過敏原 (allergens) 是一種會導致人體產生過敏反應的物質，如花粉、塵蹣或真菌。過去研究已證實過敏原的暴露會增加氣喘、過敏性鼻炎或異位性皮膚炎等疾病的風險，許多研究也發現大氣花粉濃度有逐漸增加的趨勢，且溫暖潮濕的氣候也提供塵蹣或真菌等過敏原的良好生存環境，顯示越不容忽視過敏原對人體健康的衝擊。然而，近年來的研究發現過敏原的暴露也會增加心血管疾病死亡率，但仍不清楚其機轉。回顧過去文獻發現，相較於健康的族群，氣喘或過敏性鼻炎患者體內，由脂肪組織分泌並與心血管疾病有關的脂肪激素濃度和心血管疾病患者體內的濃度變化趨勢一致，而少數動物實驗發現暴露過敏原會降低老鼠脂肪激素佔有比例最高且在心血管疾病扮演保護角色的adiponectin濃度，顯示脂肪組織可能在過敏原和心血管疾病的關係中扮演重要的角色。然而，目前仍不清楚暴露過敏原為何可降低adiponectin的濃度，也無研究探討暴露過敏原可否改變脂肪組織特性進而影響與心血管疾病有關的發炎指標表現，並參與疾病的發展。此外，因脂肪組織所分泌的脂肪激素和胰島素阻抗的發生有關，目前亦無研究探討過敏原的暴露是否也為胰島素阻抗的風險因子之一。最後，因呼吸道與脂肪組織的發炎都和Th細胞有關，目前仍不清楚過敏原的暴露導致呼吸道發炎的Th細胞是否也會影響脂肪組織的發炎特性。
本研究共完成三個研究問題：(1)在急性的ovalbumin (OVA) 過敏原暴露模式下 (PBS為控制組)，收集並分析肺泡灌洗液 (總細胞數、細胞種類和IL-5)、血液 (Total IgE、OVA-specific IgE、adiponectin、IL-6和TNF-α) 和脂肪組織 (IL-6、TNF-α和adiponectin) 樣本中的指標和完成脂肪組織的HE染色，並分析脂肪組織和血液中的adiponectin濃度關係，以瞭解過敏原的暴露為何可降低血液中的adiponectin濃度，(2)藉由慢性的OVA過敏原暴露模式 (PBS為控制組)，收集並分析血液 (Total IgE、resistin、adiponectin、IL-6、TNF-α、E-selectin、VCAM-1、ICAM-1、glucose、insulin、LDH、CPK、CK-MB) 和脂肪組織 (IL-6、TNF-α、PAI-1、IL-1β、Mgl1、Mgl2和IL-10) 樣本中的指標和完成脂肪組織的HE與IHC染色，並透過脂肪組織和血液中發炎指標的關係、血液中發炎指標和胰島素阻抗與心肌損傷指標關係的探討，瞭解過敏原的暴露是否會導致脂肪組織發炎並參與心血管疾病及胰島素阻抗的發展，(3)透過急性和慢性的OVA過敏原暴露模式之實驗結果的比較，探討過敏原的暴露對脂肪組織Th細胞的影響。
研究發現暴露過敏原不僅會導致呼吸道發炎，也會造成脂肪組織發炎並降低脂肪組織和血液中的adiponectin表現量。長期過敏原的暴露模式顯示過敏原的暴露會造成脂肪組織重量明顯下降、增加脂肪組織的M1促發炎指標表現量 (IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β)、降低M2抗發炎指標表現量 (IL-10和Mgl2)，和有明顯的組織發炎表現 (HE和IHC染色)。另外，過敏原暴露組的老鼠血液中有較高IL-6、E-selectin與resistin和較低的adiponectin濃度，且脂肪組織的發炎指標和血中的E-selectin、resistin與adiponectin呈顯著相關；相較於暴露PBS的老鼠，暴露過敏原的老鼠血中有較高的胰島素阻抗指標 (HOMA-IR) 表現量和心血管發炎指標濃度，且HOMA-IR與心血管發炎指標濃度均和resistin等血液中的發炎指標呈顯著相關。研究證實過敏原的暴露會導致脂肪組織發炎和影響血中的脂肪激素表現量，並增加心血管發炎和胰島素阻抗指標的濃度。最後，研究也發現過敏原的暴露會調控脂肪組織Th1和Th2的平衡，進而影響M1與M2的生成，但尚無證據證實呼吸道的Th細胞會參與脂肪組織的發炎反應。
本研究成果不僅解釋過敏原的暴露和心血管疾病的可能機轉，也佐證脂肪組織在過敏原和胰島素阻抗間同樣扮演重要的角色。研究結果提供未來疾病預防及治療的方向；此外，本研究為第一篇探討過敏原的暴露和脂肪組織關係之研究，相信可為未來空氣污染物的暴露、脂肪組織和疾病關係之研究基礎。

Allergens such as pollen, dust mites and fungi are a type of antigen that induces immune reactions. Many studies have demonstrated that exposure to allergens can increase the risk of asthma, allergic rhinitis and dermatitis. Recent studies also have indicated that the pollen level is increasing and that warm weather supports appropriate conditions for the growth of dust mites and fungi. Therefore, we cannot neglect the health effects of human allergen exposure. Recently, some studies have shown that exposure to allergens might be one risk factor related to cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms are still unknown.
