研究目的：本研究探討近期發病精神病(recent-onset psychosis, ROP)患者與健康對照組（HC）在前扣帶皮質（anterior cingulate cortex, ACC）及內側前額葉皮質（medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC）之神經傳導物質、視動功能及社會認知表現之組間差異，並檢驗皮質神經傳導物質能否預測視動功能及社會認知表現。
方法：本研究共招募34名ROP患者組及50名HC組。以3特斯拉質子磁振造影光譜儀（¹H-MRS）量測ACC與mPFC之麩胺酸（glutamate, Glu）、麩胺酸和麩醯胺酸總和（glutamate + glutamine, Glx）、γ-胺基丁酸（γ-Aminobutyric acid, GABA）及興奮/抑制比值。視動功能以電腦化搖桿追蹤作業（分三區段）評估；社會認知以心智理論量表（CToM）、臺灣版診斷性非語言行為準確性分析工具第二版（DANVA-2-TW）、電影式社會認知測驗（MASC）進行評量。統計方法包括獨立樣本t檢定、共變數分析、皮爾森相關分析及階層迴歸分析。
結果：ROP患者之ACC Glu濃度與E/I ratio顯著高於HC（p = .017 , p = .026），ACC Glx與GABA則無顯著組間差異；mPFC各項指標均無顯著差異。三個區段之視動表現均顯著低於HC（均p < .001）。社會認知方面，ROP在CToM、DANVA-2-TW聲音情緒辨識及MASC之得分顯著較低。相關分析顯示，ACC之Glu、Glx與GABA與視動表現呈負相關；mPFC之Glu與Glx則與視動學習呈正相關。階層迴歸分析指出：ACC Glu負向預測三個區段之視動功能，mPFC Glu正向預測視動學習；ACC GABA負向預測視動功能；ACC Glx負向預測心智理論得分；視動功能（區段一與三）正向預測聲音情緒辨識，且mPFC Glx與視動功能共同預測此社會認知結果。
結論：本研究結果支持ROP存在具腦區特異性之神經化學—行為模型。ACC Glu選擇性升高但Glx無顯著差異的現象，提示麩胺酸—麩醯胺酸代謝循環異常，可能反映星形膠質細胞功能受損。ACC與mPFC神經化學物質以相反方向影響社會認知，顯示兩者在錯誤監控、核心心智化及情緒整合功能上扮演不同角色。視動功能預測聲音情緒辨識的發現，進一步揭示感覺動作處理可能透過神經化學機制介導早期精神病之社會認知缺損。

This study investigated the relationships among cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, visuomotor coordination, and social cognition in patients with recent-onset psychosis (ROP). Using 3-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a computerized joystick tracking task, and a comprehensive social cognitive assessments, we compared 34 ROP patients with 50 healthy controls and examined neurochemical predictors of behavioral outcomes. Results revealed region-specific glutamatergic abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), alongside deficits in visuomotor performance and social cognition including theory of mind and vocal emotion recognition. Cortical neurochemistry showed differential associations with behavioral outcomes depending on brain region: ACC neurochemistry was linked to visuomotor execution and mentalizing, while medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurochemistry was associated with visuomotor learning and vocal emotion recognition. Furthermore, visuomotor coordination and mPFC glutamate jointly predicted vocal emotion recognition, supporting a multi-level neurobiological framework in which cortical neurochemistry and sensorimotor function converge to shape social cognitive performance in ROP.

Abboud, R., Noronha, C., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2017). Motor system dysfunction in the schizophrenia diathesis: Neural systems to neurotransmitters. Eur Psychiatry, 44, 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.004
Abu-Akel, A., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2011). Neuroanatomical and neurochemical bases of theory of mind. Neuropsychologia, 49(11), 2971-2984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.012
Adamek, P., Langova, V., & Horacek, J. (2022). Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. Schizophrenia (Heidelb), 8(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9
Addington, J., Penn, D., Woods, S. W., Addington, D., & Perkins, D. O. (2008). Social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res, 99(1-3), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.001
Adell, A. (2020). Brain NMDA Receptors in Schizophrenia and Depression. Biomolecules, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10060947
Albin, K., Albin, C., Jeffries, C. D., & Perkins, D. O. (2021). Clinician Recognition of First Episode Psychosis. J Adolesc Health, 69(3), 457-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.12.138
Allott, K., Liu, P., Proffitt, T. M., & Killackey, E. (2011). Cognition at illness onset as a predictor of later functional outcome in early psychosis: systematic review and methodological critique. Schizophr Res, 125(2-3), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.001
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci, 7(4), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1884
Andrade-Gonzalez, N., Sarasa, M., Garcia-Lopez, A., Leones, I., Halverson, T. F., & Lahera, G. (2021). Mentalizing Errors in Patients with Schizophrenia Who Received Psychosocial Rehabilitation: a Case-Control Study. Psychiatr Q, 92(3), 947-959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09863-x
Arioli, M., Crespi, C., & Canessa, N. (2018). Social Cognition through the Lens of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience. Biomed Res Int, 2018, 4283427. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4283427
Asemi, A., Ramaseshan, K., Burgess, A., Diwadkar, V. A., & Bressler, S. L. (2015). Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex modulates supplementary motor area in coordinated unimanual motor behavior. Front Hum Neurosci, 9, 309. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00309
Austin, G., Groppe, K., & Elsner, B. (2014). The reciprocal relationship between executive function and theory of mind in middle childhood: a 1-year longitudinal perspective. Front Psychol, 5, 655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00655
Ayesa-Arriola, R., Setien-Suero, E., Neergaard, K. D., Ferro, A., Fatjo-Vilas, M., Rios-Lago, M., Otero, S., Rodriguez-Sanchez, J. M., & Crespo-Facorro, B. (2016). Evidence for Trait Related Theory of Mind Impairment in First Episode Psychosis Patients and Its Relationship with Processing Speed: A 3 Year Follow-up Study. Front Psychol, 7, 592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00592
Bachmann, S., & Schröder, J. (2017). Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: An Update on the State- versus Trait-Perspective. Front Psychiatry, 8, 272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00272
Bak, L. K., Schousboe, A., & Waagepetersen, H. S. (2006). The glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle: aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer. J Neurochem, 98(3), 641-653. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03913.x
Barkl, S. J., Lah, S., Harris, A. W., & Williams, L. M. (2014). Facial emotion identification in early-onset and first-episode psychosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Schizophr Res, 159(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.049
Becchio, C., & Castiello, U. (2012). Visuomotor resonance in autism spectrum disorders. Front Integr Neurosci, 6, 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2012.00110
Beck, K., Hindley, G., Borgan, F., Ginestet, C., McCutcheon, R., Brugger, S., Driesen, N., Ranganathan, M., D'Souza, D. C., Taylor, M., Krystal, J. H., & Howes, O. D. (2020). Association of Ketamine With Psychiatric Symptoms and Implications for Its Therapeutic Use and for Understanding Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 3(5), e204693. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4693
Bernard, J. A., & Mittal, V. A. (2014). Cerebellar-motor dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychosis-risk: the importance of regional cerebellar analysis approaches. Front Psychiatry, 5, 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00160
Bhandari, A., Voineskos, D., Daskalakis, Z. J., Rajji, T. K., & Blumberger, D. M. (2016). A Review of Impaired Neuroplasticity in Schizophrenia Investigated with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation. Front Psychiatry, 7, 45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00045
Billeke, P., & Aboitiz, F. (2013). Social cognition in schizophrenia: from social stimuli processing to social engagement. Front Psychiatry, 4, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00004
Bojesen, K. B., Broberg, B. V., Fagerlund, B., Jessen, K., Thomas, M. B., Sigvard, A., Tangmose, K., Nielsen, M. O., Andersen, G. S., Larsson, H. B. W., Edden, R. A. E., Rostrup, E., & Glenthoj, B. Y. (2021). Associations Between Cognitive Function and Levels of Glutamatergic Metabolites and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Antipsychotic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia or Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry, 89(3), 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.027
