| 研究生: |
賴品立 Lai, Pin-Li |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
多人線上遊戲(MMOG)之實證研究 An Empirical Study on Massively Multiplayer Online Game(MMOG) Addiction |
| 指導教授: |
陳正忠
Chen, Jeng-Chung 廖俊雄 Liao, Chun-Hsiung |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
管理學院 - 交通管理科學系 Department of Transportation and Communication Management Science |
| 論文出版年: | 2006 |
| 畢業學年度: | 94 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 102 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 使用與滿足理論 、結構方程模式 、沉浸經驗 、實驗設計 、多人線上遊戲 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | uses and gratifications, SEM, flow experience, experiment design, MMOG |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:129 下載:14 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
隨著寬頻網路的普及,帶動了線上遊戲的發展,導致越來越多人有線上遊戲成癮的傾向,因此本研究將研究主題放在多人線上連線遊戲(Massively Multiplayer Online Game, MMOG)上,並探討導致線上遊戲成癮的主要影響因素。另外根據文獻的回顧,沉浸經驗是導致線上遊戲成癮的一個主要影響因素,因此,我們依照沉浸理論所提出的技巧和挑戰高低的配適,來驗證遊戲使用者是否會有沉浸經驗的產生。
本研究使用了實驗設計的方式,依照線上遊戲使用者技巧的高低,給予其高低難度的挑戰,實驗工具為熱血江湖此款線上遊戲,而實驗對象主要是有使用過熱血江湖的玩家,實驗結果發現不同的技巧和挑戰會導致不同的沉浸狀態,且高技巧的玩家給予高挑戰,低技巧的玩家給予低挑戰,皆能達到沉浸狀態,另外,在遊戲中使用者經驗值的高低、完成任務數多寡和擁有寶物的數量對於使用者沉浸經驗並沒有顯著的影響,而使用者人格特質方面,除了外控人格特質和線上遊戲成癮的狀態有關之外,其餘皆沒有明顯的相關。
本研究另外根據文獻,發現了使用與滿足、沉浸經驗和自我調節的人格特質對於線上遊戲成癮有影響,另外,個人互動會導致沉浸經驗的產生,使用了結構方程模型(Structual Equation Model)去探討構面之間的因果關係,結果發現個人互動對於沉浸經驗有正向的影響,而沉浸經驗對於線上遊戲成癮有正向的影響,自我調節人格特質對於線上遊戲成癮則是有負向的影響,而在使用與滿足方面,對於線上遊戲成癮則是有負向的影響。
With the popularity of the ADSL, which resulting in the development of the online game, it is the fact that more and more people have the trend to the addiction of online game. So, we emphasized the topic of research on Massively Multiplayer Online Game and discussed the main reasons resulted in the addiction of Online Game. Besides, according to review of the references, flow experience is the crucial influence causing the addiction of Online Game. Therefore, depending on the skills and properly adjusted challenges which were used by flow experience, we tried to testify whether the occurrence of flow experience would be came into effect by means of users.
We used the experiment design in this research. According to the skilled users’ level, we gave them with from high level challenges to low level ones. The tools we also gave to them are “Yolgang” this kind of game, and we mainly focused on the users having playing this kind of game. The results of this experiment told us that different skills and challenges of those users will result in different addiction of this kind of game. By the way, we also found that either higher skilled users with higher challenges or lower skilled users with lower challenges are all can reach the addiction of online game. However, the experiment in online game, the number of the completed mission, and the number of the treasure of the users who also played this kind of game are not significantly related to the research we did in this topic. Besides, except that the users’ external locus of control are related to the addiction of online game, the others are not having obvious relationships with the effects of addiction.
