簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 吳振豪
Wu, Chen-Hao
論文名稱： 界面工程於高效率高分子發光二極體與太陽能電池
Interface Engineering toward Highly Efficient Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes and Solar Cells
指導教授： 溫添進
Wen, Ten-Chin
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 化學工程學系
Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年： 2016
畢業學年度： 104
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 92
中文關鍵詞： 界面偶極 、硬脂醯胺 、溴化四烷基銨 、苝二醯亞胺 、二維共軛高分子
外文關鍵詞： interfacial dipole, octadecanamide, tetra-n-alkyl ammonium bromides, perylene diimide dimers, 2D conjugated polymers
相關次數： 點閱：71  下載：1 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 本論文專注於兩方面，包含主動層/陰極界面於高分子發光二極體(PLEDs)與高分子太陽能電池(PSCs) (第2章至第4章)以及電子予體/受體界面於非富勒烯PSCs之塊材異質接面(BHJ) (第5章)。
    在第2章中，搭配硬脂醯胺(ODAD)作為溶液製備之電子注入層(EIL)製作出高效率PLED。相較於使用Ca/Al陰極的元件之發光效率(5.9 cd A-1)，使用ODAD/Al陰極的元件展現更高的發光效率(8.5 cd A-1)。透過結構類似物、光伏測量、X射線光電子能譜以及紫外光光電子能譜分析，研究ODAD為何能夠降低電子注入能障。實驗結果證實其機制：醯胺官能基在ODAD/Al界面形成C-O-Al錯合物，導致界面偶極降低鋁的功函數(WF)。
    在第3章中，溴化四烷基銨(TAABs)成功地應用於BHJ PSCs作為溶液製備之電子萃取層(EELs)。此類EELs同時提升元件的開路電壓(VOC)、短路電流密度、填充因子，並將元件之功率轉換效率(PCE)由2.38%提升至4.02-4.19%。值得注意的是，若以溴化四辛基銨(TOAB)作為EEL修飾元件中的Al、Ag、Au陰極，都可以提升VOC(約0.14 V)。經由同步X射線繞射(XRD)證實了，TOAB分子於主動層之上自組裝形成層狀結構的行為。因此，推論其機制為TAABs分子引導非均向性的偶極，以降低金屬的WF，促進電子萃取。
    在第4章中，TOAB被採用作為模型化合物，以研究有序排列之離子對於提升PLEDs之電子注入以及PSCs之電子萃取的重要性。TOAB薄膜，以旋轉塗佈法製備於PLEDs與PSCs之主動層上，在經歷不同的熱退火程序後，以原子力顯微鏡及同步XRD研究，並作為EIL或EEL。實驗結果顯示在TOAB結晶中，離子的有序排列對於提升電子注入或萃取是不可或缺的。
    在第5章中，探討電子予體高分子與苝二醯亞胺二聚物(di-PDI)之分子幾何對於非富勒烯PSCs之BHJ形態的影響。實驗結果顯示擬二維共軛高分子(PTB7-Th)與間隔連接的di-PDI (B-di-PDI)以及聯胺連接的di-PDI (H-di-PDI)具有較好的相容性，相較於其一維類似物(PTB7)，更能夠促進薄膜中BHJ的激發子分離效率。然而，B-di-PDI具有彈性的結構，嚴重擾亂了PTB7-Th的面向上π-π堆積。相反地，H-di-PDI具有較堅硬的結構，僅輕微地擾亂PTB7-Th的面向上π-π堆積，可為電荷提供適當的傳輸路徑。因此，PTB7-Th:H-di-PDI之元件展現了很高的PCE (6.41%)。

    This dissertation focuses on two aspects including the active layer/cathode interface for polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) and polymer solar cells (PSCs) (Chapter 2-4) as well as the electron donor/acceptor interface in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) for nonfullerene PSCs (Chapter 5).
    In Chapter 2, an efficient PLED is demonstrated using octadecanamide (ODAD) as a solution-processed electron injection layer (EIL). The device with an ODAD/Al cathode exhibits the higher luminance efficiency (8.5 cd A-1) than that with a Ca/Al cathode (5.9 cd A-1). The ability for the EIL of ODAD to lower the electron injection barrier is investigated by the analysis of structural analogs, photovoltaic measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The results verify the mechanism: the amide functional group forms the C-O-Al complex at the ODAD/Al interface to create the interfacial dipole for decreasing the work function (WF) of Al.