According to previous studies, compared to a healthy population, patients with allergic and cardiovascular diseases have consistent trends in regard to the levels of adipokines from adipose tissues, which play a key role in cardiovascular diseases, and patients with allergic diseases have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, a few animal studies have indicated that exposure to allergens can reduce the level of adiponectin, which plays a protective role in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, adipose tissues may play an important role in the mechanisms connecting allergen exposure and cardiovascular diseases. However, it is still not understood why exposure to allergens can reduce the level of adiponectin, and no study has yet investigated whether exposure to allergens further involves the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, adipokines from adipose tissues are associated with insulin resistance, and no study has to this date investigated the relationship between allergen exposure and insulin resistance. Finally, Th cells play important roles in involving the inflammation of airway and adipose tissues, but we are not still understand whether Th cells of airway affect the inflammation situation in adipose tissues.
In this study, there were three objectives: (1) to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (total cell, specific cell and IL-5), blood (total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α) and adipose tissue (IL-6, TNF-α and HE statin) samples using the acute OVA allergen exposure model (control mice with PBS) and to investigate why exposure to OVA allergens can reduce the level of adiponectin in the blood, (2) to collect blood (total IgE, resistin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, glucose, insulin, LDH, CPK and CK-MB) and adipose tissue (IL-6, TNF-α, PAI-1, IL-1β, Mgl1, Mgl2, IL-10 and HE and IHC statin) samples using the chronic exposure model (control mice with PBS) in order to study whether exposure to OVA allergens can affect the expression of biomarkers in subjects with cardiovascular diseases and insulin resistance as well as further involve the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases, and (3) to investigate how OVA allergens affect the characteristics of adipose tissues by conducting a comparison between acute- and chronic-exposure models.
Our data showed that exposure to OVA allergens not only induced airway inflammation but also affected the characteristics of adipose tissues and further reduced the expressions of adiponectin in serum and adipose tissues according to the acute-exposure model. The chronic-exposure model showed that there were higher expressions of pro-inflammation IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β and lower levels of anti-inflammation IL-10 and Mgl2 in mice that were OVA-challenge compared with mice that were PBS-challenged, and the weight of the adipose tissue was lower in OVA-challenged mice. In addition, HE and IHC stains also indicated that there were significant expressions of macrophage and F4/80, respectively. Furthermore, mice that were OVA-challenged had higher serum levels of IL-6, E-selectin and resistin, and their adiponectin levels were lower when compared to those that were PBS challenged. Serum E-selectin, resistin and adiponectin were significantly correlated with pro-inflammation indexes in adipose tissues. Our data also revealed that there were higher levels of HOMA-IR and inflammatory mediators with circulatory system in mice that were OVA-challenged as compared to those that were PBS-challenged, and HOMA-IR and inflammatory mediators with circulatory system were both associated with resistin, respectively. These results demonstrated that exposure to OVA allergens can induce inflammation of adipose tissues and affect the levels of biomarkers in subjects with inflammation of circulatory system and insulin resistance in serum. Finally, this study indicated that OVA allergen exposure causes imbalances between Th1 type and Th2 type cells in adipose tissues, which further affects the expressions of M1 and M2 in such tissues. However, our data cannot demonstrate whether Th cells of airway affect the inflammation reactions of adipose tissues.
This study not only explains the possible mechanisms between pollen and cardiovascular system, but also demonstrates that adipose tissues play an important role in the relationship between allergen exposure and insulin resistance. The results of this study support directions for disease prevention and treatment.

Adams DH, Shaw S. 1994. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions and regulation of leukocyte migration. Lancet 343:831-836.
Akagiri S, Naito Y, Ichikawa H, Mizushima K, Takagi T, Handa O, et al. 2008. A mouse model of metabolic syndrome; increase in visceral adipose tissue precedes the development of fatty liver and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed male kk/ta mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 42:150-157.
Al-Shawwa BA, Al-Huniti NH, DeMattia L, Gershan W. 2007. Asthma and insulin resistance in morbidly obese children and adolescents. J Asthma 44:469-473.
Andrikopoulos S, Blair AR, Deluca N, Fam BC, Proietto J. 2008. Evaluating the glucose tolerance test in mice. Am J Physiol-Endoc M 295:E1323-E1332.
Antova T, Pattenden S, Brunekreef B, Heinrich J, Rudnai P, Forastiere F, et al. 2008. Exposure to indoor mould and children's respiratory health in the paty study. J Epidemiol Commun H 62:708-714.
Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, et al. 1999. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Bioph Res Co 257:79-83.
Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, et al. 2005. Ikk-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11:191-198.
Arshi M, Cardinal J, Hill RJ, Davies PSW, Wainwright C. 2010. Asthma and insulin resistance in children. Respirology 15:779-784.
Asokananthan N, Graham PT, Stewart DJ, Bakker AJ, Eidne KA, Thompson PJ, et al. 2002. House dust mite allergens induce proinflammatory cytokines from respiratory epithelial cells: The cysteine protease allergen, der p 1, activates protease-activated receptor (par)-2 and inactivates par-1. J Immunol 169:4572-4578.
Baines KJ, Simpson JL, Bowden NA, Scott RJ, Gibson PG. 2010. Differential gene expression and cytokine production from neutrophils in asthma phenotypes. European Respiratory Journal 35:522-531.
Banerjee RR, Rangwala SM, Shapiro JS, Rich AS, Rhoades B, Qi Y, et al. 2004. Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science 303:1195-1198.
Bell ML, Ebisu K, Peng RD, Samet JM, Dominici F. 2009. Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Am J Resp Crit Care 179:1115-1120.
Benndorf D, Muller A, Bock K, Manuwald O, Herbarth O, von Bergen M. 2008. Identification of spore allergens from the indoor mould aspergillus versicolor. Allergy 63:454-460.
Berg AH, Combs TP, Du XL, Brownlee M, Scherer PE. 2001. The adipocyte-secreted protein acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7:947-953.
Berg AH, Scherer PE. 2005. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 96:939-949.