Bojesen, K. B., Rostrup, E., Sigvard, A. K., Mikkelsen, M., Edden, R. A. E., Ebdrup, B. H., & Glenthoj, B. (2024). The Trajectory of Prefrontal GABA Levels in Initially Antipsychotic-Naive Patients With Psychosis During 2 Years of Treatment and Associations With Striatal Cerebral Blood Flow and Outcome. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 9(7), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.12.002
Bombin, I., Arango, C., & Buchanan, R. W. (2005). Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia: two decades later. Schizophr Bull, 31(4), 962-977. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi028
Bonfils, K. A., Ventura, J., Subotnik, K. L., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2019). Affective prosody and facial emotion recognition in first-episode schizophrenia: Associations with functioning & symptoms. Schizophr Res Cogn, 18, 100153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2019.100153
Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2013). Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res, 144(1-3), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.013
Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009). Theory of mind impairment in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Schizophr Res, 109(1-3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.12.020
Borgan, F. R., Jauhar, S., McCutcheon, R. A., Pepper, F. S., Rogdaki, M., Lythgoe, D. J., & Howes, O. D. (2019). Glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex in un-medicated first episode psychosis: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Sci Rep, 9(1), 8685. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45018-0
Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn Sci, 8(12), 539-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.003
Boudewyn, M. A., & Carter, C. S. (2018). Electrophysiological correlates of adaptive control and attentional engagement in patients with first episode schizophrenia and healthy young adults. Psychophysiology, 55(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12820
Breitborde, N. J., Srihari, V. H., & Woods, S. W. (2009). Review of the operational definition for first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry, 3(4), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2009.00148.x
Brune, M. (2005). "Theory of mind" in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Schizophr Bull, 31(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi002
Brune, M., Lissek, S., Fuchs, N., Witthaus, H., Peters, S., Nicolas, V., Juckel, G., & Tegenthoff, M. (2008). An fMRI study of theory of mind in schizophrenic patients with "passivity" symptoms. Neuropsychologia, 46(7), 1992-2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.023
Burton, B. K., Hjorthoj, C., Jepsen, J. R., Thorup, A., Nordentoft, M., & Plessen, K. J. (2016). Research Review: Do motor deficits during development represent an endophenotype for schizophrenia? A meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 57(4), 446-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12479
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci, 4(6), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2
Bustillo, J. R., Chen, H., Gasparovic, C., Mullins, P., Caprihan, A., Qualls, C., Apfeldorf, W., Lauriello, J., & Posse, S. (2011). Glutamate as a marker of cognitive function in schizophrenia: a proton spectroscopic imaging study at 4 Tesla. Biol Psychiatry, 69(1), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.024
Cai, X. L., Pu, C. C., Zhou, S. Z., Wang, Y., Huang, J., Lui, S. S. Y., Moller, A., Cheung, E. F. C., Madsen, K. H., Xue, R., Yu, X., & Chan, R. C. K. (2023). Anterior cingulate glutamate levels associate with functional activation and connectivity during sensory integration in schizophrenia: a multimodal (1)H-MRS and fMRI study. Psychol Med, 53(11), 4904-4914. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722001817
Carmichael, S. T., Vespa, P. M., Saver, J. L., Coppola, G., Geschwind, D. H., Starkman, S., Miller, C. M., Kidwell, C. S., Liebeskind, D. S., & Martin, N. A. (2008). Genomic profiles of damage and protection in human intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 28(11), 1860-1875. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2008.77
Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W., 3rd, Ross, L. L., & Stenger, V. A. (2001). Anterior cingulate cortex activity and impaired self-monitoring of performance in patients with schizophrenia: an event-related fMRI study. Am J Psychiatry, 158(9), 1423-1428. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1423
Carter, O., Bennett, D., Nash, T., Arnold, S., Brown, L., Cai, R. Y., Allan, Z., Dluzniak, A., McAnally, K., Burr, D., & Sundram, S. (2017). Sensory integration deficits support a dimensional view of psychosis and are not limited to schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry, 7(5), e1118. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.69
Cayouette, A., Thibaudeau, É., Cellard, C., Roy, M. A., & Achim, A. M. (2023). Associations between theory of mind and clinical symptoms in recent onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry, 14, 1044682. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1044682
Chan, R. C., Xu, T., Heinrichs, R. W., Yu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2010). Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull, 36(6), 1089-1104. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp011
Chen, Y. (2011). Abnormal visual motion processing in schizophrenia: a review of research progress. Schizophr Bull, 37(4), 709-715. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr020
Cheng, B. F., Liang, Y., & Wu, Q. (2025). Unraveling the mysteries of schizophrenia: Insights into prefrontal cortex dysfunction and therapeutic implications. World J Psychiatry, 15(11), 107604. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i11.107604
Chien, I. C., Chou, Y. J., Lin, C. H., Bih, S. H., Chou, P., & Chang, H. J. (2004). Prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia among national health insurance enrollees in Taiwan, 1996-2001. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 58(6), 611-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01311.x
Cohen, S. M., Tsien, R. W., Goff, D. C., & Halassa, M. M. (2015). The impact of NMDA receptor hypofunction on GABAergic neurons in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 167(1-3), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.026
Cook, J. (2016). From movement kinematics to social cognition: the case of autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 371(1693). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0372
Cordes, J. S., Mathiak, K. A., Dyck, M., Alawi, E. M., Gaber, T. J., Zepf, F. D., Klasen, M., Zvyagintsev, M., Gur, R. C., & Mathiak, K. (2015). Cognitive and neural strategies during control of the anterior cingulate cortex by fMRI neurofeedback in patients with schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci, 9, 169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00169
Correll, C. U., & Schooler, N. R. (2020). Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 16, 519-534. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S225643
Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., & Roberts, D. L. (2006). The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophr Bull, 32 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S44-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl029
Cowman, M., Godfrey, E., Walsh, T., Frawley, E., Fowler, D., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., O'Connor, K., Wykes, T., Birchwood, M., & Donohoe, G. (2024). Measures of Social and Occupational Function in Early Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull, 50(2), 266-285. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbad062