    In Chapter 3, tetra-n-alkyl ammonium bromides (TAABs) are demonstrated as solution-processed electron extraction layers (EELs) in BHJ PSCs based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The EELs of TAABs lead to simultaneous increases in open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density, and fill factor, enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of BHJ PSCs from 2.38% to 4.02-4.19%. Interestingly, the constant increase in VOC of ≈0.14 V is obtained for devices with Al, Ag, and Au cathodes by using the EEL of tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB). The self-assembly of TOAB into the lamellar structure stacked upright atop P3HT:PCBM is corroborated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). The underlying mechanism is inferred that the TAAB molecules introduce anisotropic dipoles toward P3HT:PCBM which decrease the WF of metals for the efficient electron extraction.
    In Chapter 4, TOAB is employed as a model compound to investigate the significance of ions with an ordered arrangement for enhancing the electron injection in PLEDs and the electron extraction in PSCs. The spin-coated films of TOAB are prepared on the active layers of both PLEDs and PSCs with the different thermal annealing processes. Subsequently, they are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and synchrotron XRD as well as simultaneously employed as the EIL or the EEL. The results reveal that the ordered arrangement of ions in the TOAB crystals is essential to enhance electron injection/extraction.
    In Chapter 5, it is shown how the molecular geometry of the polymer donors and the perylene diimide dimers (di-PDIs) influences the BHJ morphology in the nonfullerene PSCs. The results reveal that the pseudo 2D conjugated poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-
    yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th) has better miscibility with both bay-linked di-PDI (B-di-PDI) and hydrazine-linked di-PDI (H-di-PDI) compared to its 1D analog, poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7), to facilitate more efficient exciton dissociation in the BHJ films. However, the face-on oriented π-π stacking of PTB7-Th is severely disrupted by the B-di-PDI due to its more flexible structure. On the contrary, the face-on oriented π-π stacking is only slightly disrupted by the H-di-PDI, which has a more rigid structure to provide suitable percolation pathways for charge transport. As a result, a very high PCE of 6.41% is achieved in the PTB7-Th:H-di-PDI derived device.

    摘要 I Abstract III 誌謝 V Contents VI List of Tables VIII List of Figures IX Symbols XIII Abbreviations XIV Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1-1 Active Layer/Cathode Interface in PLEDs and PSCs 1 1-1-1 Overview of PLEDs and PSCs 1 1-1-2 Tuning Energy Level Alignment by an Interfacial Dipole 6 1-1-3 Solution-Processed EILs in PLEDs and EELs in PSCs 9 1-1-3-1 Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-Based Compounds 9 1-1-3-2 Amine-Based Compounds 11 1-1-3-3 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 13 1-2 D/A Interface in BHJ PSCs 19 1-2-1 Optimization of BHJ 19 1-2-2 Development of Nonfullerene PSCs Based on di-PDI-Based Acceptors 21 1-3 Motivation of this Research 24 Chapter 2 Amide-Functionalized Small Molecules as Solution-Processed EILs in Highly Efficient PLEDs 25 2-1 Introduction 25 2-2 Results and Discussion 27 2-3 Conclusion 38 2-4 Experimental Section 39 Chapter 3 Enhanced Performance of PSCs Using Solution-Processed TAABs as EELs 41 3-1 Introduction 41 3-2 Results and Discussion 42 3-3 Conclusion 49 3-4 Experimental Section 50 Chapter 4 Significance of Ions with an Ordered Arrangement for Enhancing the Electron Injection/Extraction in Polymer Optoelectronic Devices 52 4-1 Introduction 52 4-2 Results and Discussion 54 4-3 Conclusion 64 4-4 Experimental Section 65 Chapter 5 Influence of Molecular Geometry of di-PDIs and Polymers on BHJ Morphology toward High-Performance Nonfullerene PSCs 67 5-1 Introduction 67 5-2 Results and Discussion 69 5-3 Conclusion 78 5-4 Experimental Section 79 Chapter 6 Summary 81 References 82 Curriculum Vitae 91

    1. J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burns and A. B. Holmes, Nature, 347, 539 (1990).
    2. G. Gustafsson, Y. Cao, G. M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri and A. J. Heeger, Nature, 357, 477 (1992).
    3. G. Yu, J. Gao, J. C. Hummelen, F. Wudl and A. J. Heeger, Science, 270, 1789 (1995).
    4. R. H. Friend, R. W. Gymer, A. B. Holmes, J. H. Burroughes, R. N. Marks, C. Taliani, D. D. C. Bradley, D. A. Dos Santos, J. L. Bredas, M. Logdlund and W. R. Salaneck, Nature, 397, 121 (1999).
    5. R. F. Service, Science, 332, 293 (2011).
    6. H. Zheng, Y. N. Zheng, N. L. Liu, N. Ai, Q. Wang, S. Wu, J. H. Zhou, D. G. Hu, S. F. Yu, S. H. Han, W. Xu, C. Luo, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Jiang, Y. W. Chen, D. Y. Li, F. Huang, J. Wang, J. B. Peng and Y. Cao, Nat. Commun., 4, 1971 (2013).
