closing the Digital Divide.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.577427.
Mbonihankuye, Scholas, Athanase Nkunzimana, and Ange Ndagijimana. 2019. “Healthcare Data Security Technology: HIPAA Compliance.” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019:e1927495. doi: 10.1155/2019/1927495.
Melendez-Calderon, Alejandro, Michael Tan, Moria Fisher Bittmann, Etienne Burdet, and James L. Patton. 2017. “Transfer of Dynamic Motor Skills Acquired during Isometric Training to Free Motion.” JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 118(1):219–33. doi: 10.1152/jn.00614.2016.
Meuschke, Monique, Laura A. Garrison, Noeska N. Smit, Benjamin Bach, Sarah Mittenentzwei, Veronika Weiß, Stefan Bruckner, Kai Lawonn, and Bernhard Preim. 2022. “Narrative Medical Visualization to Communicate Disease Data.” Computers & Graphics 107:144–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cag.2022.07.017.
Mi, Na, Lora A. Cavuoto, Kenneth Benson, Tonya Smith-Jackson, and Maury A. Nussbaum. 2014. “A Heuristic Checklist for an Accessible Smartphone Interface Design.” Universal Access in the Information Society 13(4):351–65. doi: 10.1007/s10209-013-0321-4.
Millar, Philip J., Steven R. Bray, Maureen J. MacDonald, and Neil McCartney. 2008. “The Hypotensive Effects of Isometric Handgrip Training Using an Inexpensive Spring Handgrip Training Device.” Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 28(3):203. doi: 10.1097/01.HCR.0000320073.66223.a7.
Naqvi, Waqar M., Moh’d Irshad Qureshi, Gargi Nimbulkar, and Laxmikant Umate. 2022. “Gamification for Distal Radius Fracture Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.” CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 14(9). doi: 10.7759/cureus.29333.
Nielsen, Jakob. 1996. “Usability Metrics: Tracking Interface Improvements.” IEEE Software 13(6):1–2. doi: 10.1109/MS.1996.8740869.
Niu, Wenjing, Jinyan Huang, Zhao Xing, and Jianbin Chen. 2019. “Knowledge Spillovers of Medical Big Data Under Hierarchical Medical System and Patients’ Medical Treatment Decisions.” IEEE Access 7:55770–79. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2908440.
Okamoto, Takanobu, and Yuto Hashimoto. 2022. “Decreases in Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflection after Isometric Handgrip Training Are Associated with Improvements in Cognitive Function in Older Adults.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19(15):9585. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159585.
Ono, Takashi, Akio Kimura, and Junichi Ushiba. 2013. “Daily Training with Realistic Visual Feedback Improves Reproducibility of Event-Related Desynchronisation Following Hand Motor Imagery.” Clinical Neurophysiology 124(9):1779–86. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.03.006.
Oranchuk, Dustin J., Adam G. Storey, Andre R. Nelson, and John B. Cronin. 2019. “Isometric Training and Long-Term Adaptations: Effects of Muscle Length, Intensity, and Intent: A Systematic Review.” SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS 29(4):484–503. doi: 10.1111/sms.13375.
Parra-Soto, Solange, Jill P. Pell, Carlos Celis-Morales, and Frederick K. Ho. 2022. “Absolute and Relative Grip Strength as Predictors of Cancer: Prospective Cohort Study of 445 552 Participants in UK Biobank.” Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 13(1):325–32. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12863.
Peacock, B., T. Westers, S. Walsh, and K. Nicholson. 1981. “Feedback and Maximum Voluntary Contraction.” Ergonomics 24(3):223–28. doi: 10.1080/00140138108559236.
Persson, Hans, Henrik Åhman, Alexander Arvei Yngling, and Jan Gulliksen. 2015. “Universal Design, Inclusive Design, Accessible Design, Design for All: Different Concepts—One Goal? On the Concept of Accessibility—Historical, Methodological and Philosophical Aspects.” Universal Access in the Information Society 14(4):505–26. doi: 10.1007/s10209-014-0358-z.
Polhemus, Ashley, Jan Novak, Shazmin Majid, Sara Simblett, Daniel Morris, Stuart Bruce, Patrick Burke, Marissa F. Dockendorf, Gergely Temesi, and Til Wykes. 2022. “Data Visualization for Chronic Neurological and Mental Health Condition Self-Management: Systematic Review of User Perspectives.” JMIR Mental Health 9(4):e25249. doi: 10.2196/25249.