According to the references, this research found that uses and gratifications, online game flow experience, and online game self-regulation personality have the great influence on the addiction of online game. Moreover, personal interaction also results in flow experience. We tried to discuss the causes and effects between structures by means of Structual Equation Model. Finally, we indeed found that individual interactions have the positive influence on addiction and that flow experience has the positive influence on online game. However, self-regulation personality has the negative effect on the addiction of online game, and also the uses and gratifications of the online game have the negative influence on the addiction, too。
一、中文文獻
1.交通部統計處(民國92年),台灣地區「網際網路使用狀況調查」,http://www.motc.gov.tw/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=stat04.asp&catid=3
2.交通部統計處(民國94年),台灣地區「網際網路使用狀況調查」,http://www.motc.gov.tw/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=stat04.asp&catid=1
3.王文科(民國87),課程與教學論(三版),台北:五南出版社。
4.林旻沛(民國93年),大專校院學生網路成癮盛行率及認知因子之研究,成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文。
5.周榮,周倩(民國86年),網路上癮現象、網路使用行為與傳播快感經驗之相關性初探,台北:中華傳播學會。
6.陳怡安(民國90年),連線暴力電動玩具對青少年暴力行為的影響,網路社會學通訊期刊,19。
7.產業資訊網,http://www.itis.org.tw/index.jsp
8.陳順宇(民國93年),多變量分析,第三版,華泰書局。
9.黃瓊慧(民國89年),從沈浸(flow)理論探討台灣大專學生之網路使用行為,交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。
10.楊國德(民國91年),歐美國加網路學習的應用與發展趨勢,成人教育,67,9-20。
11.吳萬益、林清河(民國89 年),企業研究方法,華泰書局,初版。
12.鄧運林(民國84年),成人教學與自我導向學習,台北:五南出版公司。
13.蘇芬媛(民國85年),「網路虛擬社區的形成:MUD 之初探性研究」,網路虛擬社區研究會,第一屆。
14.資策會Find網站,http://www.find.org.tw/0105/howmany/index.asp
15.蕃薯藤全球資訊網(民國92年),台灣網路使用調查,http://survey.yam.com/survey2003/index.html
16.蕃薯藤全球資訊網(民國93年),台灣網路使用調查,http://survey.yam.com/survey2004/index.htm
二、英文文獻
1.American Psychiatric Association. (1993).Diagnostic and statistic manual
of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2.Anderson, K. J.(2001). Internet use among college students: An
Exploratory study, Journal of American College Health, 50(1),
21-26.
3.Arlin, M.(1975). The interaction of locus of control, classroom structure
and pupil satisfaction, Psychology in the Schools, 12, 279-286.
4.Armstrong, L., Phillips, J. G., & Saling, L. L. (2000). Potential
determinants of heavier Internet usage, International Journal of
Human-Computer Studies, 53, 537-550.
5.Arndt, S., Feltes, J., Hanak, J. (1983). Secretarial Attitudes Towards Word
Processors as a Function of Familiarity and Locus of Control,
Behaviour and Information Technology , 2 (1), 17-22
6.Becker, G. S., Murphy , K. M. (1988). A theory of rational addiction,
Journal of Political Economy, 96(4), 675-700.
7.Bosma, H. &Jackson, S.(1990). Coping and self-concept in adolescence,
Berlin, Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
8.Brenner, V. (1996). An initial report on the online assessment of Internet
addiction:The first 30 days of the Internet usage survey.
http//www.ccsnet.com/prep/pap/pap8b/638b012p.txt
9.Brenner, V. (1997).Psychology of computer use:XLVII. Parameters of
internet use, abuse and addiction:The first 90 days of the internet
usage survey, Psychological Reports, 80, 879-882.
10.Chak, K., & Leung, L. (2004).Shyness and locus of control as predictors
of Internet addiction and Internet use, Cyberpsychology &Behavior,
7(5), 559-570.
11.Chen, H., Wigand, T. R. & Nilan, S. M. (1999), Optimal experience of web
activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 15(5), 585-608.
12.Chou, T. J. & Ting, C. C.(2003). The role of flow experience in
cyber-game addiction, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 6, 663-675.
13.Coovert, M. D., & Goldstein, M. (1980). Locus of control as a predictor of
users’ attitude toward computers, Psychological Reports, 47,
1167–1173.
14.Coopersmith, S.(1967).The antecedents of self –esteem, San Francisco:
W. H. Freeman.
15.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety, San Francisco:
Josse y-Bass.
16.Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Csikszentmihalyi, I. (1988). Introduction to part
IV. In M.Csikszentmihalyi, & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal
experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
17.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience.
NY: Harper & Row.
18.Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A. (2001).Validation of a new scale
for measuring problematic Internet use: implications for pre-employment
screening, Cyberpsychology &Behavior, 5 (4), 331-345.
19.December, J. (1996). Units of Analysis for Internet Communication,
Journal of Communication, 46(1), 14-37.