    7. C. V. Hoven, A. Garcia, G. C. Bazan and T. Q. Nguyen, Adv. Mater., 20, 3793 (2008).
    8. H. Jiang, P. Taranekar, J. R. Reynolds and K. S. Schanze, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 48, 4300 (2009).
    9. F. Huang, H. B. Wu and Y. Cao, Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 2500 (2010).
    10. H. Ma, H. L. Yip, F. Huang and A. K. Y. Jen, Adv. Funct. Mater., 20, 1371 (2010).
    11. L. M. Chen, Z. Xu, Z. R. Hong and Y. Yang, J. Mater. Chem., 20, 2575 (2010).
    12. A. Duarte, K. Y. Pu, B. Liu and G. C. Bazan, Chem. Mater., 23, 501 (2011).
    13. H. L. Yip and A. K. Y. Jen, Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 5994 (2012).
    14. W. Lee, J. H. Seo and H. Y. Woo, Polymer, 54, 5104 (2013).
    15. C. H. Duan, K. Zhang, C. M. Zhong, F. Huang and Y. Cao, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 9071 (2013).
    16. C. C. Chueh, C. Z. Li and A. K. Y. Jen, Energy Environ. Sci., 8, 1160 (2015).
    17. Z. C. Hu, K. Zhang, F. Huang and Y. Cao, Chem. Commun., 51, 5572 (2015).
    18. S. E. Shaheen, C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, F. Padinger, T. Fromherz and J. C. Hummelen, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 841 (2001).
    19. W. L. Ma, C. Y. Yang, X. Gong, K. Lee and A. J. Heeger, Adv. Funct. Mater., 15, 1617 (2005).
    20. G. Li, V. Shrotriya, J. S. Huang, Y. Yao, T. Moriarty, K. Emery and Y. Yang, Nat. Mater., 4, 864 (2005).
    21. J. K. Lee, W. L. Ma, C. J. Brabec, J. Yuen, J. S. Moon, J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, G. C. Bazan and A. J. Heeger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 3619 (2008).
    22. P. W. M. Blom, V. D. Mihailetchi, L. J. A. Koster and D. E. Markov, Adv. Mater., 19, 1551 (2007).
    23. B. C. Thompson and J. M. J. Frechet, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 47, 58 (2008).
    24. A. F. Eftaiha, J. P. Sun, I. G. Hill and G. C. Welch, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 1201 (2014).
    25. G. Sauve and R. Fernando, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 6, 3770 (2015).
    26. I. D. Parker, J. Appl. Phys., 75, 1656 (1994).
    27. F. So and D. Knodakov, Adv. Mater., 22, 3762 (2010).
    28. L. L. Chua, J. Zaumseil, J. F. Chang, E. C. W. Ou, P. K. H. Ho, H. Sirringhaus and R. H. Friend, Nature, 434, 194 (2005).
    29. P. W. M. Blom, M. J. M. de Jong and J. J. M. Vleggaar, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 3308 (1996).
    30. N. S. Sariciftci, L. Smilowitz, A. J. Heeger and F. Wudl, Science, 258, 1474 (1992).
    31. J. J. M. Halls, C. A. Walsh, N. C. Greenham, E. A. Marseglia, R. H. Friend, S. C. Moratti and A. B. Holmes, Nature, 376, 498 (1995).
    32. C. J. Brabec, A. Cravino, D. Meissner, N. S. Sariciftci, T. Fromherz, M. T. Rispens, L. Sanchez and J. C. Hummelen, Adv. Funct. Mater., 11, 374 (2001).
    33. B. Y. Qi and J. Z. Wang, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 24315 (2012).
    34. B. Y. Qi and J. Z. Wang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 8972 (2013).
    35. Y. Hirose, A. Kahn, V. Aristov and P. Soukiassian, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 217 (1996).
    36. A. C. Durr, F. Schreiber, M. Kelsch, H. D. Carstanjen and H. Dosch, Adv. Mater., 14, 961 (2002).
    37. M. W. Lin, R. T. Chen, C. H. Yeh, T. C. Wen and T. F. Guo, Org. Electron., 13, 3067 (2012).
    38. H. Ishii, K. Sugiyama, E. Ito and K. Seki, Adv. Mater., 11, 605 (1999).
    39. R. W. Strayer, W. Mackie and L. W. Swanson, Surf. Sci., 34, 225 (1973).
    40. K. Seki, H. Yanagi, Y. Kobayashi, T. Ohta and T. Tani, Phys. Rev. B, 49, 2760 (1994).
    41. K. Seki, T. Tani and H. Ishii, Thin Solid Films, 273, 20 (1996).
    42. I. H. Campbell, S. Rubin, T. A. Zawodzinski, J. D. Kress, R. L. Martin, D. L. Smith, N. N. Barashkov and J. P. Ferraris, Phys. Rev. B, 54, 14321 (1996).
