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研究生：	林芳吉 Lin, Fang-Ji
論文名稱：	鋼結構橋梁ASD與LRFD設計程式之建立與比較 The Development and Comparison of the Steel Bridge Design Program by ASD and LRFD
指導教授：	朱聖浩 Ju, Shen-Haw
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年：	2003
畢業學年度：	91
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	207
外文關鍵詞：	LRFD, ASD
相關次數：	點閱：58 下載：4
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摘要
橋梁設計規範的建立與發展，必然遵循其特有的設計理念和背景。容許應力設計法(Allowable Stress Design, ASD)於1921年由美國州公路及運輸官員協會(AASHTO)頒佈，為最初且設計步驟簡易之橋梁設計方法，其設計理念在於限制橋梁桿件的行為在線性範圍內。目前，最新發展的橋梁設計方法為載重與抗力因數設計法(Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD)，其設計理念是以統計學上可靠度分析與或然率的概念為基礎。本文將介紹此兩種設計方法在鋼橋設計部分之規範規定，此外，為了將設計過程簡單化，避免複雜的計算，本文分別將ASD與LRFD兩種方法之設計步驟程式化，並且利用一些鋼橋設計範例，比較此兩種設計方法之程式所處理出來之結果。結果顯示，在臨界狀況之下，以ASD對LRFD方法之主梁與拱的鋼料用量比值(ASD/LRFD)皆大於或等於1.0，因此，在所有鋼橋構件皆符合安全性考量下，以LRFD方法所設計之鋼橋較ASD較為經濟，但差異性並不大。本文中針對鋼橋設計所發展的程式，不但可提供使用者對於鋼橋設計步驟有基本之學習，同時能針對鋼橋在兩種不同規範下做簡單之處理與設計。

ABSTRACT
The establishment and development of provisions of bridge design method shall follow the individual design philosophy and background. Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method is the first bridge design method published by AASHTO in 1921, which is a basic and easy bridge design method where the bridge members are restricted to the linear scope. Presently, the latest bridge design method, Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method, has been developed based on the philosophy of reliability and probability. Specifications of both design methods for the steel bridge design will be introduced in this thesis. Besides, to facilitate the design procedures and avoid the complex calculation, the steel bridge design programs of both ASD and LRFD are respectively developed in this thesis, and the comparison of the design between ASD and LRFD will be shown by some steel bridge examples. The conclusions show that steel materials ratio ASD/LRFD of main beams or arches are equal to or greater than 1.0 under the critical condition. Therefore, it is obvious that the steel bridge design by the LRFD code is more economical than by the ASD code if all the bridge members are under the consideration of safety. The steel bridge design program in this thesis will provide the users with basic study about steel bridge design procedures and meanwhile help them to easily generate the steel bridge by two different specifications.