Cowman, M., Holleran, L., Lonergan, E., O'Connor, K., Birchwood, M., & Donohoe, G. (2021). Cognitive Predictors of Social and Occupational Functioning in Early Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data. Schizophr Bull, 47(5), 1243-1253. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab033
Coyle, J. T. (2024). Passing the torch: The ascendance of the glutamatergic synapse in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Biochem Pharmacol, 228, 116376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116376
Dazzan, P., & Murray, R. M. (2002). Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Br J Psychiatry Suppl, 43, s50-57. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.43.s50
de Jong, J. J., de Gelder, B., & Hodiamont, P. P. (2013). Sensory processing, neurocognition, and social cognition in schizophrenia: towards a cohesive cognitive model. Schizophr Res, 146(1-3), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.034
de Jonge, J. C., Vinkers, C. H., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Marsman, A. (2017). GABAergic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia: Linking Postmortem and In Vivo Studies. Front Psychiatry, 8, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00118
de la Fuente-Sandoval, C., Reyes-Madrigal, F., Mao, X., Leon-Ortiz, P., Rodriguez-Mayoral, O., Jung-Cook, H., Solis-Vivanco, R., Graff-Guerrero, A., & Shungu, D. C. (2018). Prefrontal and Striatal Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Levels and the Effect of Antipsychotic Treatment in First-Episode Psychosis Patients. Biol Psychiatry, 83(6), 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.028
Demjaha, A., Egerton, A., Murray, R. M., Kapur, S., Howes, O. D., Stone, J. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2014). Antipsychotic treatment resistance in schizophrenia associated with elevated glutamate levels but normal dopamine function. Biol Psychiatry, 75(5), e11-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.011
Dempster, K., Norman, R., Theberge, J., Densmore, M., Schaefer, B., & Williamson, P. (2015). Glutamatergic metabolite correlations with neuropsychological tests in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 233(2), 180-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.003
Dimopoulou, T., Tarazi, F. I., & Tsapakis, E. M. (2017). Clinical and therapeutic role of mentalization in schizophrenia-a review. CNS Spectr, 22(6), 450-462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852916000687
Dodell-Feder, D., Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2014). The neural basis of theory of mind and its relationship to social functioning and social anhedonia in individuals with schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin, 4, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.006
Du, X., Choa, F. S., Chiappelli, J., Wisner, K. M., Wittenberg, G., Adhikari, B., Bruce, H., Rowland, L. M., Kochunov, P., & Hong, L. E. (2019). Aberrant Middle Prefrontal-Motor Cortex Connectivity Mediates Motor Inhibitory Biomarker in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry, 85(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.06.007
Duarte, J. M. N., & Xin, L. (2019). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Glutamatergic Dysfunction and Impaired Energy Metabolism. Neurochem Res, 44(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-018-2521-z
Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Kalbe, E., Rogers, K., Hassenstab, J., Brand, M., Kessler, J., Woike, J. K., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2006). Introducing MASC: a movie for the assessment of social cognition. J Autism Dev Disord, 36(5), 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0107-0
Egerton, A., Bhachu, A., Merritt, K., McQueen, G., Szulc, A., & McGuire, P. (2017). Effects of Antipsychotic Administration on Brain Glutamate in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal (1)H-MRS Studies. Front Psychiatry, 8, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00066
Egerton, A., Griffiths, K., Casetta, C., Deakin, B., Drake, R., Howes, O. D., Kassoumeri, L., Khan, S., Lankshear, S., Lees, J., Lewis, S., Mikulskaya, E., Millgate, E., Oloyede, E., Pollard, R., Rich, N., Segev, A., Sendt, K. V., & MacCabe, J. H. (2023). Anterior cingulate glutamate metabolites as a predictor of antipsychotic response in first episode psychosis: data from the STRATA collaboration. Neuropsychopharmacology, 48(3), 567-575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01508-w
Ellison, G. (1995). The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine as both behavioral and anatomical models of the dementias. Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 20(2), 250-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(94)00014-g
Exner, C., Weniger, G., Schmidt-Samoa, C., & Irle, E. (2006). Reduced size of the pre-supplementary motor cortex and impaired motor sequence learning in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 84(2-3), 386-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.013
Fallgatter, A. J., Bartsch, A. J., Zielasek, J., & Herrmann, M. J. (2003). Brain electrical dysfunction of the anterior cingulate in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res, 124(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00072-6
Fan, L., Zhang, Z., Ma, X., Liang, L., Wang, Y., Yuan, L., Ouyang, L., Li, Z., Chen, X., He, Y., & Palaniyappan, L. (2024). Glutamate levels and symptom burden in high-risk and first-episode schizophrenia: a dual-voxel study of the anterior cingulate cortex. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 49(6), E367-e376. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.240094
Feber, L., Peter, N., Schneider-Thoma, J., Siafis, S., Bighelli, I., Hansen, W. P., Prates Baldez, D., Salanti, G., Keefe, R. S. E., Engel, R. R., & Leucht, S. (2023). Antipsychotic drugs and their effects on cognitive function: protocol for a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis. Syst Rev, 12(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02213-5
Feber, L., Peter, N. L., Chiocchia, V., Schneider-Thoma, J., Siafis, S., Bighelli, I., Hansen, W. P., Lin, X., Prates-Baldez, D., Salanti, G., Keefe, R. S. E., Engel, R. R., & Leucht, S. (2025). Antipsychotic Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 82(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2890
Fernandes, J. M., Cajao, R., Lopes, R., Jeronimo, R., & Barahona-Correa, J. B. (2018). Social Cognition in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Comparisons. Front Psychiatry, 9, 504. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00504
Frawley, E., Cowman, M., Lepage, M., & Donohoe, G. (2023). Social and occupational recovery in early psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions. Psychol Med, 53(5), 1787-1798. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172100341x
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2006). The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron, 50(4), 531-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001
Frohlich, J., & Van Horn, J. D. (2014). Reviewing the ketamine model for schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol, 28(4), 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881113512909
Fusar-Poli, P., McGorry, P. D., & Kane, J. M. (2017). Improving outcomes of first-episode psychosis: an overview. World Psychiatry, 16(3), 251-265. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20446
Fusar-Poli, P., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2013). Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, Part I: meta-analysis of dopamine active transporter (DAT) density. Schizophr Bull, 39(1), 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr111
