水產動物口服疫苗與注射或浸泡等方法比較，是一種方便的疫苗施用方式，對免疫對象的緊迫壓力（stress）相對來說是最小的。本實驗室曾運用食物鏈的觀念以及豐年蝦的生物特性，發展生物包埋口服疫苗
的平台系統。將表現抗原的表現載體以生物包埋的方式累積於豐年蝦之無節幼蟲體內，不但可藉由豐年蝦的攝食提高抗原的單位濃度，同時亦可保護抗原迴避腸胃道之酵素破壞而進入被免疫對象之腸道。另外，利用基因工程選殖基因技術，只要選殖表現載體所表現的抗原種類，就可以隨需求製作所需要的次單位疫苗，因此可成為水產養殖上極需的口服疫苗平台技術。本實驗中選擇了石斑魚（Grouper, Epinephelus sp.）神經壞死症（Viral nervous necrosis,VNN）作為測試模式以評估豐年蝦生物包埋口服疫苗的有效性，由於神經壞死病毒特性為感染幼小魚苗並造成大量死亡，一般注射或浸泡的疫苗均會對魚苗造成緊迫壓力或施用困難而不可行。首先利用實驗室先前所分離並培養的神經壞死病毒株
建立了石斑魚的攻毒模式系統，攻毒方式為腹腔注射法。攻毒後以神經壞死病毒鞘蛋白專一性引子進行逆轉錄聚合?連鎖反應（RT-PCR）檢測魚體組織，結果發現7 天後可以在腦、眼、內臟及肌肉偵測到神經壞死
病毒，顯示神經壞死病毒可以人工感染。14 天後只在腦、眼及內臟有陽性反應，肌肉則已經偵測不到神經壞死病毒的存在。接著以免疫組織化學染色法進一?檢測攻毒後發病的石斑魚組織切片，證實了神經組織的
細胞病變確為神經壞死病毒所造成。不同魚齡之石斑魚對神經壞死病毒的感受性亦有差異，以1×107 TCID50/fish 的病毒劑量攻毒，平均體長2公分之石斑魚魚苗在8 週後之累積死亡率為92％；而平均體長4 公分之石斑魚魚苗只有48％，顯示魚齡與神經壞死病毒感染性有關。另外，攻毒的劑量對石斑魚的致死率（lethal dosage）也隨劑量而變化。在豐年蝦生物包埋型口服疫苗的特性研究方面，實驗中以綠螢光蛋白作為指標
與免疫組織化學染色法證明了豐年蝦生物包埋可以保護抗原蛋白通過石斑魚腸胃道到達尾腸進行抗原吸收；以酵素連結免疫吸附法偵測口服免疫（包埋表現綠螢光之大腸桿菌）後一週的魚苗均質液，結果顯示抗綠
螢光蛋白之專一性抗體有明顯的增加。最後以含大量神經壞死病毒鞘蛋白之大腸桿菌包埋至豐年蝦並餵食石斑魚魚苗（平均體長約為2.5 cm），分兩天餵食四次，每次間隔12 小時，免疫完畢後一週進行攻毒，60 天後
疫苗組存活率為80％，控制組存活率為45％，RPS= 63.6％，有顯著差異，明顯地證明此口服疫苗之有效性。

Oral administration is a convenient, labor-saving vaccination method for aquaculture as compared to injection or immersion, and is less stress to the animals. In this study, we elaborated a previously developed oral vaccine
construction method based on the food chain concept. Recombinant antigen protein was expressed in the bacteria, and fed to the Artemia. Antigen encapsulated in Artemia can evade the gastro-intestinal digestion of target
animals. In addition, various subunit oral vaccines for different origins of pathogens can be prepared by cloning the putative antigen proteins. To evaluate the efficacy of oral vaccine, grouper (Epinephelus sp.) and viral
nervous necrosis disease (VNN) was chose as the challenge model. VNN caused mass mortalities of hatchery-reared grouper larva and juveniles in
Taiwan, and neither injection nor immersion vaccine was practical because the infection usually took place in very early stage. To test the efficacy of vaccine, a challenge model has to be established, infection by intraperitoneal injection of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) was done. RT-PCR was used to follow the infection, positive signals were detected at brain, eyes, intestine and muscle 7 days after challenge; signals were detected at brain, eyes and intestine but not in muscle 14 days after challenge. Immunohisochemistry analysis of diseased grouper’s tissue section proved that the pathological changes of nervous tissues
(including brain and eyes) were caused by nervous necrosis virus. These observations, indicated that the laboratory infection was similar to the natural infection. Age of fish was also a critical factor of NNV infection. 8 weeks after challenge （dosage:1×107 TCID50/fish）, younger grouper (average body length shorter than 2.5 cm, 40 days post hatch) suffered a higher mortality than older
grouper (average body length longer than 2.5 cm, 60 days post hatch) usually was resistant to infection. Oral vaccine encapsulated in Artemia can protect antigen proteins from the digestive tract and be absorbed at the hindgut of
grouper as demonstrated in two experiment where green fluorescent protein marker was used as marker and an immunohistochemistry examination using NNV antigen as marker. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the grouper’s anti-green fluorescent protein specific antibody was increased 7 days after vaccination. In the challenge test, 20 grouper juveniles were orally vaccinated by feeding on E.coli encapsulated with recombinant NNV coat protein, and then challenged. 60 days after vaccination, the survival rate of control and vaccinated group was 45% and 80%, respectively, and RPS was
63.6%, that demonstrated the NNV oral vaccine was an effective way to immunize groupers.

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