Bi YF, Wang TG, Xu M, Xu Y, Li MA, Lu JL, et al. 2012. Advanced research on risk factors of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes-Metab Res 28:32-39.
Bjorntorp P. 2000. Metabolic difference between visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat. Diabetes Metab 26:10-12.
Bjornvold M, Munthe-Kaas MC, Egeland T, Joner G, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Njolstad PR, et al. 2009. A tlr2 polymorphism is associated with type 1 diabetes and allergic asthma. Genes Immun 10:181-187.
Bonofiglio T, Orlandi F, Sgromo C, Romano B, Fornaciari M. 2009. Evidences of olive pollination date variations in relation to spring temperature trends. Aerobiologia 25:227-237.
Bruin JE, Petre MA, Raha S, Morrison KM, Gerstein HC, Holloway AC. 2008. Fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure in wistar rats causes progressive pancreatic mitochondrial damage and beta cell dysfunction. Plos One 3.
Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Fischer P, Spieksma FTM. 2000. Relation between airborne pollen concentrations and daily cardiovascular and respiratory-disease mortality. The Lancet 355:1517-1518.
Bruun JM, Lihn AS, Verdich C, Pedersen SB, Toubro S, Astrup A, et al. 2003. Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: In vivo and in vitro investigations in humans. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology And Metabolism 285:E527-E533.
Bufe A, Spangfort MD, Kahlert H, Schlaak M, Becker WM. 1996. The major birch pollen allergen, bet v 1, shows ribonuclease activity. Planta 199:413-415.
Cai DS, Yuan MS, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, et al. 2005. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of ikk-beta and nf-kappa b. Nat Med 11:183-190.
Capuron L, Poitou C, Machaux-Tholliez D, Frochot V, Bouillot J-L, Basdevant A, et al. 2011. Relationship between adiposity, emotional status and eating behaviour in obese women: Role of inflammation. Psychological Medicine 41:1517-1528.
Celedon JC, Milton DK, Ramsey CD, Litonjua AA, Ryan L, Platts-Mills TAE, et al. 2007. Exposure to dust mite allergen and endotoxin in early life and asthma and atopy in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immun 120:144-149.
Ceylan E, Ozkutuk A, Ergor G, Yucesoy M, Itil O, Caymaz S, et al. 2006. Fungi and indoor conditions in asthma patients. J Asthma 43:789-794.
Chang JW, Chen HL, Su HJ, Liao PC, Guo HR, Lee CC. 2010. Dioxin exposure and insulin resistance in taiwanese living near a highly contaminated area. Epidemiology 21:56-61.
Chao HJ, Chan CC, Rao CY, Lee CT, Chuang YC, Chiu YH, et al. 2012. The effects of transported asian dust on the composition and concentration of ambient fungi in taiwan. Int J Biometeorol 56:211-219.
Chattopadhyay BP, Das S, Adhikari A, Alam J. 2007. Exposure to varying concentration of fungal spores in grain storage godowns and its effect on the respiratory function status among the workers. Ind Health 45:449-461.
Chen BH, Song YQ, Ding EL, Roberts CK, Manson JE, Rifai N, et al. 2009. Circulating levels of resistin and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women: Results from two prospective cohorts. Diabetes Care 32:329-334.
Ciprandi G, Murdaca G, Marseglia G, Colombo BM, Quaglini S, De Amici M. 2008. Serum adiponectin levels in patients with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Int Immunopharmacol 8:945-949.
Ciprandi G, De Amici M, Tosca MA, Marseglia G. 2009. Serum leptin levels depend on allergen exposure in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Immunol Invest 38:681-689.
Ciprandi G, De Amici M, Tosca MA, Marseglia G. 2010. Serum resistin in persistent allergic rhinitis: Preliminary data in adults. Int Immunopharmacol 10:371-372.
Clampitt RBaH, R. T. 1978. The tissue activities of some diagnostic enzymes in ten mammalian species. Journal of Comparative Pathology 88:607-621.
Combs TP, Pajvani UB, Berg AH, Lin Y, Jelicks LA, Laplante M, et al. 2004. A transgenic mouse with a deletion in the collagenous domain of adiponectin displays elevated circulating adiponectin and improved insulin sensitivity. Endocrinology 145:367-383.
Cristofori A, Cristofolini F, Gottardini E. 2010. Twenty years of aerobiological monitoring in trentino (italy): Assessment and evaluation of airborne pollen variability. Aerobiologia 26:253-261.
Dales RE, Cakmak S, Judek S, Coates F. 2008. Tree pollen and hospitalization for asthma in urban canada. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 146:241-247.
Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A. 2004. Inflammation: The link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 25:4-7.
de Chantemele EJB, Mintz JD, Rainey WE, Stepp DW. 2011. Impact of leptin-mediated sympatho-activation on cardiovascular function in obese mice. Hypertension 58:271-U285.
Diaz J, Linares C, Tobias A. 2007. Short-term effects of pollen species on hospital admissions in the city of madrid in terms of specific causes and age. Aerobiologia 23:231-238.
Djukanovic R, Uddin M, Nong G, Ward J, Seumois G, Prince LR, et al. 2010. Prosurvival activity for airway neutrophils in severe asthma. Thorax 65:684-689.
Dobbelsteyn CJ, Joffres MR, MacLean DR, Flowerdew G, Res CHHS. 2001. A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The canadian heart health surveys. Int J Obesity 25:652-661.
Dourado LPA, Noviello MDM, Alvarenga DM, Menezes Z, Perez DA, Batista NV, et al. 2011. Experimental food allergy leads to adipose tissue inflammation, systemic metabolic alterations and weight loss in mice. Cell Immunol 270:198-206.
Edmondson DA, Barrios CS, Brasel TL, Straus DC, Kurup VP, Fink JN. 2009. Immune response among patients exposed to molds. Int J Mol Sci 10:5471-5484.