Gandal, M. J., Sisti, J., Klook, K., Ortinski, P. I., Leitman, V., Liang, Y., Thieu, T., Anderson, R., Pierce, R. C., Jonak, G., Gur, R. E., Carlson, G., & Siegel, S. J. (2012). GABAB-mediated rescue of altered excitatory-inhibitory balance, gamma synchrony and behavioral deficits following constitutive NMDAR-hypofunction. Transl Psychiatry, 2(7), e142. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.69
Ganse-Dumrath, A., Chohan, A., Samuel, S., Bretherton, P., Haenschel, C., & Fett, A. K. (2025). Systematic review and meta-analysis of early visual processing, social cognition, and functional outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res Cogn, 40, 100351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2025.100351
Gardner, A., Cotton, S. M., Allott, K., Filia, K. M., Hester, R., & Killackey, E. (2019). Social inclusion and its interrelationships with social cognition and social functioning in first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry, 13(3), 477-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12507
Ginovart, N., & Kapur, S. (2012). Role of dopamine D(2) receptors for antipsychotic activity. Handb Exp Pharmacol(212), 27-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2_2
Godlewska, B. R., Minichino, A., Emir, U., Angelescu, I., Lennox, B., Micunovic, M., Howes, O., & Cowen, P. J. (2021). Brain glutamate concentration in men with early psychosis: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy case-control study at 7 T. Transl Psychiatry, 11(1), 367. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01477-6
Gold, R., Butler, P., Revheim, N., Leitman, D. I., Hansen, J. A., Gur, R. C., Kantrowitz, J. T., Laukka, P., Juslin, P. N., Silipo, G. S., & Javitt, D. C. (2012). Auditory emotion recognition impairments in schizophrenia: relationship to acoustic features and cognition. Am J Psychiatry, 169(4), 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11081230
Gong, B., Li, Q., Zhao, Y., & Wu, C. (2021). Auditory emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr, 65, 102820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102820
Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Fish, K. N., & Lewis, D. A. (2011). GABA neuron alterations, cortical circuit dysfunction and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Neural Plast, 2011, 723184. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/723184
Gouveia, M., Costa, T., Morgado, T., Sampaio, F., Rosa, A., & Sequeira, C. (2023). Intervention Programs for First-Episode Psychosis: A Scoping Review Protocol. Nurs Rep, 13(1), 273-283. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13010026
Grafton, S. T., Schmitt, P., Van Horn, J., & Diedrichsen, J. (2008). Neural substrates of visuomotor learning based on improved feedback control and prediction. Neuroimage, 39(3), 1383-1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.062
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2019). Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20624
Green, M. F., Olivier, B., Crawley, J. N., Penn, D. L., & Silverstein, S. (2005). Social cognition in schizophrenia: recommendations from the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia new approaches conference. Schizophr Bull, 31(4), 882-887. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi049
Green, M. F., Penn, D. L., Bentall, R., Carpenter, W. T., Gaebel, W., Gur, R. C., Kring, A. M., Park, S., Silverstein, S. M., & Heinssen, R. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophr Bull, 34(6), 1211-1220. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm145
Healey, K. M., Bartholomeusz, C. F., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Deficits in social cognition in first episode psychosis: A review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev, 50, 108-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.001
Healey, K. M., Penn, D. L., Perkins, D., Woods, S. W., & Addington, J. (2013). Theory of mind and social judgments in people at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophr Res, 150(2-3), 498-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.038
Heckers, S., Weiss, A. P., Deckersbach, T., Goff, D. C., Morecraft, R. J., & Bush, G. (2004). Anterior cingulate cortex activation during cognitive interference in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 161(4), 707-715. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.707
Heinz, A., & Schlagenhauf, F. (2010). Dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: salience attribution revisited. Schizophr Bull, 36(3), 472-485. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq031
Hodgekins, J., Birchwood, M., Christopher, R., Marshall, M., Coker, S., Everard, L., Lester, H., Jones, P., Amos, T., Singh, S., Sharma, V., Freemantle, N., & Fowler, D. (2015). Investigating trajectories of social recovery in individuals with first-episode psychosis: a latent class growth analysis. Br J Psychiatry, 207(6), 536-543. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.153486
Homayoun, H., & Moghaddam, B. (2007). NMDA receptor hypofunction produces opposite effects on prefrontal cortex interneurons and pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci, 27(43), 11496-11500. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2213-07.2007
Howes, O., Fusar-Poli, P., & Osugo, M. (2023). Treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia: current approaches and future perspectives. Br J Psychiatry, 223(1), 332-335. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2023.57
Howes, O., McCutcheon, R., & Stone, J. (2015). Glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia: an update for the 21st century. J Psychopharmacol, 29(2), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114563634
Howes, O. D., Egerton, A., Allan, V., McGuire, P., Stokes, P., & Kapur, S. (2009). Mechanisms underlying psychosis and antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia: insights from PET and SPECT imaging. Curr Pharm Des, 15(22), 2550-2559. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161209788957528
Howes, O. D., Kambeitz, J., Kim, E., Stahl, D., Slifstein, M., Abi-Dargham, A., & Kapur, S. (2012). The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 69(8), 776-786. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.169
Howes, O. D., & Kapur, S. (2009). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III--the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull, 35(3), 549-562. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp006
Howes, O. D., & Shatalina, E. (2022). Integrating the Neurodevelopmental and Dopamine Hypotheses of Schizophrenia and the Role of Cortical Excitation-Inhibition Balance. Biol Psychiatry, 92(6), 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.017
Huang, Y. L., Chen, T. T., Dziobek, I., & Tseng, H. H. (2023). Mentalizing in a movie for the assessment of social cognition (MASC): the validation in a taiwanese sample. BMC Psychol, 11(1), 287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01321-0
Hughes, H., Brady, L. J., & Schoonover, K. E. (2024). GABAergic dysfunction in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: implications for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Front Cell Neurosci, 18, 1440834. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2024.1440834
Ikuta, T., Szeszko, P. R., Gruner, P., DeRosse, P., Gallego, J., & Malhotra, A. K. (2012). Abnormal anterior cingulate cortex activity predicts functional disability in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 137(1-3), 267-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.12.021
Irani, F., Seligman, S., Kamath, V., Kohler, C., & Gur, R. C. (2012). A meta-analysis of emotion perception and functional outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 137(1-3), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.023