    43. B. de Boer, A. Hadipour, M. M. Mandoc, T. van Woudenbergh and P. W. M. Blom, Adv. Mater., 17, 621 (2005).
    44. T. F. Guo, F. S. Yang, Z. J. Tsai, T. C. Wen, S. N. Hsieh and Y. S. Fu, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 013504 (2005).
    45. Y. H. Niu, H. Ma, Q. M. Xu and A. K. Y. Jen, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 083504 (2005).
    46. Y. H. Niu, A. K. Y. Jen and C. F. Shu, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 6010 (2006).
    47. C. C. Hsiao, A. E. Hsiao and S. A. Chen, Adv. Mater., 20, 1982 (2008).
    48. F. Zhang, M. Ceder and O. Inganas, Adv. Mater., 19, 1835 (2007).
    49. T. H. Lee, J. C. A. Huang, G. L. Pakhomov, T. F. Guo, T. C. Wen, Y. S. Huang, C. C. Tsou, C. T. Chung, Y. C. Lin and Y. J. Hsu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18, 3036 (2008).
    50. M. W. Lin, T. C. Wen, Y. J. Hsu and T. F. Guo, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 18840 (2011).
    51. J. Y. Jeng, M. W. Lin, Y. J. Hsu, T. C. Wen and T. F. Guo, Adv. Energy Mater., 1, 1192 (2011).
    52. X. Y. Deng, W. M. Lau, K. Y. Wong, K. H. Low, H. F. Chow and Y. Cao, Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 3522 (2004).
    53. Y. H. Zhou, C. Fuentes-Hernandez, J. Shim, J. Meyer, A. J. Giordano, H. Li, P. Winget, T. Papadopoulos, H. Cheun, J. Kim, M. Fenoll, A. Dindar, W. Haske, E. Najafabadi, T. M. Khan, H. Sojoudi, S. Barlow, S. Graham, J. L. Bredas, S. R. Marder, A. Kahn and B. Kippelen, Science, 336, 327 (2012).
    54. M. W. Lin, Y. C. Lin, A. Rauan, T. C. Wen, Y. J. Hsu and T. F. Guo, Isr. J. Chem., 54, 935 (2014).
    55. H. Kang, S. Hong, J. Lee and K. Lee, Adv. Mater., 24, 3005 (2012).
    56. Y. H. Kim, T. H. Han, H. Cho, S. Y. Min, C. L. Lee and T. W. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater., 24, 3808 (2014).
    57. S. Stolz, M. Scherer, E. Mankel, R. Lovrincic, J. Schinke, W. Kowalsky, W. Jaegermann, U. Lemmer, N. Mechau and G. Hernandez-Sosa, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 6616 (2014).
    58. B. R. Lee, E. D. Jung, J. S. Park, Y. S. Nam, S. H. Min, B. S. Kim, K. M. Lee, J. R. Jeong, R. H. Friend, J. S. Kim, S. O. Kim and M. H. Song, Nat. Commun., 5, 4840 (2014).
    59. B. R. Lee, S. Lee, J. H. Park, E. D. Jung, J. C. Yu, Y. S. Nam, J. Heo, J. Y. Kim, B. S. Kim and M. H. Song, Adv. Mater., 27, 3553 (2015).
    60. S. Woo, W. H. Kim, H. Kim, Y. Yi, H. K. Lyu and Y. Kim, Adv. Energy Mater., 4, 1301692 (2014).
    61. X. H. Yang, R. X. Wang, C. J. Fan, G. Q. Li, Z. H. Xiong and G. E. Jabbour, Org. Electron., 15, 2387 (2014).
    62. B. A. E. Courtright and S. A. Jenekhe, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 26167 (2015).
    63. F. Huang, H. B. Wu, D. Wang, W. Yang and Y. Cao, Chem. Mater., 16, 708 (2004).
    64. H. B. Wu, F. Huang, Y. Q. Mo, W. Yang, D. L. Wang, J. B. Peng and Y. Cao, Adv. Mater., 16, 1826 (2004).
    65. H. B. Wu, F. Huang, J. B. Peng and Y. Cao, Org. Electron., 6, 118 (2005).
    66. W. J. Zeng, H. B. Wu, C. Zhang, F. Huang, J. B. Peng, W. Yang and Y. Cao, Adv. Mater., 19, 810 (2007).
    67. Z. C. He, C. M. Zhong, X. Huang, M. Y. Wong, H. B. Wu, L. W. Chen, S. J. Su and Y. Cao, Adv. Mater., 23, 4636 (2011).