Fantuzzi G. 2005. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immun 115:911-919.
Fantuzzi G, Mazzone T. 2007. Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis - exploring the connection. Arterioscl Throm Vas 27:996-1003.
Fantuzzi G. 2008. Adiponectin and inflammation: Consensus and controversy. J Allergy Clin Immun 121:326-330.
Fattouh R, Al-Garawi A, Fattouh M, Arias K, Walker TD, Goncharova S, et al. 2011. Eosinophils are dispensable for allergic remodeling and immunity in a model of house dust mite-induced airway disease. Am J Resp Crit Care 183:179-188.
Filippi E, Sentinelli F, Romeo S, Arca M, Berni A, Tiberti C, et al. 2005. The adiponectin gene snp+276g > t associates with early-onset coronary artery disease and with lower levels of adiponectin in younger coronary artery disease patients (age <= 50 years). J Mol Med-Jmm 83:711-719.
Fisk WJ, Lei-Gomez Q, Mendell MJ. 2007. Meta-analyses of the associations of respiratory health effects with dampness and mold in homes. Indoor Air 17:284-296.
Frei T, Gassner E. 2008. Climate change and its impact on birch pollen quantities and the start of the pollen season an example from switzerland for the period 1969-2006. Int J Biometeorol 52:667-674.
Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S, Ebbets-Reed D, Erickson MRS, Yen FT, et al. 2001. Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kda adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. P Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2005-2010.
Fruhbeck G, Nutr R, Salvador J. 2004. Role of adipocytokines in metabolism and disease. Nutr Res 24:803-826.
Frystyk J, Berne C, Berglund L, Jensevik K, Flyvbjerg A, Zethelius B. 2007. Serum adiponectin is a predictor of coronary heart disease: A population-based 10-year follow-up study in elderly men. J Clin Endocr Metab 92:571-576.
Fsadni P, Fsadni C, Fava S, Montefort S. 2012. Correlation of worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes (diamond) with prevalence of asthma and atopic eczema (isaac). Clin Respir J 6:18-25.
Fujisaka S, Usui I, Kanatani Y, Ikutani M, Takasaki I, Tsuneyama K, et al. 2011. Telmisartan improves insulin resistance and modulates adipose tissue macrophage polarization in high-fat-fed mice. Endocrinology 152:1789-1799.
Gehring U, Brunekreef B, Fahlbusch B, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J, Grp IS. 2005. Are house dust mite allergen levels influenced by cold winter weather? Allergy 60:1079-1082.
Geiss LS, Pan LP, Cadwell B, Gregg EW, Benjamin SM, Engelgau MM. 2006. Changes in incidence of diabetes in us adults, 1997-2003. Am J Prev Med 30:371-377.
Goossens GH, Bizzarri A, Venteclef N, Essers Y, Cleutjens JP, Konings E, et al. 2011. Increased adipose tissue oxygen tension in obese compared with lean men is accompanied by insulin resistance, impaired adipose tissue capillarization, and inflammation. Circulation 124:67-76.
Graziani F, Cialdella P, Liuzzo G, Basile E, Brugaletta S, Pedicino D, et al. 2011. Cardiovascular risk in obesity: Different activation of inflammation and immune system between obese and morbidly obese subjects. European Journal of Internal Medicine 22:418-423.
Gregg EW, Cadwell BL, Cheng YJ, Cowie CC, Williams DE, Geiss L, et al. 2004. Trends in the prevalence and ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed diabetes according to obesity levels in the u.S. Diabetes Care 27:2806-2812.
Griffin ME, Marcucci MJ, Cline GW, Bell K, Barucci N, Lee D, et al. 1999. Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase c theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade. Diabetes 48:1270-1274.
Gueders M, Paulissen G, Crahay C, Quesada-Calvo F, Hacha J, Van Hove C, et al. 2009. Mouse models of asthma: A comparison between c57bl/6 and balb/c strains regarding bronchial responsiveness, inflammation, and cytokine production. Inflammation Research 58:845-854.
Gunnbjornsdottir MI, Franklin KA, Norback D, Bjornsson E, Gislason D, Lindberg E, et al. 2006. Prevalence and incidence of respiratory symptoms in relation to indoor dampness: The rhine study. Thorax 61:221-225.
Han MS, Jung DY, Morel C, Lakhani SA, Kim JK, Flavell RA, et al. 2013. Jnk expression by macrophages promotes obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. Science 339:218-222.
Hanley AJG, Wagenknecht LE, Norris JM, Bergman R, Anderson A, Chen YI, et al. 2011. Adiponectin and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in hispanics and african americans. Diabetes Care 34:2231-2236.
Hansson GK. 2005. Mechanisms of disease - inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. New Engl J Med 352:1685-1695.
Hara K, Horikoshi M, Yamauchi T, Yago H, Miyazaki O, Ebinuma H, et al. 2006. Measurement of the high-molecular weight form of adiponectin in plasma is useful for the prediction of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 29:1357-1362.
Harris RBS, Mitchell TD, Kelso EW, Flatt WP. 2007. Changes in environmental temperature influence leptin responsiveness in low- and high-fat-fed mice. Am J Physiol-Reg I 293:R106-R115.
Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Tracy RP, Corti MC, Wacholder S, Ettinger WH, et al. 1999. Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and c-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. Am J Med 106:506-512.
Hectors TLM, Vanparys C, van der Ven K, Martens GA, Jorens PG, Van Gaal LF, et al. 2011. Environmental pollutants and type 2 diabetes: A review of mechanisms that can disrupt beta cell function. Diabetologia 54:1273-1290.
