【研究背景】
過去許多研究已證實父母衝突會增加兒童行為問題，認知背景架構強調兒童知覺父母衝突會透過認知評估影響行為問題，目前實證研究結果亦支持兒童認知評估為中介因子；但是，根據認知背景架構理論，其假設認知評估分為初級評估和次級評估，初級評估會進一步影響次級評估，而目前卻缺乏以縱貫研究設計就二階段認知評估之適用性進行討論。另外，認知背景架構理論認為兒童經歷父母衝突時的心理歷程會受到兒童自身氣質影響，實徵研究證實情緒性氣質會影響兒童的行為問題及面對壓力源時的認知評估。因此，本研究試圖控制情緒性氣質對認知評估與行為問題之影響後，以縱貫追蹤方式探討兒童知覺父母衝突時如何影響兒童初級和次級認知評估。
【研究目的】
本研究試圖以縱貫追蹤方式，以10-12歲兒童為樣本，驗證認知背景架構理論的適切性，控制情緒性氣質在兒童經歷父母衝突後的認知評估歷程之影響後，認知評估之中介角色是否仍可獲支持。本研究假設控制情緒性氣質影響後，兒童知覺父母衝突仍增加往後的兒童行為問題；並且，兒童知覺的父母衝突會透過威脅評估中介影響往後的自責評估，進而增加兒童內化和外化行為問題；另外，情緒性氣質會影響往後的兒童內化和外化行為問題，情緒性氣質會透過威脅評估影響往後的自責評估，進而增加兒童行為問題。
【研究方法】
本研究樣本為國科會研究計畫『兒童氣質、父母婚姻衝突暨兒童心理歷程對兒童內外化問題影響之縱貫研究』，本研究半年追蹤後的有效樣本為341位兒童。研究工具：兒童自填問卷，包含兒童情緒與行為檢核量表(CBECL/4-16)之廣泛性焦慮、憂鬱、過動-易衝動、對立性反抗、品行症狀分量表、父母衝突頻率量表、兒童知覺父母婚姻衝突量表(CPIC)中文版、EAS兒童氣質問卷中文版(Chinese Version of EAS Temperament Survey for Children)之情緒性分量表。施測流程：經「成功大學附設醫院人體試驗委員會」同意進行研究執行後，取得學校同意參與，取得父母與學生所簽署得同意書，再進行施測。施測完畢後，研究者向兒童進行心理衛教。資料建檔與資料分析後，將個人結果回饋單及衛教單張給予兒童與父母。半年後，參與的兒童進行追蹤，則依照此流程，重新收案。
【研究結果】
以AMOS7.0，進行結構方程模式的分析，結果顯示控制情緒性氣質的影響，第一時間點的兒童知覺父母衝突直接影響第二時間點的內化和外化行為問題；第一時間點兒童知覺高程度的父母衝突與第一時間點的威脅評估有關，進而增加第二時間點的自責評估，影響內化和外化行為問題；此外，第一時間點的情緒性氣質直接影響第二時間點的內化行為問題，但無法直接預測外化行為問題；第一時間點的情緒性氣質會直接影響第二時間點的自責評估，另外，威脅評估部分中介情緒性氣質到自責評估，第二時間點的自責評估進一步影響第二時間點的內化和外化行為問題。
【結論與建議】
本研究以縱貫研究設計檢驗兒童知覺父母衝突時的二階段認知評估，控制情緒性氣質後，華人兒童經歷父母衝突時會透過威脅評估的中介影響往後的自責評估，進而影響其適應。本研究結果可建議給予大眾有關母衝突對於兒童行為問題的教育，協助臨床工作者對於高父母衝突家庭發展合適的介入計畫，考量兒童氣質，提供衛教，降低兒童認知評估，減低兒童適應行為的可能性。

The longitudinal study examined the role of children’s appraisals of threat and self-blame as mediators of the link of interparental conflict and child adjustment after accounting for the effect of emotionality on later appraisals in a sample of 341 Chinese children aged 10 to 12 years. The data were obtained by child self-reporting, a follow-up was conducted on the same sample group six months later. The hypothetical model was examined by AMOS. The results supported the mediating role of cognitive appraisals in the links between interparental conflict and Chinese children’s adjustment even after controlling for the effect of emotionality on later appraisals. After accounting for the effect of emotionality, interparental conflict at Time 1 affected both internalizing and externalizing problems at Time 2. Furthermore, we found high levels of interparental conflict at Time 1 were associated with appraisals of threat Time 1, which predicted appraisals of self-blame at Time 2, linked to children’s reports of internalizing and externalizing problems at Time 2. Meanwhile, emotionality at Time 1 was found to predict later internalizing, but not externalizing problems at Time 2. Moreover, emotionality at Time 1 was able to predict appraisals of self-blame at Time 2, mediated by appraisals of threat at Time 1, further leading to internalizing and externalizing problems at Time 2.