    68. Z. C. He, B. Xiao, F. Liu, H. B. Wu, Y. L. Yang, S. Xiao, C. Wang, T. P. Russell and Y. Cao, Nat. Photonics, 9, 174 (2014).
    69. J. A. Geddes and C. A. Kraus, Trans. Faraday Soc., 32, 585 (1936).
    70. R. Q. Yang, H. B. Wu, Y. Cao and G. C. Bazan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 14422 (2006).
    71. R. Q. Yang, A. Garcia, D. Korystov, A. Mikhailovsky, G. C. Bazan and T. Q. Nguyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 16532 (2006).
    72. C. Hoven, R. Yang, A. Garcia, A. J. Heeger, T. Q. Nguyen and G. C. Bazan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 10976 (2007).
    73. C. V. Hoven, R. Q. Yang, A. Garcia, V. Crockett, A. J. Heeger, G. C. Bazan and T. Q. Nguyen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105, 12730 (2008).
    74. A. Garcia, R. C. Bakus, P. Zalar, C. V. Hoven, J. Z. Brzezinski and T. Q. Nguyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 2492 (2011).
    75. J. H. Seo, A. Gutacker, Y. M. Sun, H. B. Wu, F. Huang, Y. Cao, U. Scherf, A. J. Heeger and G. C. Bazan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 8416 (2011).
    76. J. F. Fang, B. H. Wallikewitz, F. Gao, G. L. Tu, C. Muller, G. Pace, R. H. Friend and W. T. S. Huck, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 683 (2011).
    77. U. Scherf, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 5016 (2011).
    78. X. Guan, K. Zhang, F. Huang, G. C. Bazan and Y. Cao, Adv. Funct. Mater., 22, 2846 (2012).
    79. C. H. Duan, K. Zhang, X. Guan, C. M. Zhong, H. M. Xie, F. Huang, J. W. Chen, J. B. Peng and Y. Cao, Chem. Sci., 4, 1298 (2013).
    80. F. Liu, Z. A. Page, V. V. Duzhko, T. P. Russell and T. Emrick, Adv. Mater., 25, 6868 (2013).
    81. B. L. Maschhoff and J. P. Cowin, J. Chem. Phys., 101, 8138 (1994).
    82. D. Fernandez-Torre, O. Kupiainen, P. Pyykko and L. Halonen, Chem. Phys. Lett., 471, 239 (2009).
    83. S. N. Hsieh, S. W. Hsiao, T. Y. Chen, C. Y. Li, C. H. Lee, T. F. Guo, Y. J. Hsu, T. L. Lin, Y. Wei and T. C. Wen, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 8715 (2011).
    84. C. H. Wu, C. Y. Chin, T. Y. Chen, S. N. Hsieh, C. H. Lee, T. F. Guo, A. K. Y. Jen and T. C. Wen, J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, 2582 (2013).
    85. C. Min, C. S. Shi, W. J. Zhang, T. G. Jiu, J. S. Chen, D. G. Ma and J. F. Fang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 52, 3417 (2013).
    86. C. H. Wu, C. Y. Chin, T. Y. Chen, T. F. Guo, C. H. Lee, T. L. Lin, A. K. Y. Jen and T. C. Wen, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2, 4805 (2014).
    87. X. H. Ouyang, R. X. Peng, L. Ai, X. Y. Zhang, Z. Y. Ge, Nat. Photonics, 9, 520 (2015).
    88. C. H. Wu, K. W. Tsai, W. J. Huang, C. Y. Wu, T. Y. Chen, T. F. Guo, Y. J. Hsu and T. C. Wen, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 1500621 (2016).
    89. L. M. Chen, Z. R. Hong, G. Li and Y. Yang, Adv. Mater., 21, 1434 (2009).
    90. J. Peet, M. L. Senatore, A. J. Heeger and G. C. Bazan, Adv. Mater., 21, 1521 (2009).
    91. C. V. Hoven, X. D. Dang, R. C. Coffin, J. Peet, T. Q. Nguyen and G. C. Bazan, Adv. Mater., 22, E63 (2010).
    92. C. J. Brabec, M. Heeney, I. McCulloch and J. Nelson, Chem. Soc. Rev., 40, 1185 (2011).
    93. W. Chen, M. P. Nikiforov and S. B. Darling, Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 8045 (2012).
    94. M. T. Dang, L. Hirsch, G. Wantz and J. D. Wuest, Chem. Rev., 113, 3734 (2013).
    95. Y. Huang, E. J. Kramer, A. J. Heeger and G. C. Bazan, Chem. Rev., 114, 7006 (2014).
    96. J. Peet, J. Y. Kim, N. E. Coates, W. L. Ma, D. Moses, A. J. Heeger and G. C. Bazan, Nat. Mater., 6, 497 (2007).
    97. Y. H. Liu, J. B. Zhao, Z. K. Li, C. Mu, W. Ma, H. W. Hu, K. Jiang, H. R. Lin, H. Ade and H. Yan, Nat. Commun., 5, 5293 (2014).