Hirose H, Yamamoto Y, Seino-Yoshihara Y, Kawabe H, Saito I. 2010. Serum high-molecular-weight adiponectin as a marker for the evaluation and care of subjects with metabolic syndrome and related disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb 17:1201-1211.
Hivert MF, Sullivan LM, Shrader P, Fox CS, Nathan DM, D'Agostino RB, et al. 2011. Insulin resistance influences the association of adiponectin levels with diabetes incidence in two population-based cohorts: The cooperative health research in the region of augsburg (kora) s4/f4 study and the framingham offspring study. Diabetologia 54:1019-1024.
Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjolin E, Wahlen K, Arner P. 2004. Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocr Metab 89:1391-1396.
Holguin F, Rojas M, Brown LA, Fitzpatrick AM. 2011. Airway and plasma leptin and adiponectin in lean and obese asthmatics and controls. J Asthma 48:217-223.
Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y, et al. 2000. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscl Throm Vas 20:1595-1599.
Hsu NY, Chen PY, Chang HW, Su HJ. 2011. Changes in profiles of airborne fungi in flooded homes in southern taiwan after typhoon morakot. Sci Total Environ 409:1677-1682.
Hsueh KC, Lin YJ, Lin HC, Lin CY. 2010. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels correlate with severity of allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Allergy Immu 21:E155-E159.
Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. 2001. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New Engl J Med 345:790-797.
Hu FB, Li TY, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE. 2003. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Jama-J Am Med Assoc 289:1785-1791.
Hu FB. 2011. Globalization of diabetes the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Diabetes Care 34:1249-1257.
Huang SS, Huang PH, Chen YH, Chiang KH, Chen JW, Lin SJ. 2010. Association of adiponectin with future cardiovascular events in patients after acute myocardial infarction. J Atheroscler Thromb 17:295-303.
Huntington JA, Stein PE. 2001. Structure and properties of ovalbumin. J Chromatogr B 756:189-198.
Ikeoka D, Mader JK, Pieber TR. 2010. Adipose tissue, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras 56:116-121.
Iribarren C, Tolstykh IV, Eisner MD. 2004. Are patients with asthma at increased risk of coronary heart disease? Int J Epidemiol 33:743-748.
Jaakkola JJK, Ieromnimon A, Jaakkola MS. 2006. Interior surface materials and asthma in adults: A population-based incident case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 164:742-749.
Jang A-S, Kim T-H, Park J-S, Kim K-U, Uh S-T, Seo K-H, et al. 2009. Association of serum leptin and adiponectin with obesity in asthmatics. J Asthma 46:59-63.
Jatakanon A, Uasuf C, Maziak W, Lim S, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. 1999. Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma. Am J Resp Crit Care 160:1532-1539.
JW B. 1983. The mechanisms relating to increases in plasma enzymes and isoenzymes in diseases of animals. Vet Clin Pathol 12:9-24.
Kadowaki T, Hara K, Yamauchi T, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Nagai R. 2003. Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance and obesity. Exp Biol Med 228:1111-1117.
Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. 2006. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 444:840-846.
Kanehiro A, Lahn M, Mäkelä MJ, Dakhama A, Joetham A, Rha Y-H, et al. 2002. Requirement for the p75 tnf-α receptor 2 in the regulation of airway hyperresponsiveness by γδ t cells. The Journal of Immunology 169:4190-4197.
Kawanami D, Maemura K, Takeda N, Harada T, Nojiri T, Imai Y, et al. 2004. Direct reciprocal effects of resistin and adiponectin on vascular endothelial cells: A new insight into adipocytokine-endothelial cell interactions. Biochem Bioph Res Co 314:415-419.
Kim J, Purushottam B, Chae YK, Chebrolu L, Amanullah A. 2010. Relation between common allergic symptoms and coronary heart disease among nhanes iii participants. The American Journal of Cardiology 106:984-987.
Kim JK, Kim YJ, Fillmore JJ, Chen Y, Moore I, Lee JS, et al. 2001. Prevention of fat-induced insulin resistance by salicylate. J Clin Invest 108:437-446.
Knoflach M, Kiechl S, Kind M, Said M, Sief R, Gisinger M, et al. 2003. Cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in young males: Army study (atherosclerosis risk-factors in male youngsters). Circulation 108:1064-1069.
Kolloch R, Legler UF, Champion A, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Handberg E, Zhou Q, et al. 2008. Impact of resting heart rate on outcomes in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: Findings from the international verapamil-sr/trandolapril study (invest). Eur Heart J 29:1327-1334.
Koppes LLJ, Dekker JM, Hendriks HFJ, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. 2005. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes - a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care 28:719-725.
Koumoundouros E, Bischof RJ, Meeusen EN, Mareels IMY, Snibson KJ. 2006. Chronic airway disease: Deteriorating pulmonary function in sheep associated with repeated challenges of house dust mite. Exp Lung Res 32:321-330.
Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kubota T, Moroi M, Matsui J, et al. 2002. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 277:25863-25866.
Kusminski CM, McTernan PG, Kumar S. 2005. Role of resistin in obesity, insulin resistance and type ii diabetes. Clinical Science 109:243-256.
Ladeau SL, Clark JS. 2006. Pollen production by pinus taeda growing in elevated atmospheric co2. Funct Ecol 20:541-547.
Lang HF, Chou CY, Sheu WHH, Lin JY. 2011. Weight loss increased serum adiponectin but decreased lipid levels in obese subjects whose body mass index was lower than 30 kg/m(2). Nutr Res 31:378-386.
Lara-Castro C FY, Chung BH, Garvey WT. 2007. Adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome: Mechanisms mediating risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY 18:263-270.
Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, May S, Langenberg C. 2007. Association of adiponectin with coronary heart disease and mortality - the rancho bernardo study. Am J Epidemiol 165:164-174.