Isıklı, S., Bektaş, A. B., Tamer, Ş., Atabay, M., Arkalı, B. D., Bağcı, B., Bayrakcı, A., Sebold, M., & Zorlu, N. (2024). Effort-cost decision-making associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Behav Brain Res, 467, 114996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114996
Iwata, Y., Nakajima, S., Plitman, E., Mihashi, Y., Caravaggio, F., Chung, J. K., Kim, J., Gerretsen, P., Mimura, M., Remington, G., & Graff-Guerrero, A. (2018). Neurometabolite levels in antipsychotic-naïve/free patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of (1)H-MRS studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 86, 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.016
Jami, S. A., Cameron, S., Wong, J. M., Daly, E. R., McAllister, A. K., & Gray, J. A. (2021). Increased excitation-inhibition balance and loss of GABAergic synapses in the serine racemase knockout model of NMDA receptor hypofunction. J Neurophysiol, 126(1), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00661.2020
Jauhar, S., Veronese, M., Nour, M. M., Rogdaki, M., Hathway, P., Turkheimer, F. E., Stone, J., Egerton, A., McGuire, P., Kapur, S., & Howes, O. D. (2019). Determinants of treatment response in first-episode psychosis: an (18)F-DOPA PET study. Mol Psychiatry, 24(10), 1502-1512. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0042-4
Javed, A., & Charles, A. (2018). The Importance of Social Cognition in Improving Functional Outcomes in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry, 9, 157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00157
Javitt, D. C., & Zukin, S. R. (1991). Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 148(10), 1301-1308. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.10.1301
Jeon, P., Limongi, R., Ford, S. D., Mackinley, M., Dempster, K., Theberge, J., & Palaniyappan, L. (2021). Progressive Changes in Glutamate Concentration in Early Stages of Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal 7-Tesla MRS Study. Schizophr Bull Open, 2(1), sgaa072. https://doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa072
Kehrer, C., Maziashvili, N., Dugladze, T., & Gloveli, T. (2008). Altered Excitatory-Inhibitory Balance in the NMDA-Hypofunction Model of Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci, 1, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.006.2008
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., 3rd, Johnson, M. K., Stenger, V. A., Aizenstein, H., & Carter, C. S. (2005). Decreased conflict- and error-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 162(10), 1833-1839. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1833
Kiemes, A., Davies, C., Kempton, M. J., Lukow, P. B., Bennallick, C., Stone, J. M., & Modinos, G. (2021). GABA, Glutamate and Neural Activity: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Multimodal (1)H-MRS-fMRI Studies. Front Psychiatry, 12, 644315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644315
Kohler, C. G., & Martin, E. A. (2006). Emotional processing in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 11(3), 250-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800500188575
Kravitz, D. J., Saleem, K. S., Baker, C. I., & Mishkin, M. (2011). A new neural framework for visuospatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci, 12(4), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3008
Kumar, V., Manchegowda, S., Jacob, A., & Rao, N. P. (2020). Glutamate metabolites in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and systematic review of (1)H-MRS studies. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 300, 111080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111080
Lahera, G., Galvez, J. L., Sanchez, P., Martinez-Roig, M., Perez-Fuster, J. V., Garcia-Portilla, P., Herrera, B., & Roca, M. (2018). Functional recovery in patients with schizophrenia: recommendations from a panel of experts. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1755-2
Lai, Y. J., Lin, Y. C., Hsu, C. H., Tseng, H. H., Lee, C. N., Huang, P. C., Hsu, H. Y., & Kuo, L. C. (2023). Are the sensorimotor control capabilities of the hands the factors influencing hand function in people with schizophrenia? BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 807. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05259-w
Lee, J., Quintana, J., Nori, P., & Green, M. F. (2011). Theory of mind in schizophrenia: exploring neural mechanisms of belief attribution. Soc Neurosci, 6(5-6), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2011.620774
Lesh, T. A., Niendam, T. A., Minzenberg, M. J., & Carter, C. S. (2011). Cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia: mechanisms and meaning. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 316-338. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.156
Li, J., Ren, H., He, Y., Li, Z., Ma, X., Yuan, L., Ouyang, L., Zhou, J., Wang, D., Li, C., Chen, X., Han, H., & Tang, J. (2020). Anterior Cingulate Cortex Glutamate Levels Are Related to Response to Initial Antipsychotic Treatment in Drug-Naive First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients. Front Psychiatry, 11, 553269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.553269
Li, W., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2014). The default mode network and social understanding of others: what do brain connectivity studies tell us. Front Hum Neurosci, 8, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00074
Lopes, J. J., Carruthers, S. P., Meyer, D., Dean, B., & Rossell, S. L. (2024). Glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies across schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 58(11), 930-951. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674241254216
Lu, P. Y., Huang, Y. L., Huang, P. C., Liu, Y. C., Wei, S. Y., Hsu, W. Y., Chen, K. C., Chen, P. S., Wu, W. C., Yang, Y. K., & Tseng, H. H. (2021). Association of visual motor processing and social cognition in schizophrenia. NPJ Schizophr, 7(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-021-00150-7
Lundin, N. B., Blouin, A. M., Cowan, H. R., Moe, A. M., Wastler, H. M., & Breitborde, N. J. K. (2024). Identification of Psychosis Risk and Diagnosis of First-Episode Psychosis: Advice for Clinicians. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 17, 1365-1383. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S423865
Mair, R. G., Francoeur, M. J., Krell, E. M., & Gibson, B. M. (2022). Where Actions Meet Outcomes: Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Central Thalamus, and the Basal Ganglia. Front Behav Neurosci, 16, 928610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.928610
Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., Drake, R., Jones, P., & Croudace, T. (2005). Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62(9), 975-983. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.975
Mathalon, D. H., Jorgensen, K. W., Roach, B. J., & Ford, J. M. (2009). Error detection failures in schizophrenia: ERPs and FMRI. Int J Psychophysiol, 73(2), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.02.005
Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychol Methods, 12(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.12.1.23
McCleery, A., Wynn, J. K., Lee, J., Reavis, E. A., Ventura, J., Subotnik, K. L., Green, M. F., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2020). Early Visual Processing Is Associated With Social Cognitive Performance in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry, 11, 823. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00823
McCutcheon, R., Beck, K., Jauhar, S., & Howes, O. D. (2018). Defining the Locus of Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis and Test of the Mesolimbic Hypothesis. Schizophr Bull, 44(6), 1301-1311. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx180
McCutcheon, R. A., Keefe, R. S. E., & McGuire, P. K. (2023). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Mol Psychiatry, 28(5), 1902-1918. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-01949-9