    98. W. C. Zhao, D. P. Qian, S. Q. Zhang, S. S. Li, O. Inganäs, F. Gao and J. H. Hou, Adv. Mater., 28, 4734 (2016).
    99. J. E. Anthony, Chem. Mater., 23, 583 (2011).
    100. Y. Z. Lin and X. W. Zhan, Mater. Horiz., 1, 470 (2014).
    101. S. M. McAfree, J. M. Topple, I. G. Hill and G. C. Welch, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 16393 (2015).
    102. C. L. Zhan, X. L. Zhang and J. N. Yao, RSC Adv., 5, 93002 (2015).
    103. C. B. Nielsen, S. Holiday, H. Y. Chen, S. J. Cryer and I McCulloch, Acc. Chem. Res., 48, 2803 (2015).
    104. C. L. Zhan and J. N. Yao, Chem. Mater., 28, 1948 (2016).
    105. C. Li and H. Wonneberger, Adv. Mater., 24, 613 (2012).
    106. E. Kozma and M. Catellani, Dyes Pigm., 98, 160 (2013).
    107. F. Fernandez-Lazaro, N. Zink-Lorre and A. Sastre-Santos, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 9336 (2016).
    108. J. J. Dittmer, E. A. Marseglia and R. H. Friend, Adv. Mater., 12, 1270 (2000).
    109. V. Kamm, G. Battagliarin, I. A. Howard, W. Pisula, A. Mavrinskiy, C. Li, K. Mullen and F. Laquai, Adv. Energy Mater., 1, 297 (2011).
    110. P. E. Hartnett, A. Timalsina, H. S. S. R. Matte, N. J. Zhou, X. G. Guo, W. Zhao, A. Facchetti, R. P. H. Chang, M. C. Hersam, M. R. Wasielewski and T. J. Marks, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 16345 (2014).
    111. S. Rajaram, R. Shivanna, S. K. Kandappa and K. S. Narayan, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 3, 2405 (2012).
    112. Y. Z. Lin, Y. F. Wang, J. Y. Wang, J. H. Hou, Y. F. Li, D. B. Zhu and X. W. Zhan, Adv. Mater., 26, 5137 (2014).
    113. Y. H. Liu, C. Mu, K. Jiang, J. B. Zhao, Y. K. Li, L. Zhang, Z. K. Li, J. Y. L. Lai, H. W. Hu, T. X. Ma, R. R. Hu, D. M. Yu, X. H. Huang, B. Z. Tang and H. Yan, Adv. Mater., 27, 1015 (2015).
    114. S. Y. Liu, C. H. Wu, C. Z. Li, S. Q. Liu, K. H. Wei, H. Z. Chen and A. K. Y. Jen, Adv. Sci., 2, 1500014 (2015).
    115. W. Jiang, L. Ye, X. G. Li, C. Y. Xiao, F. Tan, W. C. Zhao, J. H. Hou and Z. H. Wang, Chem. Commun., 50, 1024 (2014).
    116. B. Jiang, X. Zhang, C. L. Zhan, Z. H. Lu, J. H. Huang, X. L. Ding, S. G. He and J. N. Yao, Polym. Chem., 4, 4631 (2013).
    117. Z. H. Lu, X. Zhang, C. L. Zhan, B. Jiang, X. L. Zhang, L. L. Chen and J. N. Yao, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 11375 (2013).
    118. X. Zhang, Z. H. Lu, L. Ye, C. L. Zhan, J. H. Hou, S. Q. Zhang, B. Jiang, Y. Zhao, J. H. Huang, S. L. Zhang, Y. Liu, Q. Shi, Y. Q. Liu and J. N. Yao, Adv. Mater., 25, 5791 (2013).
    119. Q. F. Yan, Y. Zhou, Y. Q. Zheng, J. Pei and D. H. Zhao, Chem. Sci., 4, 4389 (2013).
    120. Y. Z. Lin, J. Y. Wang, S. X. Dai, Y. F. Li, D. B. Zhu and X. W. Zhan, Adv. Energy Mater., 4, 1400420 (2014).
    121. Y. Zang, C. Z. Li, C. C. Chueh, S. T. Williams, W. Jiang, Z. H. Wang, J. S. Yu and A. K. Y. Jen, Adv. Mater., 26, 5708 (2014).