CONTENTS          
摘要.....................................................................I
ABSTRACT................................................................Ⅱ
誌謝....................................................................Ⅲ
CONTENTS................................................................IV
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................XI
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................XIV
NOTATION...............................................................XVI
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................1
1 BACKGROUNDS AND PURPOSE..............................................1
2 BRIEF ACCOUNTS OF THE RESEARCH.......................................3
3 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................4
3.1 Steel Bridge Structures and Mechanics Behavior.....................4
3.2 Method and Philosophy of the Steel Bridge Design...................4
3.3 Applications of the Steel Bridge Design Methods....................6
4 FRAMEWORK OF THE THESIS..............................................7
5 UNITS................................................................7
CHAPTER 2. ASD BRIDGE DESIGN METHOD......................................9
1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................9
2 LOADS...............................................................10
2.1 Designed Loads....................................................10
2.2 Combinations of Loads.............................................14
3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASD.......................................15
3.1 General Requirements of Members...................................15
3.1.1 Depth/Length Ratio Requirements.................................15
3.1.2 Deflection/Length Ratio Requirements............................16
3.2 Axial Tensile Members.............................................16
3.2.1 Slenderness Ratio Requirements..................................16
3.2.2 Allowable Tensile Stress........................................17
3.3 Axial Compressive Members.........................................18
3.3.1 Slenderness Ratio Requirements..................................18
3.3.2 Allowable Compressive Stress....................................18
3.4 Flexural Members..................................................19
3.4.1 Allowable Flexural Stress.......................................19
3.4.2 Specifications for Plate Girders................................20
3.5 Stress for Axial Compressive and Flexural Stresses................22
3.6 Solid Rib Arches..................................................23
3.6.1 Allowable Stress and Moment Magnification.......................24
3.6.2 Web Depth/Thickness Ratio Requirements..........................25
3.6.3 Flange Width/Thickness Ratio Requirements.......................26
3.7 Composite Box Girders.............................................26
3.7.1 Design of Bottom Flange in Tension..............................27
3.7.2 Design of Bottom Flanges in Compression without Stiffeners......27
3.7.3 Design of Bottom Flanges in Compression with Longitudinal 
Stiffeners......................................................28
3.7.4 Design of Bottom Flanges in Compression with Both 
        Longitudinal and Transverse Stiffeners..........................30
3.8 Allowable Shear Stresses..........................................32
4 SUMMARY.............................................................32
CHAPTER 3. LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN METHOD....................................43
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................43
2 LOADS...............................................................44
2.1 Designed Loads....................................................44
2.2 Combinations of Loads.............................................50
2.2.1 Strength Limit State............................................51
2.2.2 Extreme Event Limit State.......................................52
2.2.3 Service Limit State.............................................53
2.2.4 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State................................53
3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR LRFD......................................54
3.1 General Requirements of Members...................................54
3.1.1 Depth/Length Ratio Requirements.................................54
3.1.2 Deflection/Length Ratio Requirements............................54
3.2 Axial Tensile Members.............................................55
3.2.1 Slenderness Ratio Requirements..................................55
3.2.2 Factored Tensile Resistance.....................................56
3.3 Axial Compressive Members.........................................56
3.3.1 Slenderness Ratio Requirements..................................57
3.3.2 Width/Thickness Ratio Requirements..............................57
3.3.3 Factored Compressive Resistance.................................58
3.4 Flexural Members, for I-Sections..................................60
3.4.1 General.........................................................60
3.4.2 General Proportions of I-Sections...............................61
3.4.3 Web Depth/Thickness Ratio Requirements..........................61
3.4.4 Factored Flexural Resistance at the Strength Limit State........62
3.4.4.1 Nominal Flexural Resistance for Compact Sections..............63
3.4.4.1a Compact-Section Web Slenderness............................63
3.4.4.1b Compact-Section Compression-Flange Slenderness.............64
3.4.4.1c Compact-Section Web and Compression-Flange 
             Slenderness Interaction....................................65
3.4.4.1d Interaction Equation.......................................66
3.4.4.1e Compact-Section Compression-Flange Bracing.................66
3.4.4.2 Nominal Flexural Resistance for Noncompact Sections.....67
        3.3.4.4.2a Noncompact-Section Compression-Flange 
                   Slenderness..........................................68
3.4.4.2b Noncompact-Section Compression-Flange Bracing................68
3.4.4.3 Noncomposite-Section Flexural Resistance Based On 
                Lateral Torsional Buckling..............................69
        3.3.4.4.3a Compressive Flanges..................................69
        3.3.4.4.3b Tensile Flanges......................................71
3.5 Flexural Members, for Composite Box-Sections....................71
3.5.1 Factored Flexural Resistance at the Strength Limit State....71
3.5.1.1 Positive Flexure for Single Box-Sections................72
3.5.1.2 Negative Flexure for Single Box-Sections................73
        3.3.5.1.2a Compressive Flanges with Longitudinal Stiffeners.....73
        3.3.5.1.2b Compressive Flanges without Longitudinal Stiffeners..74
        3.3.5.1.2c Tensile Flanges......................................74
3.6 Flexural Members, for Noncomposite Box-Sections.................75
3.7 Flexural Members, for Noncomposite Circular Tubes...............75
3.8 Combination of Axial Force and Flexure..........................76
3.8.1 Combination of Axial Tensile Force and Flexure..............76
3.8.2 Combination of Axial Compressive Force and Flexure..........77
3.8.3 Moment Magnification for Beam-Column System.................78
3.9 Factored Shear Resistance.........................................79
3.9.1 Non-Hybrid Sections.........................................80
3.9.1.1 For Webs without Stiffeners.............................80
3.9.1.2 For Webs with Stiffeners................................81
        3.3.9.1.2a Interior Web Panels of Homogeneous Compact 
                   Sections.............................................81
        3.3.9.1.2b Interior Web Panels of Homogeneous Nomcompact 
                   Sections.............................................83
        3.3.9.1.2c End Web Panels.......................................84
3.9.2 Hybrid Sections.............................................85
3.10 Solid Web Arches...............................................85
3.10.1 Moment Magnification.......................................85
3.10.2 Web Depth/Thickness Ratio Requirements.....................86
3.10.3 Flange Width/Thickness Ratio Requirements..................86
3.11 Factors........................................................87
3.11.1 Moment Gradient Correction Factor, Cb......................87
3.11.2 Moment Gradient Factor, Cm...............................
3.11.3 Load-Shedding Factor, Rb...................................88
3.11.4 Hybrid Factor, Rh..........................................89
4 SUMMARY.............................................................90
CHAPTER 4. DEVELOPMENT OF STEEL BRIDGE ANALYSIS 
AND DESIGN PROGRAM.....................................................103
1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................103
2 Types of the Steel Bridge Available for GBRIDGE....................104
3 Input Data of BRIDGE (All Free Format).............................105
4 Input Data of BASD (All Free Format)...............................117
4.1 Applicable Members of BASD.....................................118
4.2 Input Data of BASD.............................................118
4.3 Flow Chart of BASD.............................................122
5 Input Data of BLRFD (All Free Format)..............................122
5.1 Applicable Members of BLRFD....................................123
5.2 Input Data of BLRFD............................................123
5.3 Flow Chart of BLRFD............................................124
CHAPTER 5. EXAMPLES OF THE BRIDGE DESIGN PROGRME..143
1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................143
2 EXAMPLES...........................................................144
2.1 Example 1......................................................144
2.2 Example 2......................................................144 5.2.3 Example 3......................................................144
2.4 Example 4......................................................145
2.5 Example 5......................................................145
2.6 Example 6......................................................145
3 Influence of Length of 3-D Frame Bridge............................146
3.1 Variable Number of Spans with the Equivalent Length............146
3.2 Variable Span Length with the Equivalent 2 Spans.................146
4 Influence of Earthquake Loads......................................146
5 Influence of Wind Loads............................................147
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTED WORKS.............................163
1 CONCLUSIONS........................................................163
2 SUGGESTED WORKS....................................................167
REFERENCE..............................................................169 
APPENDIX A. INPUT AND OUTPUT FILES OF EXAMPLES.........................173
                                    

REFERENCE
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