20.Discoll, M.(1998). Web-base training, San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
21.Ellis, D. G., Voelkl, E. J., & Morrie, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis
issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow
model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), 337-356.
22.Ghani, A. J. & Deshpande, P. S. (1994). Task characteristics and the
experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction, The
Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391.
23.Goldberg, I. (1996). Internet addiction disorder.
http://www.physics.wisc.edu/~shaizi/ internet_addiction_criteria.htm
24.Griffiths, M.(1997).Internet addiction:an issue for clinical psychology?,
Clin. Psychology Forum, 97, 32-36.
25.Griffiths, M.(1997). Does Internet and computer addiction exist?Some
case evidence. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the
American Psychological Association, August 18, 1997. Chicago, IL.
26.Griffiths, M.(1998). Internet addiction:Does it really exist?, In J.
Gackenbach(ed.), Psychology and the Internet:Intrapersonal,
interpersonal, and transpersonal implications, New York:
Academic Press, 61-75.
27.Hall, B.(1997). Web-base training cookbook.U.S.:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
28.Hersch, P. D. & Scheibe, K. E.(1976). Reliability and validity of
internal-external control as personality dimension, Journal of
Consulting Psychology, 81, 609-613.
29.Hoffman, L. D., & Novak, P. T. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia
computer-mediated environments conceptual foundations, Journal of
Marketing, 60(July), 50-68.
30.Holbrook, M. B., Robert W. C., Terence A. O. & Eric A. G.(1984). Play as
a consumption experience: The roles of emotions, performance, and
personality in the enjoyment of games, Journal of Consumer
Research, 11(September), 728-39.
31.Hoyle, R. H.(1995). Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues and
Applications. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
32.Kay, B. K. (1998). Uses and Gratifications of the World Wide Web: From
Couch Potato to Web Potato, The New Jersey Journal of
Communication, 6(1), 21-40.
33.Katz, E., Blumler, J. G. & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of Mass
Communication by the Individual: An Overview. In J. G. Blumler & E.
Katz (eds.). The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspective
on Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills: Sage.
34.Knoop, R.(1981). Age and Correlates of locus of control. Journal of
Psychology, 108, 103-106.
35.Knowles,M. S.(1975). Self-directed learning:A guide for learners and
teachers, Chicago:Follett Publishing Company.
36.Ko, H., Cho, C. H. & Roberts, M. S.(2005). Internet uses and
gratifications:A structural equation model of interactive advertising,
Journal of Advertising, 34(2), 57-70.
37.Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., et al.(1998).Internet Paradox:A
social technology thst reduces social involvement and psychological
well-being?,American Psychologist, 53, 1017-1031.
38.Kuehn, S. A. (1994). Computer-mediated Communication in Instructional
Settings: A Research Agenda. Communication Education, 43,
171-182.
39.Lampert, M. P.(1985). Home Study. Course Development Handbook
National Home Study Council.
40.Levy, M. R. & Windahl, S. (1984). Audience Activity and Gratifications: A
Conceptual Clarification and Exploration. Communication Research,
11, 51-78.
41.Long, H. B.(1986). Test-retest reliability of Guglielimino’s self-directed
readiness scales: A summary report, Unpublished report.
42.Massimini, F. & Massimo, C. (1988). The systematic assessment of flow
in daily experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi, & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi
(Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in
consciousness. New York: Cambridge University Press.
43.Mathwick, C. & Rigdon, E. (2004). Play, flow, and the online search
experience, Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 324-332.
44.McLeod, J. M., & Becker, L. B. (1981). The Uses and Gratifications
Approach. In D. D. Nimmo & K. R. Sanders (eds.) Handbooks of
political communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
45.McQuail, D. & Windahl, S. (eds). (1993). Communication Models for the
Study of Mass Communication. New York: Longman Publishing.
46.McQuail, D. (1994), Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction.
London: Sage publications Ltd.
47.Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P.(2000). Incidence and correlates of
pathological Internet use, Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 13-29.
48.Moore, M. G.(1980). Independent study. In R. D. Boyd, J. W. Apps, and
associates, Redefining the discipline of adult education. San
Francisco: Jossey Bass.
49.Morris, M. & Ogan, C. (1996), The Internet As Mass Medium, Journal of
Communications, 46(1), 39-50.