Pratt, Jedd, Giuseppe De Vito, Marco Narici, Ricardo Segurado, Jackie Dolan, Judith Conroy, and Colin Boreham. 2021. “Grip Strength Performance from 9431 Participants of the GenoFit Study: Normative Data and Associated Factors.” GeroScience 43(5):2533–46. doi: 10.1007/s11357-021-00410-5.
Prey, Jennifer E., Fernanda Polubriaginof, Gilad J. Kuperman, Victoria Tiase, Sarah A. Collins, and David K. Vawdrey. 2016. “International Perspectives on Sharing Clinical Data with Patients.” International Journal of Medical Informatics 86:135–41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.11.007.
Prince, Martin J., Fan Wu, Yanfei Guo, Luis M. Gutierrez Robledo, Martin O’Donnell, Richard Sullivan, and Salim Yusuf. 2015. “The Burden of Disease in Older People and Implications for Health Policy and Practice.” LANCET 385(9967):549–62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61347-7.
Pryce, James C. 1980. “The Wrist Position between Neutral and Ulnar Deviation That Facilitates the Maximum Power Grip Strength.” Journal of Biomechanics 13(6):505–11. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(80)90343-7.
Rauter, Georg, Roland Sigrist, Robert Riener, and Peter Wolf. 2015. “Learning of Temporal and Spatial Movement Aspects: A Comparison of Four Types of Haptic Control and Concurrent Visual Feedback.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 8(4):421–33. doi: 10.1109/TOH.2015.2431686.
Richards, Lorie G. 1997. “Posture Effects on Grip Strength.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 78(10):1154–56. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90143-X.
Roberts, Helen C., Hayley J. Denison, Helen J. Martin, Harnish P. Patel, Holly Syddall, Cyrus Cooper, and Avan Aihie Sayer. 2011. “A Review of the Measurement of Grip Strength in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies: Towards a Standardised Approach.” Age and Ageing 40(4):423–29. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afr051.
Roman, Wj, J. Fleckenstein, J. Straygundersen, Se Alway, R. Peshock, and Wj Gonyea. 1993. “Adaptations in the Elbow Flexors of Elderly Males After Heavy-Resistance Training.” JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 74(2):750–54. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.750.
Ryait, Hardeep S., A. S. Arora, and Ravinder Agarwal. 2010. “Interpretations of Wrist/Grip Operations From SEMG Signals at Different Locations on Arm.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 4(2):101–11. doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2009.2037604.
Sadoughi, Farahnaz, Somayeh Nasiri, and Hossein Ahmadi. 2018. “The Impact of Health Information Exchange on Healthcare Quality and Cost-Effectiveness: A Systematic Literature Review.” COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 161:209–32. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.04.023.
Saket, Bahador, Alex Endert, and Cagatay Demiralp. 2019. “Task-Based Effectiveness of Basic Visualizations.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 25(7):2505–12. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2018.2829750.
Sangole, Archana P., and Mindy F. Levin. 2008. “Palmar Arch Dynamics during Reach-to-Grasp Tasks.” Experimental Brain Research 190(4):443–52. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1486-6.
Scheer, Jan, Alisa Volkert, Nicolas Brich, Lina Weinert, Nandhini Santhanam, Michael Krone, Thomas Ganslandt, Martin Boeker, and Till Nagel. 2022. “Visualization Techniques of Time-Oriented Data for the Comparison of Single Patients With Multiple Patients or Cohorts: Scoping Review.” JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH 24(10):e38041. doi: 10.2196/38041.
Scheerman, Kira, Carel G. M. Meskers, Sjors Verlaan, and Andrea B. Maier. 2021. “Sarcopenia, Low Handgrip Strength, and Low Absolute Muscle Mass Predict Long-Term Mortality in Older Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Inception Cohort Study.” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 22(4):816-820.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.12.016.
Seale, Deborah E., Cynthia M. LeRouge, and Malgorzata Kolotylo-Kulkarni. 2023. “A Description of Personal Health Information Management Work With a Spotlight on the Practices of Older Adults: Qualitative e-Delphi Study With Professional Organizers.” JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH 25:e42330. doi: 10.2196/42330.
Secinaro, Silvana, Davide Calandra, Aurelio Secinaro, Vivek Muthurangu, and Paolo Biancone. 2021. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Structured Literature Review.” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 21(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12911-021-01488-9.
Smith, Korydon H., and Wolfgang F. E. Preiser. 2011. Universal Design Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Smith, Mark, Robert Saunders, Leigh Stuckhardt, J. Michael McGinnis, Committee on the Learning Health Care System in America, and Institute of Medicine. 2013. “A Continuously Learning Health Care System.” in Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America. National Academies Press (US).