Li CJ, Sun HW, Zhu FL, Chen L, Rong YY, Zhang Y, et al. 2007. Local adiponectin treatment reduces atherosclerotic plaque size in rabbits. J Endocrinol 193:137-145.
Li FYL, Cheng KKY, Lam KSL, Vanhoutte PM, Xu A. 2011. Cross-talk between adipose tissue and vasculature: Role of adiponectin. Acta Physiol 203:167-180.
Libby P. 2002. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420:868-874.
Libby P. 2006. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 83:456s-460s.
Lieb W, Sullivan LM, Harris TB, Roubenoff R, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, et al. 2009. Plasma leptin levels and incidence of heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and total mortality in elderly individuals. Diabetes Care 32:612-616.
Lin J, Hu FB, Curhan G. 2007. Serum adiponectin and renal dysfunction in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30:239-244.
Lindsay RS, Funahashi T, Hanson RL, Matsuzawa Y, Tanaka S, Tataranni PA, et al. 2002. Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the pima indian population. Lancet 360:57-58.
Lipscombe LL, Hux JE. 2007. Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in ontario, canada 1995-2005: A population-based study. Lancet 369:750-756.
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative pcr and the 2(t)(-delta delta c) method. Methods 25:402-408.
Lubos E, Messow CM, Schnabel R, Rupprecht HJ, Espinola-Klein C, Bickel C, et al. 2007. Resistin, acute coronary syndrome and prognosis results from the atherogene study. Atherosclerosis 193:121-128.
Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL, Saltiel AR. 2007. Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest 117:175-184.
Maahs DM, Hamman RF, D'Agostino R, Dolan LM, Imperatore G, Lawrence JM, et al. 2009. The association between adiponectin/leptin ratio and diabetes type: The search for diabetes in youth study. J Pediatr 155:133-135.
Madonna R, Massaro M, de Caterina R. 2008. Insulin potentiates cytokine-induced vcam-1 expression in human endothelial cells. Bba-Mol Basis Dis 1782:511-516.
Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, et al. 2002. Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/acrp30. Nat Med 8:731-737.
Mai XM, Bottcher MF, Leijion I. 2004. Leptin and asthma in overweight children at 12 years of age. Pediatr Allergy Immu 15:523-530.
Mariani RL, Jorge MPM, Pereira SS, Melione LP, Carvalho-Oliveira R, Ma TH, et al. 2009. Association between micronuclei frequency in pollen mother cells of tradescantia and mortality due to cancer and cardiovascular diseases: A preliminary study in sao jose dos campos, brazil. Environ Pollut 157:1767-1770.
Matsumoto K, Sera Y, Nakamura H, Ueki Y, Miyake S. 2002. Serum concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules are related to degree of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 55:131-138.
McManus DD, Lyass A, Ingelsson E, Massaro JM, Meigs JB, Aragam J, et al. 2012. Relations of circulating resistin and adiponectin and cardiac structure and function: The framingham offspring study. Obesity 20:1882-1886.
Mcreynolds L, Omalley BW, Nisbet AD, Fothergill JE, Givol D, Fields S, et al. 1978. Sequence of chicken ovalbumin messenger-rna. Nature 273:723-728.
Medoff BD, Okamoto Y, Leyton P, Weng M, Sandall BP, Raher MJ, et al. 2009. Adiponectin deficiency increases allergic airway inflammation and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 41:397-406.
Mehta NN, McGillicuddy FC, Anderson PD, Hinkle CC, Shah R, Pruscino L, et al. 2010. Experimental endotoxemia induces adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes 59:172-181.
Menzaghi C, Bacci S, Salvemini L, Mendonca C, Palladino G, Fontana A, et al. 2013. Serum resistin, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Plos One 8.
Misra A, Vikram NK. 2003. Clinical and pathophysiological consequences of abdominal adiposity and abdominal adipose tissue depots. Nutrition 19:457-466.
Mueller NT, Koh WP, Odegaard AO, Gross MD, Yuan JM, Pereira MA. 2013. Asthma and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the singapore chinese health study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 99:192-199.
Muse ED, Obici S, Bhanot S, Monia BP, McKay RA, Rajala MW, et al. 2004. Role of resistin in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 114:232-239.
Nagel G, Koenig W, Rapp K, Wabitsch M, Zoellner I, Weiland SK. 2009. Associations of adipokines with asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in german schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immu 20:81-88.
Nakamura Y, Shimada K, Fukuda D, Shimada Y, Ehara S, Hirose M, et al. 2004. Implications of plasma concentrations of adiponectin in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 90:528-533.
Navas-Acien A, Silbergeld EK, Streeter RA, Clark JM, Burke TA, Guallar E. 2006. Arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of the experimental and epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Persp 114:641-648.
Nelde A, Teufel M, Hahn C, Duschl A, Sebald W, Brocker EB, et al. 2001. The impact of the route and frequency of antigen exposure on the ige response in allergy. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 124:461-469.
Nielsen AR, Plomgaard P, Krabbe KS, Johansen JS, Pedersen BK. 2011. Il-6, but not tnf-alpha, increases plasma ykl-40 in human subjects. Cytokine 55:152-155.
O'Brien PJ. 2008. Cardiac troponin is the most effective translational safety biomarker for myocardial injury in cardiotoxicity. Toxicology 245:206-218.
Odegaard JI, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Goforth MH, Morel CR, Subramanian V, Mukundan L, et al. 2007. Macrophage-specific ppar gamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance. Nature 447:1116-U1112.
Okamoto Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Nishida M, Arita Y, Kumada M, et al. 2002. Adiponectin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Circulation 106:2767-2770.