50.Novak, P. T., Hoffman, D. L. & Yung, Y. F. (2000). Measuring the
customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling
approach, Marketing Science, 19(1), 22-42.
51.Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. NY: McGraw-Hill
52.Pope, A. W., McHale, S. M. & Craighead, W. E.(1988). Self –esteem
enhancement with children and adolescents. New York:Pergamom
Press.
53.Potosky, D., & Bobko, P. (2001). A model for predicting computer
experience form attitudes toward computers, Journal of Business and
Psychology, 15 (3), 391-404.
54.Pratarelli, M. E., Browne, B. L., & Johnson, K. (1999). The bits and bytes
of computer/Internet addiction: a factor analytic approach, Behavior
Research Methods. Instruements and Computers, 31(2), 305-314.
55.Quantum-Web(2005), http://www.quantum-web.com/
56.Reid, E. (1995). Virtual worlds: culture and imagination. In Steven G.
Jones( ED.), Cybersociety: computer-mediated communication and
community, London: Sage Publication, 164-183.
57.Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational Behavior, 9th ed., N.J.: Prentice
Hall.
58.Rotter, J. B. (1966).Generalized expectancies for internal versus external
control of reinforcement, Psychological Monographs, 81, 1-27.
59.Rubin, R. A., Perse, E. & Barbato, C. (1988). Conceptualization and
Measurement of Interpersonal Communication Motives. Human
Communication Research, 14(4), 602-628.
60.Ryan, J.(1995). A Uses and Gratifications Study of the Internet Social
Interaction Site Lambda MUD: Talking with the DINOS. Ball State
University, Thesis for Master Degree.
61.Severin, W. J. & Tankard, J. W. (1987). Communication Theories- Origins,
Method, Uses. New York: London.
62.Sherry, J. L. (2004). Flow and media enjoyment, Communication Theory,
14(4), 328-347.
63.Song, I., Larose, R., Eastin, M. S. & Lin, C. A.(2004). Internet
gratifications and Internet addiction:On the uses and abuses of new
media, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 7, 384-394.
64.Soule, L. C., Shell, L. W. & Kleen, B. A.(2003). Exploring Internet
addiction: Demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy
Internet users, The Journal of Computer Information Systems,
44, 64-73.
65.Trevino, L.K., & Webster, J.(1992). Flow in computermediated
communication: electronic mail and voice mail evaluation and
impacts. Communication research,19(5), 539–573.
66.Wang, W.(2001). Internet dependency and psychosocial maturity among
college students, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,
55, 919-938.
67.Weber, J.(1999). School is never out, Business week, 3649, p164-167.
68.Webster, J. G. (1986). Audience Behavior in the New Media Environment,
Journal of Communications, 36(3), 77-91.
69.Webster, J., Trevino, K. L. & Ryan, L. (1993). The dimensionality and
correlates of flow in human-computer interactions, Computers in
Human Behavior, 9(4), 411-426.
70.Williams, P. W., Hellman C. M.(2004). Difference in self-regulation for
online learning between first- and second-generation college students,
Research in higher education, 45(1), 71-82.
71.Williams, F., Philips, A. & Lange, P. (1994). Gratification Associated with
New Communication Technologies. In K. Rosengren, L. A. Winner,
& P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media Gratifications Research: Current
Perspectives, 241-252. Beverly Hills: Sage.
72.Woodrow, J. (1990). Locus of control and student teacher computer
attitudes, Computers in Education, 14, 421–432.
73.Yoo, H. (1996). The Gratifications of the Internet: A Pilot Study.
http://www.tc.msu.edu/tc960/yoofinal.html
74.Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical
disorder. Paper presented at the 104th annual meeting of the
American Psychological Association.August, 15, 1996, Toronto,
Canada, http://www.netaddiction.com/articles/newdisorder.htm
75.Young, K. S.(1997). What Makes the Internet Addictive: Potential
Explanations for Pathological Internet Use. Paper presented at the
105th annual conference of the American Psychological Association,
http://www.healthyplace.com/Communities/Addictions/netaddiction/
articles/habitforming.htm
76.Young, K. S. & Rodgers, R. C(1998). The relationship between depression
and Internet addiction, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1(1), 25-28.
77.Young, K. S.(1998). Internet addiction:The emergence of a new clinical
disorder, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1, 237-244.