According to our findings, clinicians need to consider how cognitive appraisals of interparental conflict and emotionality may influence behavior problems in order to assess and design intervention programs for children with behavior problems. Practitioners need teach children ways to reduce perceived threat. Most importantly, in order to protect the completeness of the family, Chinese children may attempt to intervene in the interparental conflict. Thus, when targeting Chinese children it is critical to teach them ways to normalize interparental conflict, avoid negative attribution, revise their negative thoughts, and increase their coping strategies in order to decrease cognitive appraisals and behavior problems.

江睿霞(1994)。父母婚姻衝突對兒童生活適應之影響。國立政治大學教育學研究所碩士論文。
林美娟(1998)。兒童知覺的雙親婚姻衝突對其生活適應影響之歷程研究。國立政治大學心理學系碩士論文。
林淑瑜(2001)。母親的憂鬱症、焦慮症及兒童的性別對學齡前兒童的注意缺失及過動問題之影響。國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文。
邱郁雯(2003)。家庭功能、父母管教態度對四到六歲學齡前兒童行為與情緒問題之影響。國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文。
洪儷瑜(1998)。ADHD 學生的教育與輔導。臺北市：心理。
徐儷瑜(2006)。從情緒, 認知與因應探討父母衝突對兒童適應的影響。政治大學心理學研究所學位論文。
徐儷瑜、許文耀(2008)。父母衝突下兒童情緒反應之探討：社會學習理論與情緒安全感假說之比較。中華心理衛生學刊，21(2)，111-138。
馬湘婷、柯慧貞(2009)。父母婚姻衝突與兒童內化行為問題：整合認知背景架構與氣質。國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文。
張高賓、陳明哲、連廷嘉(2007)。台灣地區兒童憂鬱流行率之調查研究。台東大學教育學報，18，29-72。
許惠雯(2006)。從親子三角關係、情緒安全感探討兒童知覺父母衝突與其適應之關係。政治大學教育研究所學位論文。
陳琬萱(2007)。華人憂鬱代間傳遞之縱貫性研究：家庭獨立性調節母親產後憂鬱對其學齡前兒童憂鬱症狀之影響。國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文。
楊琇雯(2005)。焦慮與健康母親之8-10歲孩童在行為抑制上的比較。國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文。
簡佩芳(2008)。家庭獨立性調節害羞氣質對兒童內化問題的影響：六年追蹤研究。 國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文。
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC.
Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2001). Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling (pp. 269-296). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Belsky, J., Rovine, M., & Fish, M. (1989). The developing family system. Systems and development, 22, 119-166.
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78.
Blackson, T. C., Tarter, R. E., Loeber, R., Ammerman, R. T., & Windle, M. (1996). The influence of paternal substance abuse and difficult temperament in fathers and sons on sons' disengagement from family to deviant peers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(3), 389-411.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1: New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation: Anxiety and anger (Vol. 2). London: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.
Bretherton, I., Ridgeway, D., & Cassidy, J. (1990). The role of internal working models in the attachment relationship: Can it be assessed in 3-year-olds. Attachment during the preschool years, 273-308.
Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Skuban, E. M., & Horwitz, S. M. C. (2001). Prevalence of social-emotional and behavioral problems in a community sample of 1-and 2-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(7), 811-819.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In J. S. L. Kenneth A. Bollen (Ed.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children's and adolescents' maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(1), 78-92.
Buehler, C., Lange, G., & Franck, K. L. (2007). Adolescents' cognitive and emotional responses to marital hostility. Child Development, 78(3), 775-789.
Buss, A. H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: WH freeman.
Buss, A. H. (1986). A Theory of Shyness. Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment, 39.
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. Oxford, England: Wiley-Interscience.
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: early developing personality traits: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Capaldi, D. M., & Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 12(2), 153.
Chess, S., Thomas, A., & Birch, H. (1959). Characteristics of the individual child's behavioral responses to the environment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 29(4), 791-802.
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J., & Jaser, S. S. (2004). Temperament, stress reactivity, and coping: Implications for depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 21-31.
Criss, M. M., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Lapp, A. L. (2002). Family adversity, positive peer relationships, and children's externalizing behavior: a longitudinal perspective on risk and resilience. Child Dev, 73(4), 1220-1237.
Cummings, E. M., & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Toward a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression.
Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Simpson, K. S. (1994). Marital conflict, gender, and children's appraisals and coping efficacy as mediators of child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 8(2), 141.
Cummings, E. M., Schermerhorn, A. C., Davies, P. T., Goeke Morey, M. C., & Cummings, J. S. (2006). Interparental discord and child adjustment: Prospective investigations of emotional security as an explanatory mechanism. Child Development, 77(1), 132-152.