Onufrak SJ, Abramson JL, Austin HD, Holguin F, McClellan WM, Vaccarino LV. 2008. Relation of adult-onset asthma to coronary heart disease and stroke. The American Journal of Cardiology 101:1247-1252.
Ordonez CL, Shaughnessy TE, Matthay MA, Fahy JV. 2000. Increased neutrophil numbers and il-8 levels in airway secretions in acute severe asthma clinical and biologic significance. Am J Resp Crit Care 161:1185-1190.
Osawa H, Doi Y, Makino H, Ninomiya T, Yonemoto K, Kawamura R, et al. 2009. Diabetes and hypertension markedly increased the risk of ischemic stroke associated with high serum resistin concentration in a general japanese population: The hisayama study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 8.
Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. 2011. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol 11:85-97.
Palatini P, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Fagard RH, Bulpitt CJ, Clement DL, et al. 2002. Predictive value of clinic and ambulatory heart rate for mortality in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med 162:2313-2321.
Payal S. Patel EDB, and Ashok Balasubramanyam. 2013. The role of the immune system in obesity and insulin resistance. Journal of Obesity 2013.
Pene J, Rousset F, Briere F, Chretien I, Wideman J, Bonnefoy JY, et al. 1988. Interleukin-5 enhances interleukin 4-induced ige production by normal human b-cells - the role of soluble cd23 antigen. Eur J Immunol 18:929-935.
Pilz S, Weihrauch G, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, et al. 2007. Implications of resistin plasma levels in subjects undergoing coronary angiography - the ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health (luric) study. Clin Endocrinol 66:380-386.
Pischon T, Girman CJ, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Hu FB, Rimm EB. 2004. Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in men. JAMA 291:1730-1737.
Pizzichini MMM, Pizzichini E, Clelland L, Efthimiadis A, Mahony J, Dolovich J, et al. 1997. Sputum in severe exacerbations of asthma - kinetics of inflammatory indices after prednisone treatment. Am J Resp Crit Care 155:1501-1508.
Podder S, Gupta SK, Saha GK. 2009. Seasonal prevalence of allergenic mites in house dust of kolkata metropolis, india. Aerobiologia 25:39-47.
Purkerson JM, Isakson PC. 1992. Interleukin-5 (il-5) provides a signal that is required in addition to il-4 for isotype switching to immunoglobulin (ig) g1 and ige. J Exp Med 175:973-982.
Rabe K, Lehrke M, Parhofer KG, Broedl UC. 2008. Adipokines and insulin resistance. Mol Med 14:741-751.
Ribeiro H, Oliveira M, Ribeiro N, Cruz A, Ferreira A, Machado H, et al. 2009. Pollen allergenic potential nature of some trees species: A multidisciplinary approach using aerobiological, immunochemical and hospital admissions data. Environ Res 109:328-333.
Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Eagle AR, Odegaard JI, Jouihan H, Morel CR, Heredia JE, et al. 2010. Il-4/stat6 immune axis regulates peripheral nutrient metabolism and insulin sensitivity. P Natl Acad Sci USA 107:22617-22622.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. 2000. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. New Engl J Med 342:836-843.
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. 2012. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update a report from the american heart association. Circulation 125:E2-E220.
Rogers CA, Wayne PM, Macklin EA, Muilenberg ML, Wagner CJ, Epstein PR, et al. 2006. Interaction of the onset of spring and elevated atmospheric co2 on ragweed (ambrosia artemisiifolia l.) pollen production. Environ Health Persp 114:865-869.
Rothenbacher D, Brenner H, Marz W, Koenig W. 2005. Adiponectin, risk of coronary heart disease and correlations with cardiovascular risk markers. Eur Heart J 26:1640-1646.
Sattar N, Wannamethee G, Sarwar N, Tchernova J, Cherry L, Wallace AM, et al. 2006. Adiponectin and coronary heart disease: A prospective study and meta-analysis. Circulation 114:623-629.
Saxena R, Voight BF, Lyssenko V, Burtt NP, de Bakker PIW, Chen H, et al. 2007. Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels. Science 316:1331-1336.
Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. 2010. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 87:4-14.
Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. 2006. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 116:1793-1801.
Shore SA, Schwartzman IN, Mellema MS, Flynt L, Imrich A, Johnston RA. 2005. Effect of leptin on allergic airway responses in mice. J Allergy Clin Immun 115:103-109.
Shore SA, Terry RD, Flynt L, Xu A, Hug C. 2006. Adiponectin attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. J Allergy Clin Immun 118:389-395.
Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, Sucharda P, Nyomba BLG, Murphy LJ. 2003. Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: Correlations with insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 149:331-335.
Soderberg S, Colquhoun D, Keech A, Yallop J, Barnes EH, Pollicino C, et al. 2008. Leptin, but not adiponectin, is a predictor of recurrent cardiovascular events in men: Results from the lipid study. Int J Obes 33:123-130.
Song YQ, Klevak A, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu SM. 2010. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes in the women's health study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 90:365-371.
Sood A, Cui X, Qualls C, Beckett WS, Gross MD, Steffes MW, et al. 2008. Association between asthma and serum adiponectin concentration in women. Thorax 63:877-882.
Sood A, Qualls C, Seagrave J, Stidley C, Archibeque T, Berwick M, et al. 2009. Effect of specific allergen inhalation on serum adiponectin in human asthma. Chest 135:287-294.
Spengler JD SJ, McCarthy JF. 2000. Indoor air quality handbook.
Sporik R, Holgate ST, Plattsmills TAE, Cogswell JJ. 1990. Exposure to house-dust mite allergen (der-p-i) and the development of asthma in childhood - a prospective-study. New Engl J Med 323:502-507.
Stene LC, Nafstad P. 2001. Relation between occurrence of type 1 diabetes and asthma. Lancet 357:607-608.