McCutcheon, R. A., Reis Marques, T., & Howes, O. D. (2020). Schizophrenia-An Overview. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360
McGorry, P. D., Killackey, E., & Yung, A. (2008). Early intervention in psychosis: concepts, evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry, 7(3), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00182.x
Merritt, K., McCutcheon, R. A., Aleman, A., Ashley, S., Beck, K., Block, W., Bloemen, O. J. N., Borgan, F., Boules, C., Bustillo, J. R., Capizzano, A. A., Coughlin, J. M., David, A., de la Fuente-Sandoval, C., Demjaha, A., Dempster, K., Do, K. Q., Du, F., Falkai, P., . . . Egerton, A. (2023). Variability and magnitude of brain glutamate levels in schizophrenia: a meta and mega-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 28(5), 2039-2048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-01991-7
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Miletich, R. S., Kohn, P. D., Esposito, G., Carson, R. E., Quarantelli, M., Weinberger, D. R., & Berman, K. F. (2002). Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci, 5(3), 267-271. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn804
Montag, C., Schubert, F., Heinz, A., & Gallinat, J. (2008). Prefrontal cortex glutamate correlates with mental perspective-taking. PLoS One, 3(12), e3890. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003890
Montaner-Ferrer, M. J., Gadea, M., & Sanjuan, J. (2023). Cognition and social functioning in first episode psychosis: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Front Psychiatry, 14, 1055012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1055012
Moreno-Kustner, B., Martin, C., & Pastor, L. (2018). Prevalence of psychotic disorders and its association with methodological issues. A systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One, 13(4), e0195687. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195687
Mutha, P. K., Stapp, L. H., Sainburg, R. L., & Haaland, K. Y. (2014). Frontal and parietal cortex contributions to action modification. Cortex, 57, 38-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.03.005
Nakazawa, K., & Sapkota, K. (2020). The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther, 205, 107426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107426
Natsubori, T., Inoue, H., Abe, O., Takano, Y., Iwashiro, N., Aoki, Y., Koike, S., Yahata, N., Katsura, M., Gonoi, W., Sasaki, H., Takao, H., Kasai, K., & Yamasue, H. (2014). Reduced frontal glutamate + glutamine and N-acetylaspartate levels in patients with chronic schizophrenia but not in those at clinical high risk for psychosis or with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 40(5), 1128-1139. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt124
Neelam, K., Garg, D., & Marshall, M. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of neurological soft signs in relatives of people with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-11-139
Newton, R., Rouleau, A., Nylander, A. G., Loze, J. Y., Resemann, H. K., Steeves, S., & Crespo-Facorro, B. (2018). Diverse definitions of the early course of schizophrenia-a targeted literature review. NPJ Schizophr, 4(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-018-0063-7
Nordahl, T. E., Carter, C. S., Salo, R. E., Kraft, L., Baldo, J., Salamat, S., Robertson, L., & Kusubov, N. (2001). Anterior cingulate metabolism correlates with stroop errors in paranoid schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25(1), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00239-6
Noudoost, B., Chang, M. H., Steinmetz, N. A., & Moore, T. (2010). Top-down control of visual attention. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 20(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.02.003
Okubo, R., Okada, M., & Motomura, E. (2024). Dysfunction of the NMDA Receptor in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and/or the Pathomechanisms of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Biomolecules, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091128
Overbeek, G., Gawne, T. J., Reid, M. A., Kraguljac, N. V., & Lahti, A. C. (2021). A multimodal neuroimaging study investigating resting-state connectivity, glutamate and GABA at 7 T in first-episode psychosis. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 46(6), E702-e710. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.210107
Pasanta, D., He, J. L., Ford, T., Oeltzschner, G., Lythgoe, D. J., & Puts, N. A. (2023). Functional MRS studies of GABA and glutamate/Glx - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 144, 104940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104940
Pena-Garijo, J., Lacruz, M., Masanet, M. J., Palop-Grau, A., Plaza, R., Hernandez-Merino, A., Edo-Villamon, S., & Valllina, O. (2023). Specific facial emotion recognition deficits across the course of psychosis: A comparison of individuals with low-risk, high-risk, first-episode psychosis and multi-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res, 320, 115029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.115029
Pinkham, A. E., Kelsven, S., Kouros, C., Harvey, P. D., & Penn, D. L. (2017). The Effect of Age, Race, and Sex on Social Cognitive Performance in Individuals With Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis, 205(5), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000654
Poels, E. M., Kegeles, L. S., Kantrowitz, J. T., Javitt, D. C., Lieberman, J. A., Abi-Dargham, A., & Girgis, R. R. (2014). Glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia: a review of proton MRS findings. Schizophr Res, 152(2-3), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.013
Polli, F. E., Barton, J. J., Thakkar, K. N., Greve, D. N., Goff, D. C., Rauch, S. L., & Manoach, D. S. (2008). Reduced error-related activation in two anterior cingulate circuits is related to impaired performance in schizophrenia. Brain, 131(Pt 4), 971-986. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm307
Pomarol-Clotet, E., Honey, G. D., Murray, G. K., Corlett, P. R., Absalom, A. R., Lee, M., McKenna, P. J., Bullmore, E. T., & Fletcher, P. C. (2006). Psychological effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers. Phenomenological study. Br J Psychiatry, 189, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015263
Potkin, S. G., Kane, J. M., Correll, C. U., Lindenmayer, J. P., Agid, O., Marder, S. R., Olfson, M., & Howes, O. D. (2020). The neurobiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: paths to antipsychotic resistance and a roadmap for future research. NPJ Schizophr, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-019-0090-z
Potvin, S., Gamache, L., & Lungu, O. (2019). A Functional Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis of Self-Related Processing in Schizophrenia. Front Neurol, 10, 990. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00990
Qureshi, A. W., Bretherton, L., Marsh, B., & Monk, R. L. (2020). Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impacts conflict resolution in Level-1 visual perspective taking. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, 20(3), 565-574. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00786-5
Rahman, T., & Lauriello, J. (2016). Schizophrenia: An Overview. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ), 14(3), 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20160006
Ramadan, S., Lin, A., & Stanwell, P. (2013). Glutamate and glutamine: a review of in vivo MRS in the human brain. NMR Biomed, 26(12), 1630-1646. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.3045
Reddy-Thootkur, M., Kraguljac, N. V., & Lahti, A. C. (2022). The role of glutamate and GABA in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and mood disorders - A systematic review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Schizophr Res, 249, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.001