    122. Y. Zhong, M. T. Trinh, R. S. Chen, W. Wang, P. P. Khlyabich, B. Kumar, Q. Z. Xu, C. Y. Nam, M. Y. Sfeir, C. Black, M. L. Steigerwald, Y. L. Loo, S. X. Xiao, F. Ng, X. Y. Zhu and C. Nuckolls, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 15215 (2014).
    123. J. B. Zhao, Y. K. Li, H. R. Lin, Y. H. Liu, K. Jiang, C. Mu, T. X. Ma, J. Y. L. Lai and H. Yan, Energy Environ. Sci., 8, 520 (2015).
    124. X. Zhang, C. L. Zhan and J. N. Yao, Chem. Mater., 27, 166 (2015).
    125. L. Ye, W. Jiang, W. C. Zhao, S. Q. Zhang, D. P. Qian, Z. H. Wang and J. H. Hou, Small, 10, 4658 (2014).
    126. L. Ye, W. Jiang, W. C. Zhao, S. Q. Zhang, Y. Cui, Z. H. Wang and J. H. Hou, Org. Electron., 17, 295 (2015).
    127. R. Shivanna, S. Shoaee, S. Dimitrov, S. K. Kandappa, S. Rajaram, J. R. Durrant and K. S. Narayan, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 435 (2014).
    128. R. Shivanna, S. Rajaram and K. S. Narayan, Appl. Phys. Lett., 106, 123301 (2015).
    129. L. Ye, K. Sun, W. Jiang, S. Q. Zhang, W. C. Zhao, H. F. Yao, Z. H. Wang and J. H. Hou, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 9274 (2015).
    130. C. H. Wu, C. C. Chueh, Y. Y. Xi, H. L. Zhong, G. P. Gao, Z. H. Wang, L. D. Pozzo, T. C. Wen and A. K. Y. Jen, Adv. Funct. Mater., 25, 5326 (2015).
    131. H. L. Zhong, C. H. Wu, C. Z. Li, J. Carpenter, C. C. Chueh, J. Y. Chen, H. Ade and A. K. Y. Jen, Adv. Mater., 28, 951 (2016).
    132. Y. Zhong, M. T. Trinh, R. S. Chen, G. E. Purdum, P. P. Khlyabich, M. Sezen, S. Oh, H. M. Zhu, B. Fowler, B. Y. Zhang, W. Wang, C. Y. Nam, M. Y. Sfeir, C. T. Black, M. L. Steigerwald, Y. L. Loo, F. Ng, X. Y. Zhu and C. Nuckolls, Nat. Commun., 6, 8242 (2015).
    133. N. N. Liang, K. Sun, Z. Zheng, H. F. Yao, G. P. Gao, X. Y. Meng, Z. H. Wang, W. Ma and J. H. Hou, Adv. Energy Materials., 6, 1600060 (2016).
    134. H. P. Li, Y. H. Xu, C. V. Hoven, C. Z. Li, J. H. Seo and G. C. Bazan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 8903 (2009).
    135. G. A. H. Wetzelaer, A. Najafi, R. J. P., M. Kuik and P. W. M. Blom, Appl. Phys. Lett., 102, 053301 (2013).
    136. G. J. Wang, T. G. Jiu, C. M. Sun, J. Li, P. D. Li, F. S. Lu and J. F. Fang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 833 (2014).
    137. Y. F. Chang, C. Y. Chen, F. T. Luo, Y. C. Chao, H. F. Meng, H. W. Zan, H. W. Lin, S. F. Horng, T. C. Chao, H. C. Yeh and M. R. Tseng, Org. Electron., 13, 388 (2012).
    138. T. van Woudenbergh, P. W. M. Blom and J. N. Huiberts, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 985 (2003).
    139. K. W. Tsai, T. H. Lee, J. H. Wu, J. Y. Jhou, W. S. Huang, S. N. Hsieh, T. C. Wen, T. F. Guo and J. C. A. Huang, Org. Electron., 14, 1376 (2013).
    140. K. W. Tsai, T. F. Guo, A. K. Y. Jen and T. C. Wen, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2, 272 (2014).
    141. P. Zalar, D. Kamkar, R. Naik, F. Ouchen, J. G. Grote, G. C. Bazan and T. Q. Nguyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 11010 (2011).
    142. F. J. J. Janssen, L. J. van IJzendoorn, A. W. D. van der Gon, M. J. A. de Voigt and H. H. Brongersma, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 165425 (2004).
    143. M. Stoessel, G. Wittmann, J. Staudigel, F. Steuber, J. Blassing, W. Roth, H. Klausmann, W. Rogler, J. Simmerer, A. Winnacker, M. Inbasekaran and E. P. Woo, J. Appl. Phys., 87, 4467 (2000).