Dadds, M. R., Atkinson, E., Turner, C., Blums, G. J., & Lendich, B. (1999). Family conflict and child adjustment: Evidence for a cognitive-contextual model of intergenerational transmission. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(2), 194.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 387.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1998). Exploring children's emotional security as a mediator of the link between marital relations and child adjustment. Child Development, 69(1), 124-139.
Egeland, B., & Farber, E. A. (1984). Infant-mother attachment: Factors related to its development and changes over time. Child Development, 55(3), 753-771.
El Sheikh, M., Harger, J. A., & Whitson, S. M. (2001). Exposure to interparental conflict and children's adjustment and physical health: The moderating role of vagal tone. Child Development, 72(6), 1617-1636.
Emery, R. E. (1982). Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92(2), 310.
Emery, R. E. (1990). Abnormal Behavior in Adolescence. PsycCRITIQUES, 35(11), 1060-1061.
Emery, R. E., Matthews, S. G., & Kitzmann, K. M. (1994). Child custody mediation and litigation: parents' satisfaction and functioning one year after settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 124.
Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010). Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Developmental psychology, 46(5), 1159.
Fosco, G. M., DeBoard, R. L., & Grych, J. H. (2007). Making sense of family violence: Implications of children's appraisals of interparental aggression for their short-and long-term functioning. European psychologist, 12(1), 6.
Fosco, G. M., & Grych, J. H. (2008). Emotional, cognitive, and family systems mediators of children's adjustment to interparental conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(6), 843.
Gerard, J. M., Buehler, C., Franck, K., & Anderson, O. (2005). In the Eyes of the Beholder: Cognitive Appraisals as Mediators of the Association Between Interparental Conflict and Youth Maladjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(3), 376.
Gesell, A., & Bates Ames, L. (1937). Early evidences of individuality in the human infant. The Scientific Monthly, 45, 217-225.
Goldsmith, H. (1987). The Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire: A preliminary manual. Unpublished, Dept of Psychology, University of Oregon.
Goldsmith, H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development, 67(1), 218-235.
Greenberg, M., & Speltz, M. (1988). Contributions of attachment theory to the understanding of conduct problems during the preschool years. Clinical implications of attachment, 177-218.
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and children's adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 267.
Grych, J. H., Fincham, F. D., Jouriles, E. N., & McDonald, R. (2000). Interparental Conflict and Child Adjustment: Testing the Mediational Role of Appraisals in the Cognitive Contextual Framework. Child Development, 71(6), 1648-1661.
Grych, J. H., Harold, G. T., & Miles, C. J. (2003). A prospective investigation of appraisals as mediators of the link between interparental conflict and child adjustment. Child Development, 74(4), 1176-1193.
Grych, J. H., Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child's perspective: The Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale. Child Development, 63(3), 558-572.
Harold, G. T., Shelton, K. H., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2004). Marital conflict, child emotional security about family relationships and child adjustment. Social Development, 13(3), 350-376.
Henderson, L. (2002). Fearfulness predicts self-blame and shame in shyness. Personality and individual differences, 32(1), 79-93.
Holden, G. W., & Ritchie, K. L. (1991). Linking extreme marital discord, child rearing, and child behavior problems: evidence from battered women. Child Dev, 62(2), 311-327.
Jenkins, J. M., & Smith, M. A. (1991). Marital disharmony and children's behaviour problems: aspects of a poor marriage that affect children adversely. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 32(5), 793-810.
Jenkins, J. M., & Smith, M. A. (1991). Marital disharmony and children's behaviour problems: aspects of a poor marriage that affect children adversely. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 32(5), 793-810.
Jouriles, E. N., Spiller, L. C., Stephens, N., McDonald, R., & Swank, P. (2000). Variability in adjustment of children of battered women: The role of child appraisals of interparent conflict. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(2), 233-249.
Kao, S.-F., & Lu, L. (2006). The relationship of congruence in psychological traditionality/ modernity to marital adjustment. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 47-100.
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Buffering children from marital conflict and dissolution. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26(2), 157-171.
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Buffering children from marital conflict and dissolution. J Clin Child Psychol, 26(2), 157-171.
Keiley, M. K., Lofthouse, N., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). Differential risks of covarying and pure components in mother and teacher reports of externalizing and internalizing behavior across ages 5 to 14. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(3), 267-283.
Kim, K. L., Jackson, Y., Conrad, S. M., & Hunter, H. L. (2008). Adolescent report of interparental conflict: The role of threat and self-blame appraisal on adaptive outcome. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17(5), 735-751.
King, S. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2004). Childhood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in the prediction of early substance use. Addiction, 99(12), 1548-1559.