Rigoulot, S., & Pell, M. D. (2012). Seeing emotion with your ears: emotional prosody implicitly guides visual attention to faces. PLoS One, 7(1), e30740. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030740
Roach, B. J., Ford, J. M., Nicholas, S., Ferri, J. M., Gunduz-Bruce, H., Krystal, J. H., Jaeger, J., & Mathalon, D. H. (2025). Gamma Oscillations and Excitation/Inhibition Imbalance: Parallel Effects of NMDA Receptor Antagonism and Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 10(7), 681-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.01.008
Robson, S. E., Brookes, M. J., Hall, E. L., Palaniyappan, L., Kumar, J., Skelton, M., Christodoulou, N. G., Qureshi, A., Jan, F., Katshu, M. Z., Liddle, E. B., Liddle, P. F., & Morris, P. G. (2016). Abnormal visuomotor processing in schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin, 12, 869-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.005
Rowland, L. M., Astur, R. S., Jung, R. E., Bustillo, J. R., Lauriello, J., & Yeo, R. A. (2005). Selective cognitive impairments associated with NMDA receptor blockade in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(3), 633-639. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300642
Rowland, L. M., Krause, B. W., Wijtenburg, S. A., McMahon, R. P., Chiappelli, J., Nugent, K. L., Nisonger, S. J., Korenic, S. A., Kochunov, P., & Hong, L. E. (2016). Medial frontal GABA is lower in older schizophrenia: a MEGA-PRESS with macromolecule suppression study. Mol Psychiatry, 21(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.34
Rushworth, M. F., Noonan, M. P., Boorman, E. D., Walton, M. E., & Behrens, T. E. (2011). Frontal cortex and reward-guided learning and decision-making. Neuron, 70(6), 1054-1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.014
Sakurai, H., Bies, R. R., Stroup, S. T., Keefe, R. S., Rajji, T. K., Suzuki, T., Mamo, D. C., Pollock, B. G., Watanabe, K., Mimura, M., & Uchida, H. (2013). Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and cognition in schizophrenia: analysis of the CATIE data. Schizophr Bull, 39(3), 564-574. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr189
Saleh, Y., Jarratt-Barnham, I., Petitet, P., Fernandez-Egea, E., Manohar, S. G., & Husain, M. (2023). Negative symptoms and cognitive impairment are associated with distinct motivational deficits in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry, 28(11), 4831-4841. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02232-7
Savla, G. N., Vella, L., Armstrong, C. C., Penn, D. L., & Twamley, E. W. (2013). Deficits in domains of social cognition in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Schizophr Bull, 39(5), 979-992. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs080
Schäppi, L., Stegmayer, K., Viher, P. V., & Walther, S. (2018). Distinct Associations of Motor Domains in Relatives of Schizophrenia Patients-Different Pathways to Motor Abnormalities in Schizophrenia? Front Psychiatry, 9, 129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00129
Schirmer, A., & Kotz, S. A. (2006). Beyond the right hemisphere: brain mechanisms mediating vocal emotional processing. Trends Cogn Sci, 10(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.11.009
Schlichting, M. L., & Preston, A. R. (2016). Hippocampal-medial prefrontal circuit supports memory updating during learning and post-encoding rest. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 134 Pt A(Pt A), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2015.11.005
Schmidt, S. J., Mueller, D. R., & Roder, V. (2011). Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. Schizophr Bull, 37 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S41-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr079
Schoonover, K. E., Dienel, S. J., & Lewis, D. A. (2020). Prefrontal cortical alterations of glutamate and GABA neurotransmission in schizophrenia: Insights for rational biomarker development. Biomark Neuropsychiatry, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100015
Schuck, N. W., Gaschler, R., Wenke, D., Heinzle, J., Frensch, P. A., Haynes, J. D., & Reverberi, C. (2015). Medial prefrontal cortex predicts internally driven strategy shifts. Neuron, 86(1), 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.015
Schür, R. R., Draisma, L. W., Wijnen, J. P., Boks, M. P., Koevoets, M. G., Joëls, M., Klomp, D. W., Kahn, R. S., & Vinkers, C. H. (2016). Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of (1) H-MRS studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 37(9), 3337-3352. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23244
Schurz, M., Radua, J., Aichhorn, M., Richlan, F., & Perner, J. (2014). Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 42, 9-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009
Schwarzer, J. M., Meyhoefer, I., Antonucci, L. A., Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L., Surmann, M., Bienek, O., Romer, G., Dannlowski, U., Hahn, T., Korda, A., Dwyer, D. B., Ruef, A., Haas, S. S., Rosen, M., Lichtenstein, T., Ruhrmann, S., Kambeitz, J., Salokangas, R. K. R., Pantelis, C., . . . Lencer, R. (2022). The impact of visual dysfunctions in recent-onset psychosis and clinical high-risk state for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(12), 2051-2060. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01385-3
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Shur, S., Barcai-Goodman, L., Medlovich, S., Harari, H., & Levkovitz, Y. (2007). Dissociation of cognitive from affective components of theory of mind in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res, 149(1-3), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.10.018
Shukla, D. K., Wijtenburg, S. A., Chen, H., Chiappelli, J. J., Kochunov, P., Hong, L. E., & Rowland, L. M. (2019). Anterior Cingulate Glutamate and GABA Associations on Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 45(3), 647-658. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby075
Silverstein, S. M., & Keane, B. P. (2011). Vision science and schizophrenia research: toward a re-view of the disorder. Editors' introduction to special section. Schizophr Bull, 37(4), 681-689. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr053
Slifstein, M., van de Giessen, E., Van Snellenberg, J., Thompson, J. L., Narendran, R., Gil, R., Hackett, E., Girgis, R., Ojeil, N., Moore, H., D'Souza, D., Malison, R. T., Huang, Y., Lim, K., Nabulsi, N., Carson, R. E., Lieberman, J. A., & Abi-Dargham, A. (2015). Deficits in prefrontal cortical and extrastriatal dopamine release in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomographic functional magnetic resonance imaging study. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(4), 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2414
Smucny, J., Carter, C. S., & Maddock, R. J. (2021). Medial Prefrontal Cortex Glutamate Is Reduced in Schizophrenia and Moderated by Measurement Quality: A Meta-analysis of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies. Biol Psychiatry, 90(9), 643-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.008
Snyder, M. A., & Gao, W. J. (2020). NMDA receptor hypofunction for schizophrenia revisited: Perspectives from epigenetic mechanisms. Schizophr Res, 217, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.010
Sohal, V. S., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2019). Excitation-inhibition balance as a framework for investigating mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry, 24(9), 1248-1257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0426-0
Sponheim, S. R., Jung, R. E., Seidman, L. J., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Manoach, D. S., O'Leary, D. S., Ho, B. C., Andreasen, N. C., Lauriello, J., & Schulz, S. C. (2010). Cognitive deficits in recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res, 44(7), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.09.010