    144. X. O. Gong, P. K. Iyer, D. Moses, G. C. Bazan, A. J. Heeger and S. S. Xiao, Adv. Funct. Mater., 13, 325 (2003).
    145. G. G. Malliaras, J. R. Salem, P. J. Brock and J. C. Scott, J. Appl. Phys., 84, 1583 (1998).
    146. J. Liu, Y. J. Shi, L. P. Ma and Y. Yang, J. Appl. Phys., 88, 605 (2000).
    147. N. J. Chou and C. H. Tang, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A, 2, 751 (1984).
    148. L. Atanasoska, S. G. Anderson, H. M. Meyer, Z. Lin and J. H. Weaver, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A, 5, 3325 (1987).
    149. V. Shrotriya, G. Li, Y. Yao, T. Moriarty, K. Emery and Y. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 16, 2016 (2006).
    150. S. H. Oh, S. I. Na, J. Jo, B. Lim, D. Vak and D. Y. Kim, Adv. Funct. Mater., 20, 1977 (2010).
    151. C. J. Brabec, S. E. Shaheen, C. Winder, N. S. Sariciftci and P. Denk, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 1288 (2002).
    152. T. A. Chen, X. M. Wu and R. D. Rieke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 233 (1995).
    153. Q. Wang, A. Habenschuss, A. Xenopoulos and B. Wunderlich, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 264, 115 (1995).
    154. D. J. Abdallah, R. E. Bachman, J. Perlstein and R. G. Weiss, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 9269 (1999).
    155. Q. G. Wang, B. Annis and B. Wunderlich, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 32, 2653 (1994).
    156. A. Xenopoulos, J. Cheng, M. Yasuniwa and B. Wunderlich, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 214, 63 (1992).
    157. C. Waldauf, M. C. Scharber, P. Schilinsky, J. A. Hauch and C. J. Brabec, J. Appl. Phys., 99, 104503 (2006).
    158. P. Damman, S. Gabriele, S. Coppee, S. Desprez, D. Villers, T. Vilmin, E. Raphael, M. Hamieh, S. Al Akhrass and G. Reiter, Phys. Rev. Lett., 99, 036101 (2007).
    159. R. Q. Yang, Y. H. Xu, X. D. Dang, T. Q. Nguyen, Y. Cao and G. C. Bazan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 3282 (2008).
    160. G. Liu, A. Y. Li, D. An, H. B. Wu, X. H. Zhu, Y. Li, X. R. Miao, W. L. Deng, W. Yang, Y. Cao and J. Roncali, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 30, 1484 (2009).
    161. P. Zalar, T. V. Pho, A. Garcia, B. Walker, W. Walker, F. Wudl and T. Q. Nguyen, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 17533 (2011).
    162. G. Liu, Y. H. Li, W. Y. Tan, Z. C. He, X. T. Wang, C. Zhang, Y. Q. Mo, X. H. Zhu, J. B. Peng and Y. Cao, Chem.-Asian J., 7, 2126 (2012).
    163. Y. F. Li, Acc. Chem. Res., 45, 723 (2012).
    164. A. Hayakawa, O. Yoshikawa, T. Fujieda, K. Uehara and S. Yoshikawaa, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 163517 (2007).
    165. L. Ye, S. Q. Zhang, L. J. Huo, M. J. Zhang and J. H. Hou, Acc. Chem. Res., 47, 1595 (2014).
    166. S. Q. Zhang, L. Ye, Q. Wang, Z. J. Li, X. Guo, L. J. Huo, H. L. Fan and J. H. Hou, J. Phys. Chem. C, 117, 9550 (2013).
    167. Y. Y. Liang, Z. Xu, J. B. Xia, S. T. Tsai, Y. Wu, G. Li, C. Ray and L. P. Yu, Adv. Mater., 22, E135 (2010).
    168. S. H. Liao, H. J. Jhuo, Y. S. Cheng and S. A. Chen, Adv. Mater., 25, 4766 (2013).
    169. C. Lee, H. Kang, W. Lee, T. Kim, K. H. Kim, H. Y. Woo, C. Wang and B. J. Kim, Adv. Mater., 27, 2466 (2015).
    170. I. A. Howard, F. Laquai, P. E. Keivanidis, R. H. Friend and N. C. Greenham, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 21225 (2009).
    171. M. G. Li, J. G. Liu, X. X. Cao, K. Zhou, Q. Q. Zhao, X. H. Yu, R. B. Xing and Y. C. Han, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16, 26917 (2014).
    172. C. Piliego, T. W. Holcombe, J. D. Douglas, C. H. Woo, P. M. Beaujuge and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 7595 (2010).

    下載圖示 校內：2017-08-01公開
    校外：2017-08-01公開
    QR CODE