Kovacs, M., & Devlin, B. (1998). Internalizing disorders in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(1), 47-63.
Lavigne, J. V., Gibbons, R. D., Christoffel, K. K., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H., . . . Isaacs, C. (1996). Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(2), 204-214.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping: Springer Publishing Company.
Lengua, L. J. (2003). Associations among emotionality, self-regulation, adjustment problems, and positive adjustment in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 595-618.
Lengua, L. J., & Long, A. C. (2002). The role of emotionality and self-regulation in the appraisal-coping process: Tests of direct and moderating effects. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23(4), 471-493.
Lengua, L. J., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., Wolchik, S. A., & Curran, P. J. (1999). Emotionality and self-regulation, threat appraisal, and coping in children of divorce. Development and Psychopathology, 11(01), 15-37.
Leve, L. D., Kim, H. K., & Pears, K. C. (2005). Childhood temperament and family environment as predictors of internalizing and externalizing trajectories from ages 5 to 17. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 33(5), 505-520.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2003). Comorbidity between and within childhood externalizing and internalizing disorders: Reflections and directions. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(3), 285-291.
Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2008). Abnormal child psychology: Wadsworth Pub Co.
McMahon, R. J. (1999). Child and adolescent psychopathology as risk factors for subsequent tobacco use. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1(Suppl 2), S45.
Miller-Lewis, L. R., Baghurst, P. A., Sawyer, M. G., Prior, M. R., Clark, J. J., Arney, F. M., & Carbone, J. A. (2006). Early childhood externalising behaviour problems: child, parenting, and family-related predictors over time. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 34(6), 886-901.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Blijlevens, P. (2007). Self-reported reactive and regulative temperament in early adolescence: Relations to internalizing and externalizing problem behavior and. Journal of adolescence, 30(6), 1035-1049.
Nottelmann, E. D., & Jensen, P. S. (1995). Comorbidity of disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental perspectives. Advances in clinical child psychology, 17, 109-155.
O'Brien, M., Bahadur, M. A., Gee, C., Balto, K., & Erber, S. (1997). Child exposure to marital conflict and child coping responses as predictors of child adjustment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21(1), 39-59.
O’Brien, M., Bahadur, M., Gee, C., Balto, K., & Erber, S. (1997). Child exposure to marital conflict and child coping responses as predictors of child adjustment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 39-59.
Oland, A. A., & Shaw, D. S. (2005). Pure versus co-occurring externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children: The potential role of socio-developmental milestones. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(4), 247-270.
Polaha, J., Dalton, W. T., & Allen, S. (2011). The Prevalence of Emotional and Behavior Problems in Pediatric Primary Care Serving Rural Children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology.
Renouf, A. G., Kovacs, M., & Mukerji, P. (1997). Relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 998-1004.
Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. Advances in developmental psychology, 1, 37-86.
Rothbart, M. K., Ziaie, H., & O'Boyle, C. G. (1992). Self regulation and emotion in infancy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1992(55), 7-23.
Schmitz, S., Fulker, D. W., & Mrazek, D. A. (1995). Problem behavior in early and middle childhood: An initial behavior genetic analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(8), 1443-1458.
Shirley, M. M. (1931). The first two years: A study of twenty-five babies: Vol. 1. Postural and locomotor development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48(4), 1184-1199.
Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. (1968). Temperament and behavior disorders. Children.
Ulu, P., & F loglu, H. (2002). The relationship between Turkish children's perceptions of marital conflict and their internalizing and externalizing problems. International Journal of Psychology, 37(6), 369-378.
Van Den Berg, M., Huizink, A., Van Baal, G., Tieman, W., Van Der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. (2008). Genetic and environmental influences on self reported and parent reported behavior problems in young adult adoptees. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 7(1), 88-95.
Van der Valk, J., Van den Oord, E., Verhulst, F., & Boomsma, D. (2003). Using shared and unique parental views to study the etiology of 7-year-old twins' internalizing and externalizing problems. Behavior genetics, 33(4), 409-420.
Verhulst, F., & Van der Ende, J. (1993). Comorbidity. an epidemiological sample: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(5), 767-783.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological review, 96(2), 234.
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological review, 92(4), 548.
Yang, K. (1981). Social orientation and individual modernity among Chinese students in Taiwan. The Journal of Social Psychology, 113(2), 159-170.
Yang, K. S. (1998). Chinese responses to modernization: A psychological analysis. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1(1), 75-97.
Zhou, Q., Wang, Y., Deng, X., Eisenberg, N., Wolchik, S. A., & Tein, J. Y. (2008). Relations of parenting and temperament to Chinese children¡¦s experience of negative life events, coping efficacy, and externalizing problems. Child Development, 79(3), 493-513.