Takado, Y., Takuwa, H., Sampei, K., Urushihata, T., Takahashi, M., Shimojo, M., Uchida, S., Nitta, N., Shibata, S., Nagashima, K., Ochi, Y., Ono, M., Maeda, J., Tomita, Y., Sahara, N., Near, J., Aoki, I., Shibata, K., & Higuchi, M. (2022). MRS-measured glutamate versus GABA reflects excitatory versus inhibitory neural activities in awake mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 42(1), 197-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678x211045449
Taylor, S. F., & Tso, I. F. (2015). GABA abnormalities in schizophrenia: a methodological review of in vivo studies. Schizophr Res, 167(1-3), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.011
Teng, Y. L., Chen, C. L., Lou, S. Z., Wang, W. T., Wu, J. Y., Ma, H. I., & Chen, V. C. (2016). Postural Stability of Patients with Schizophrenia during Challenging Sensory Conditions: Implication of Sensory Integration for Postural Control. PLoS One, 11(6), e0158219. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158219
Thibaudeau, E., Rae, J., Raucher-Chéné, D., Bougeard, A., & Lepage, M. (2023). Disentangling the Relationships Between the Clinical Symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Theory of Mind: A Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull, 49(2), 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbac150
Tsai, S. Y., Wu, M. S., Wang, S. H., Liao, S. C., Chen, W. J., & Wu, C. S. (2025). Healthcare for individuals with schizophrenia in Taiwan: 10-year national trend analysis. BJPsych Open, 11(6), e244. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10868
Tsai, Y. T., Chang, C. Y., Wu, C. Y., Huang, Y. L., Chang, H. H., Lu, T. H., Chang, W. H., Chiu, N. T., Hsu, C. F., Yang, Y. K., Chen, P. S., & Tseng, H. H. (2023). Social cognitive deficit is associated with visuomotor coordination impairment and dopamine transporter availability in euthymic bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res, 165, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.024
Tsapakis, E. M., Mitkani, C. A., & Fountoulakis, K. N. (2023). Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia. CNS Spectr, 28(6), 657-661. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923001189
Tseng, H. H., Chen, S. H., Liu, C. M., Howes, O., Huang, Y. L., Hsieh, M. H., Liu, C. C., Shan, J. C., Lin, Y. T., & Hwu, H. G. (2013). Facial and prosodic emotion recognition deficits associate with specific clusters of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. PLoS One, 8(6), e66571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066571
Tseng, H. H., Wu, C. Y., Chang, H. H., Lu, T. H., Chang, W. H., Hsu, C. F., Lin, R. Y., Yeh, D. R., Shaw, F. Z., Yang, Y. K., & Chen, P. S. (2024). Posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal excitation-inhibition balance in euthymic bipolar disorder. Psychol Med, 54(11), 3168-3176. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291724001326
Uchino, T., Okubo, R., Takubo, Y., Aoki, A., Wada, I., Hashimoto, N., Ikezawa, S., & Nemoto, T. (2023). Mediation Effects of Social Cognition on the Relationship between Neurocognition and Social Functioning in Major Depressive Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. J Pers Med, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040683
Ursu, S., Clark, K. A., Aizenstein, H. J., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2009). Conflict-related activity in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex in the absence of awareness. Biol Psychol, 80(3), 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.008
van der Ven, E., Scodes, J., Basaraba, C., Pauselli, L., Mascayano, F., Nossel, I., Bello, I., Humensky, J., Susser, E., Wall, M., & Dixon, L. (2020). Trajectories of occupational and social functioning in people with recent-onset non-affective psychosis enrolled in specialized early intervention services across New York state. Schizophr Res, 222, 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.051
Van Overwalle, F. (2009). Social cognition and the brain: a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp, 30(3), 829-858. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20547
van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies. Physiol Behav, 77(4-5), 477-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00930-7
Vaskinn, A., & Horan, W. P. (2020). Social Cognition and Schizophrenia: Unresolved Issues and New Challenges in a Maturing Field of Research. Schizophr Bull, 46(3), 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa034
Vita, A., Gaebel, W., Mucci, A., Sachs, G., Erfurth, A., Barlati, S., Zanca, F., Giordano, G. M., Birkedal Glenthøj, L., Nordentoft, M., & Galderisi, S. (2022). European Psychiatric Association guidance on assessment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry, 65(1), e58. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2316
Weinreb, S., Li, F., & Kurtz, M. M. (2022). A meta-analysis of social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: Does world region matter? Schizophr Res, 243, 206-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.04.002
Weng, Y., Lin, J., Ahorsu, D. K., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2022). Neuropathways of theory of mind in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 137, 104625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104625
Wijtenburg, S. A., Wang, M., Korenic, S. A., Chen, S., Barker, P. B., & Rowland, L. M. (2021). Metabolite Alterations in Adults With Schizophrenia, First Degree Relatives, and Healthy Controls: A Multi-Region 7T MRS Study. Front Psychiatry, 12, 656459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.656459
Winterer, G., & Weinberger, D. R. (2004). Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci, 27(11), 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.002
Woolverton, C. B., Bell, E. K., Moe, A. M., Harrison-Monroe, P., & Breitborde, N. J. K. (2018). Social cognition and the course of social functioning in first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry, 12(6), 1151-1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12432
Wu, C. Y., Chang, C. Y., Wei, S. Y., Chang, H. H., Tsai, Y. T., Lu, T. H., Lin, R. Y., Yang, Y. K., Chen, P. S., Huang, Y. L., & Tseng, H. H. (2025). Executive function mediates prefrontal excitation-inhibition balance and emotion recognition in euthymic bipolar disorder. Psychol Med, 55, e307. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291725102018
Yeh, Z. T., Tsai, M. C., Tsai, M. D., Lo, C. Y., & Wang, K. C. (2017). The relationship between theory of mind and the executive functions: Evidence from patients with frontal lobe damage. Appl Neuropsychol Adult, 24(4), 342-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2016.1185425
Yizhar, O., Fenno, L. E., Prigge, M., Schneider, F., Davidson, T. J., O'Shea, D. J., Sohal, V. S., Goshen, I., Finkelstein, J., Paz, J. T., Stehfest, K., Fudim, R., Ramakrishnan, C., Huguenard, J. R., Hegemann, P., & Deisseroth, K. (2011). Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction. Nature, 477(7363), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10360
Yu, S. C., Hwang, T. J., Liu, C. M., Chan, H. Y., Kuo, C. J., Yang, T. T., Wang, J. P., Liu, C. C., Hsieh, M. H., Lin, Y. T., Chien, Y. L., Kuo, P. H., Shih, Y. W., Yu, S. L., Chen, H. Y., & Chen, W. J. (2024). Patients with first-episode psychosis in northern Taiwan: neurocognitive performance and niacin response profile in comparison with schizophrenia patients of different familial loadings and relationship with clinical features. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1), 155. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05598-2
Yücel, M., Wood, S. J., Fornito, A., Riffkin, J., Velakoulis, D., & Pantelis, C. (2003). Anterior cingulate dysfunction: implications for psychiatric disorders? J Psychiatry Neurosci, 28(5), 350-354.
Zarr, N., & Brown, J. W. (2016). Hierarchical error representation in medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 124(Pt A), 238-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.063