Summer R, Fiack CA, Ikeda Y, Sato K, Dwyer D, Ouchi N, et al. 2009. Adiponectin deficiency: A model of pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary vascular disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 297:L432-438.
Sun Q, Yue P, Deiuliis JA, Lumeng CN, Kampfrath T, Mikolaj MB, et al. 2009. Ambient air pollution exaggerates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Circulation 119:538-546.
Swedin L, Ellis R, Kemi C, Ryrfeldt Å, Inman M, Dahlén SE, et al. 2010. Comparison of aerosol and intranasal challenge in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 153:249-258.
Taher YA, Henricks PAJ, van Oosterhout AJM. 2010. Allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy in allergic asthma: Immunologic mechanisms and improvement. Libyan J Med 5.
Takemoto F, Katori H, Sawa N, Hoshino J, Suwabe T, Nakanishi S, et al. 2009. Plasma adiponectin: A predictor of coronary heart disease in hemodialysis patients - a japanese prospective eight-year study. Nephron Clin Pract 111:C12-C20.
Taniguchi A, Fukushima M, Nakai Y, Kuroe A, Yamano G, Yanagawa T, et al. 2005. Soluble e-selectin, leptin, triglycerides and insulin resistance in nonobese japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 54:376-380.
Targher G, Bonadonna RC, Alberiche M, Zenere MB, Muggeo M, Bonora E. 2001. Relation between soluble adhesion molecules and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic individuals - role of adipose tissue. Diabetes Care 24:1961-1966.
Tedder TF, Steeber DA, Chen A, Engel P. 1995. The selectins - vascular adhesion molecules. Faseb J 9:866-873.
Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. 2010. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol 141:122-131.
Unal M, Eskandari G, Muslu N, Pata YS, Akbas Y. 2006. Serum leptin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryng Head Neck 134:331-333.
Vazquez-Vela MEF, Torres N, Tovar AR. 2008. White adipose tissue as endocrine organ and its role in obesity. Arch Med Res 39:715-728.
Vieira VJ, Valentine RJ, Wilund KR, Antao N, Baynard T, Woods JA. 2009. Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic complications in obese mice. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology And Metabolism 296:E1164-E1171.
Walker DB. 2006. Serum chemical biomarkers of cardiac injury for nonclinical safety testing. Toxicol Pathol 34:94-104.
Wallace AM, McMahon AD, Packard CJ, Kelly A, Shepherd J, Gaw A, et al. 2001. Plasma leptin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the west of scotland coronary prevention study (woscops). Circulation 104:3052-3056.
Wang YJ, Lau WB, Gao EH, Tao L, Yuan YX, Li R, et al. 2010. Cardiomyocyte-derived adiponectin is biologically active in protecting against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol-Endoc M 298:E663-E670.
Wannamethee SG, Tchernova J, Whincup P, Lowe GDO, Kelly A, Rumley A, et al. 2007. Plasma leptin: Associations with metabolic, inflammatory and haemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 191:418-426.
Weber MB, Oza-Frank R, Staimez LR, Ali MK, Narayan KMV. 2012. Type 2 diabetes in asians: Prevalence, risk factors, and effectiveness of behavioral intervention at individual and population levels. Annu Rev Nutr 32:417-439.
Weikert C, Westphal S, Berger K, Dierkes J, Mohlig M, Spranger J, et al. 2008. Plasma resistin levels and risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. J Clin Endocr Metab 93:2647-2653.
Wickman M, Melen E, Berglind N, Nordvall SL, Almqvist C, Kull I, et al. 2003. Strategies for preventing wheezing and asthma in small children. Allergy 58:742-747.
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. 2004. Global prevalence of diabetes - estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27:1047-1053.
Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. 2007. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama-J Am Med Assoc 298:2654-2664.
Williams AS, Kasahara DI, Verbout NG, Fedulov AV, Zhu M, Si HQ, et al. 2012. Role of the adiponectin binding protein, t-cadherin (cdh13), in allergic airways responses in mice. Plos One 7.
Williams CMM, Galli SJ. 2000. Mast cells can amplify airway reactivity and features of chronic inflammation in an asthma model in mice. J Exp Med 192:455-462.
Wu D, Molofsky AB, Liang HE, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Jouihan HA, Bando JK, et al. 2011. Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis. Science 332:243-247.
Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, et al. 2001. The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med 7:941-946.
Yin JH, Gao HF, Yang J, Xu L, Li M. 2012. Measurement of salivary resistin level in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2012.
Zanobetti A, Franklin M, Koutrakis P, Schwartz J. 2009. Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. Environ Health-Glob 8.
Zeyda M, Stulnig TM. 2007. Adipose tissue macrophages. Immunol Lett 112:61-67.
Zhang MH, Na B, Schiller N, Whooley MA. 2010. Resistin, exercise capacity, and inducible ischemia in patients with stable coronary heart disease: Data from the heart and soul study. Atherosclerosis 213:604-610.
Zhu N, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D, Hoogeveen RC, Pereira M, et al. 2010. High-molecular-weight adiponectin and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the aric study. J Clin Endocr Metab 95:5097-5104.
Zhu W, Cheng KKY, Vanhoutte PM, Lam KSL, Xu A. 2008. Vascular effects of adiponectin: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic intervention. Clinical Science 114:361-374.
Ziska LH, Epstein PR, Schlesinger WH. 2009. Rising co2, climate change, and public health: Exploring the links to plant biology. Environ Health Persp 117:155-158.
Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Benedetto FA, Cutrupi S, Parlongo S, et al. 2002. Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:134-141.
衛生福利部. 2013. 101年死因統計結果分析. 台北市:衛生福利部.