Stewart, Tom. 2009. “Usability Evaluation.” Behaviour & Information Technology 28(2):99–100. doi: 10.1080/01449290902786510.
Su, Chwen-Yng, Jau-Hong Lin, Tsui-Hsien Chien, Kuang-Fang Cheng, and Yue-Tung Sung. 1994. “Grip Strength in Different Positions of Elbow and Shoulder.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 75(7):812–15. doi: 10.1016/0003-9993(94)90142-2.
Tang, Xiao-Teng, Jun Yao, and He-Fan Hu. 2020. “Visual Search Experiment on Text Characteristics of Vital Signs Monitor Interface.” DISPLAYS 62:101944. doi: 10.1016/j.displa.2020.101944.
Tao, Da, Juan Yuan, Xingda Qu, Tieyan Wang, and Xingyu Chen. 2018. “Presentation of Personal Health Information for Consumers: An Experimental Comparison of Four Visualization Formats.” Pp. 490–500 in Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, edited by D. Harris. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Tian, Shuo, Wenbo Yang, Jehane Michael Le Grange, Peng Wang, Wei Huang, and Zhewei Ye. 2019. “Smart Healthcare: Making Medical Care More Intelligent.” Global Health Journal 3(3):62–65. doi: 10.1016/j.glohj.2019.07.001.
Tommasino, P., A. Melendez-Calderon, E. Burdet, and D. Campolo. 2014. “Motor Adaptation with Passive Machines: A First Study on the Effect of Real and Virtual Stiffness.” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 116(2):145–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.12.019.
Torsvik, Torbjørn, Børge Lillebo, and Gustav Mikkelsen. 2013. “Presentation of Clinical Laboratory Results: An Experimental Comparison of Four Visualization Techniques.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 20(2):325–31. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001147.
Umam, F. J., and S. Setiati. 2018. “Association between Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Hand Grip Strength in the Elderly.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1073(4):042035. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1073/4/042035.
Vanderka, Marian, Anton Bezak, Katarina Longova, Matus Krcmar, and Simon Walker. 2020. “Use of Visual Feedback During Jump-Squat Training Aids Improvement in Sport-Specific Tests in Athletes.” JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH 34(8):2250–57. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002634.
Vegesna, Ashok, Melody Tran, Michele Angelaccio, and Steve Arcona. 2017. “Remote Patient Monitoring via Non-Invasive Digital Technologies: A Systematic Review.” TELEMEDICINE AND E-HEALTH 23(1):3–17. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2016.0051.
Weichbroth, Paweł. 2020. “Usability of Mobile Applications: A Systematic Literature Study.” IEEE Access 8:55563–77. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981892.
West, Vivian L., David Borland, and W. Ed Hammond. 2015. “Innovative Information Visualization of Electronic Health Record Data: A Systematic Review.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 22(2):330–39. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002955.
Wind, Anne E., Tim Takken, Paul J. M. Helders, and Raoul H. H. Engelbert. 2010. “Is Grip Strength a Predictor for Total Muscle Strength in Healthy Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults?” European Journal of Pediatrics 169(3):281–87. doi: 10.1007/s00431-009-1010-4.
Wong, Suzy L. 2016. “Grip Strength Reference Values for Canadians Aged 6 to 79: Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007 to 2013.” HEALTH REPORTS 27(10):3–10.
Yamamoto, Ryohei, Kazunori Akizuki, Kazuto Yamaguchi, Jun Yabuki, and Tatsuya Kaneno. 2021. “A Study on the Effect of Feedback on the Motor Learning of Adjustability of Grasping Force in the Elderly.”
Yu, Na, Ziwei Ouyang, Hehe Wang, Da Tao, and Liang Jing. 2022. “The Effects of Smart Home Interface Touch Button Design Features on Performance among Young and Senior Users.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19(4):2391. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042391.
Zhang, Jiaje, and Donald A. Norman. 1994. “Representations in Distributed Cognitive Tasks.” Cognitive Science 18(1):87–122. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog1801_3.
Zhang, Yixuan, Andrea G. Parker, and Cody Dunne. 2021. “Information Visualization for Diabetes Management: A Literature Review.” Pp. 427–30 in Proceedings of the 14th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, PervasiveHealth ’20. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery.
Zhou, Chengmin, Fangfang Yuan, Ting Huang, Yurong Zhang, and Jake Kaner. 2022. “The Impact of Interface Design Element Features on Task Performance in Older Adults: Evidence from Eye-Tracking and EEG Signals.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(15). doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159251.