我們利用粒線體DNA D-loop控制區域的核苷酸片段和微衛星基因座，檢測中國大陸和台灣唇魚骨 的遺傳結構和親緣地理。從三個動物地理區採集11個族群，將分子變異做階層體制分析後，發現動物地理區間及族群間具有明顯的結構。核苷酸(π= 1.88%)及基因單型(h=0.96 ± 0.009%)均具有高歧異度，顯示該物種具有龐大的有效族群量。根據粒線體DNA變異所建構的類聚演化樹，確認了兩個古老的支系，這兩個古老支系和最近共同祖先(TMRCA)的溯祖時間大約為39萬年。主要支系的重疊分佈，不但顯示唇魚骨 族群的遺傳分佈情形和動物地理區的畫分並不吻合，而且也反應南北兩大水系歷經一段時間的隔離後，曾發生二次接觸的事件。此外我們從基因譜系及IM軟體的族群數量變動模擬中，發現由南向北的單向遷移，分佈落差(mismatch distributions)分析也支持該物種最近有族群擴張的情形。儘管如此，唇魚骨 族群的親緣地理結構也和生物地理假說相吻合。也就是說在每個支系內，經由粒線體DNA基因譜系證據的支持，也發現江河平原區和東太平洋區具有較近的親緣關係。族群間的遺傳分化程度和地理距離間存有正相關，顯示該物種的遺傳分佈符合「距離造成隔離」的模式。從粒線體DNA基因譜系發現長江族群可能是唇魚骨 的歧異度中心。此外，棲息於長江的唇魚骨 族群可能在30,500年前，經由開拓者事件進入台灣。相較之下，榕江(ZO)和大樟河(DZ)族群具較低的基因單型數及遺傳變異，顯示這兩個族群曾歷經瓶頸效應的歷史事件。

Nucleotide sequences of the D-loop control region of mtDNA were used to assess the genetic structure and phylogeography of Hemibarbus labeo in Mainland China and Taiwan. A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance of populations in 11 major streams from three geographical regions revealed significant structuring among populations and among geographical regions. High levels of nucleotide diversity (π= 1.88%) and haplotype diversity (h= 0.96 ± 0.009) suggested a large effective population size. A neighbor-joining tree based on the mtDNA variation identified two ancient mtDNA lineages, which coalesced to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) approximately 0.39 million years ago. Overlapping distribution of the major lineages displayed low correspondence with geographical regions and reflected a scenario of secondary mergence after long isolation. Gene genealogy and IM simulations of demographic dynamics revealed a unidirectional, northward migration; mismatch distributions also supported a recent demographic expansion. Nevertheless, there existed a phylogeographical structure that agreed with a biogeographical hypothesis. That is, within each lineage, a close phylogeny between populations of the River-Campagna and East-Pacific regions was supported by the mtDNA gene genealogy. The degree of genetic differentiation was correlated with geographical distances between populations, displaying a pattern of ‘isolation by distance’. Gene genealogy of mtDNA revealed that Yangtzejiang population may act as a divergence center of H. labeo. In addition, Taiwan population was colonized via a recent a founder event, likely from population GS (Yangtzejiang) about 30,500 years before present. Low haplotype number and genetic variability also suggested possible bottleneck events in the ZO and DZ populations.

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